Screening and Diagnostic Tests PDF

BSc Medical Sciences: Epidemiology Assistant Prof. Dr. Soza Th. Baban Introduction and Review In session 4, we discussed: Total number of death population...

BSc Medical Sciences: Epidemiology Assistant Prof. Dr. Soza Th. Baban Introduction and Review In session 4, we discussed: Total number of death population in Crude Mortality eath Rate Basically (specific cause) > - people regardless it tells us how many died age or other reasons. = xlood t Mortality Rate Total population Cause-Specific people died specific > - ? How many from case died disease how may ? Case Fatality Rate got > - Out of those who death x100 CFR No. the cases = , indicate several of dises. Proportionate Mortality > - ? What portion of all deaths specific Death (specif was caused by death Motel deat Challenges in mortality measurement and how these measures are applied in public health. ↳ Incomplete > - Misclassification data ↳ Variability > - Gender ↳ Age ↳ Socio economic factor  Heabilityfaa Learning objectives repeat ↑ result when thetest under some conditions How accurate How consistent ↑ thetest is ↑ the results are 1. To define the validity and reliability of - screening and diagnostic tests. & 2. To compare measures of validity, including sensitivity and specificity. => The of lest The ability of test a ability a to identify who don't individual to who identify have the disease have the disease (True negative rate) Hive positive) 3. To introduce positive ↓ and negative ↓ predictive value. if a test says if a test says you're Youare t sic true? healthy how likely it's true? Let’s go through each of these points in detail!  Diseases that show - The Iceberg phenomenon of disease Symptomatic diseases Signs and symptoms Diseases in the community ⑳What the physician sees Clinical cases Submerged portion of iceberg (the hidden mass of diseases): Conditions Hypertension present are butnot detectedby Diabetes doctor & > disease is early stage Pre-symptomatic diseases - Anaemia where Symptoms hasn't appeared yet- Malnutrition - -- But will show later Undiagnosed reservoir up , What the Mental illness physician of infection or disease in - does not see the community Carriers of disease - Sub-clinical diseases W  So basically it's The Concept of Screening Testing healthy disease. people to find hidden The active search for disease among apparently healthy people is a - fundamental aspect of prevention. Screening: "the search for unrecognized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied tests, examinations or other procedures in apparently healthy individuals."  Evolution of Screening Programs in Healthcare - Maximum benefit 3 For least cost - Annual health examinations evolved into cost-effective screenings - to detect ‘hidden diseases’ in larger populations. Various methods have been developed to make health examinations more accessible, affordable, and efficient for large populations. make more easier for diagnosing hidden disease & community in Screening programs, initially focused on specific diseases, have - expanded and become essential for preventive healthcare.  Evolution of Screening Programs in Healthcare * accessible