Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing (PDF)

Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice TENTH EDITION CHAPTER 1 Historical and...

Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice TENTH EDITION CHAPTER 1 Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss historical factors and nursing leaders influencing the development of nursing. 2. Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nursing practice. 3. Discuss the different types of educational programs for nurses. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Learning Outcomes 4. Explain the importance of continuing nursing education. 5. Describe how the definition of nursing evolved since Florence Nightingale. 6. Identify the four major areas of nursing practice. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Learning Outcomes 7. Identify the purposes of nurse practice acts and standards of professional nursing practice. 8. Describe the role of nurses. 9. Describe the expanded career roles and their functions. 10.Discuss the criteria of a profession and the professionalization of nursing. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Learning Outcomes 11.Discuss Benner's levels of nursing expertise. 12.Describe factors influencing contemporary nursing practice. 13.Explain the functions of national and international nurses' associations. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Historical Perspectives Dramatic change in response to societal needs, influences Struggle for autonomy and professionalization Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Women's Roles Care and nurturing of other family members Subservient, dependent role in community Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Religion Christian parable of the Good Samaritan Roman Empire ▪ Conversion to Christianity ▪ Houses of care and healing Fabiola Crusades ▪ Knights Hospitalers ▪ Knights of Saint Lazarus Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Religion Medieval ▪ Alexian Brothers ▪ Deaconess groups suppressed 1800s ▪ Order of Deaconesses reinstituted 1836 Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  War Crimean War ▪ Florence Nightingale American Civil War ▪ Harriet Tubman ▪ Sojourner Truth ▪ Dorothea Dix World War I ▪ Harsh environments and new injuries Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–2 Harriet Tubman (1820–1913) was known as "The Moses of Her People" for her work with the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War she nursed the sick and suffering of her own race. Universal Images Group/Getty Images. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–3 Sojourner Truth (1797–1883), abolitionist, Underground Railroad agent, preacher, and women's rights advocate, was a nurse for more than 4 years during the Civil War and worked as a nurse and counselor for the Freedmen's Relief Association after the war. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resources, NY. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–4 Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) was the Union's superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War. Bettman/Corbis. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  War World War I ▪ Progress in the field of surgery World War II ▪ Acute shortage of caregivers ▪ Cadet Nurse Corps Vietnam War ▪ Youngest group of medical personnel to serve in wartime Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Societal Attitudes Before mid-1800s, woman's place in the home Victorian era ▪ Women should be wives and mothers. ▪ Negative image of Dickens character Sairy Gamp ▪ Positive image of Florence nightingale ▪ Doctor's handmaiden Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Societal Attitudes Societal attitudes ▪ Nurse as heroine, sex object, surrogate mother, tyrannical mother ▪ 1990s Tri-Council for Nursing to improve image Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Leaders Nightingale (1820–1910) ▪ Improved standards of care for war casualties ▪ Nursing's first scientist-theorist, nurse researcher ▪ Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not ▪ Nightingale Training School for Nurses Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–9 Considered the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was influential in developing nursing education, practice, and administration. Her publication, Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not, first published in England in 1859 and in the United States in 1860, was intended for all women. Classic Clock/Corbis. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Leaders Barton (1821–1912) ▪ Volunteer nurse in American Civil War ▪ Establishment of American Red Cross Richards (1841–1930) ▪ America's first trained nurse ▪ Initiated practice of wearing uniforms Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–10 Clara Barton (1821–1912) organized the American Red Cross, which linked with the International Red Cross when the U.S. Congress ratified the Geneva Convention in 1882. © Bettman/CORBIS. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–11 Linda Richards (1841–1930) was America's first trained nurse. National League for Nursing. National League for Nursing Records. 1894–