Foundations: Module 1 - Evolution of Nursing PDF

FOUNDATIONS: MODULE 1 Evolution of Nursing  What is a Profession ◦ A profession is a field of work that has been successfully professionalized. ◦ - ethical standards ◦ - accepted by the public as possessing ◦ - special knowledge and skills ◦ - widely recognized...

FOUNDATIONS: MODULE 1 Evolution of Nursing  What is a Profession ◦ A profession is a field of work that has been successfully professionalized. ◦ - ethical standards ◦ - accepted by the public as possessing ◦ - special knowledge and skills ◦ - widely recognized as a ◦ body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high level, and who are prepared to apply this knowledge and exercise these skills in the interest of others.  Nursing Is American Nurses Association (ANA) (1980): “The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and potential health problems.” Copyright ©2022 F.A. Davis Company  Nursing Is (continued_1) ▪ ANA (2010): Nursing practice Nursing practice is individualized. Nurses care by establishing partnerships. Caring is central to the practice of the registered nurse (RN). RNs use the nursing process to plan and provide individualized care to the healthcare consumers. A strong link exists between the professional work environment and the RN’s ability to provide quality healthcare and achieve optimal outcomes. Copyright ©2022 F.A. Davis Company  Nursing Is (continued_2) ▪ ANA (2015): “Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations.” Copyright ©2022 F.A. Davis Company Why Define Nursing? ◦ Helps the public understand the value of nursing ◦ Helps differentiate activities of nursing from those of medicine ◦ Helps students understand what is expected of them Influential Persons in the Evolution of Nursing Florence Dorothea Clara Lillian Wald Nightingale Dix Barton Mary Edward Lavinia Mary Brewster Lyon Dock Mahoney  Safe, Effective Nursing Care ▪ Many individuals were instrumental in advancing the profession of nursing. In looking at the contributions of Clara Barton, Lillian Wald, and Lavinia Dock, how does “caring” remain an essential aspect of the nurse’s role? ▪ Discuss how “caring” was demonstrated. Copyright ©2022 F.A. Davis Company  Safe, Effective Nursing Care (continued_1) ▪ Florence Nightingale made a tremendous difference in the care the soldiers received, which resulted in significantly improved outcomes. ▪ Relate each competency of “provide goal-directed client- centered care” to the actions of Florence Nightingale and her nurses. Copyright ©2022 F.A. Davis Company Nursing Organizations National League for Nursing (NLN)- American Nurses official organization Nurse Practice Act- Association (ANA)- https://www.ncsbn. for maintaining Texas Board of official organization org/npa.htm universal Nursing of the US standards/practice for education Scope of practice Defining the Each state board is Activities the nurse Approving nursing practice of responsible for: are expected to education programs professional nursing perform Develop rules and Enforce the rules regulation for that govern nursing guidance to nurses practice  Nursing Today ▪ Nurses are competent and caring professionals. ▪ The complexity of healthcare delivery requires that nurses use critical thinking, communication, organization, leadership, advocacy, and technical skills to ensure that clients receive safe and effective care. Copyright ©2022 F.A. Davis Company  Thinking Skills ▪ Clinical judgment A process; consists of recognizing and analyzing the cues, prioritizing hypotheses, generating solutions, taking actions, and evaluating outcomes ▪ Critical thinking; reflective thinking ▪ Involves collecting and analyzing information and carefully considering options for action ▪ Problem-solving Considers an issue and attempts to find a satisfactory solution Copyright ©2022 F.A. Davis Company Important Qualities for Nurses Critical-thinking Caring and Listening skills Patience skills compassionate Emotional Physical Competence Detail-oriented stability stamina Organizational Speaking skills skills  Entry Into Practice Five levels of education for entry into practice Diploma AND BSN RN to BSN Master’s Doctorate Continuing Education Professional strategy To maintain knowledge Nursing Education Diploma programs ◦ (Patricia) Benner Model- Nursing 3-year program, hospital- theorist. 5 stages based - Novice ▪ Associate degree (AD) programs - Advance Beginner 2-year program, community - Competence college - Proficient ▪ Baccalaureate degree programs - Expert 8 semesters, colleges and universities RN to BSN program Nurse who has an associate degree enrolls in a program of study that leads to a BSN degree Roles of the Nurse Nursing ◦ Direct care provider and Communicator Locations of Healthcare ◦ Client/family educator or Counselor ◦ Client advocate ◦ Hospitals ◦ Critical thinking skills ◦ Extended care facilities: Skilled ◦ Detail Oriented vs Custodial Care ◦ Caring and Compassionate, Patience ◦ Ambulatory Care Centers ◦ Competence ◦ Home Healthcare Agencies ◦ Change agent (community, hospital) ◦ Leader or Manager, Case Manager ◦ Community or Public Health ◦ Research consumer Centers ◦ Team player ◦ Independent Living Facilities ◦ Knowledgeable ◦ Listener  Ethical Principles and Responsibilities of a Nurse Ethical Principles: Basic Principles: ◦ Autonomy ◦ Advocacy ◦ Beneficence ◦ Responsibility ◦ Fidelity ◦ Accountability ◦ Justice ◦ Confidentiality ◦ No Maleficence ◦ Veracity Ethical Dilemmas: The confluence of morality and science. When is right and when is wrong right? Can wrong ever be right?  The 7 Ethical Principles in Nursing ◦ Accountability ◦ Justice ◦ Nonmaleficence ◦ Autonomy ◦ Beneficence ◦ Fidelity ◦ Veracity Nursing Process: ADPIE Assessment data: subjective vs objective Diagnosis: primary problem for the patient Planning: what do we want them to achieve/avoid Intervention: do teaching/goals for plan Evaluation: did we accomplish goal for plan? Why or why not? Nursing Process Steps In Order: Example ◦ In general, the nursing process is carried out in order. This means that the nurse will first assess, then create a nursing diagnosis, and so on. However, some of these steps can occur at the same time. ◦ Example: A nurse receives a new patient on the unit. Upon assessment, they find that the patient’s oxygen saturation is declining, and they are using effort to breathe. The nurse thinks, “This patient has an ineffective breathing pattern related to COPD as evidenced by orthopnea, shortness of breath, and use of accessory muscles to breathe.” ◦ They quickly think of a plan, which includes repositioning the patient, monitoring vital signs, and applying oxygen per orders. The nurse applies a continuous pulse oximeter to the patient’s finger, and initiates 2L of O2 via nasal cannula. In 15 minutes, the nurse evaluates the patient and obtains vital signs. ◦ As you can see in the above nursing process examples, the process itself can be very dynamic when carried out. While nursing care plans can be written or created in the EMR, they also serve as an internal framework for the nurse throughout the shift as they care for patients. Nursing diagnosis Create once you finish your assessment and look at your data Describe patient need or response to health condition or treatment Reflect the level of health or response to a disease from the patient (social, emotional, developmental)  NURSING DIAGNOSIS ◦ ◦ Problem-Focused ◦ (Problem-Focused Diagnosis) related to________(Related Factors) as evidenced by _____________ (Defining Characteristics). ◦ Risk Focused ◦ Risk for_____as evidenced by_____(Risk Factors). Delegation Interprofessional Teams Physician Nurse Practitioners Physician Assistant Registered Nurse Licensed Practical Nurse Unlicensed Assistive Personnel Pharmacists Therapists Technologist Dieticians Social Workers Spiritual Care Providers Alternative Care Providers Therapeutic Communication ◦ Verbal Communication: - Nurses and Nurses - Nurses and Patient - Nurses and Interprofessional teams ◦ Non-verbal Communication: - Facial - Body language/posture ◦ Factors affecting communication: - Age, environment, gender, communication style (passive-aggressive, aggressive, passive, etc) COMMUNICATE - PHYSICIAN - NURSE REPORT - TRANSFER OF PATIENT/CARE - Active Listening - Therapeutic Communication ISBAR  Joint commission Safety In - Identify patients 2023 Patient Safety Goals correctly. Healthcare Questions: What are factors that affect safety? - Improve staff - Use medicines Home safety communication. safely. Hospital/Facility safety Never Events/ Serious Reportable Events (SRE) A never event is a serious, - Prevent infection. largely preventable Identify patient safety risks medical mistake that - Use alarms safely. (specifically, suicide risk). should not happen. Prevent mistakes in surgery. Holistic View Physiological: must be met first!!!! Safety: comfort, abuse, Medications s/e Love: affection, family, support Esteem: pride in achievements, body image Self-actualization: achieve potential, need for growth and change, role performance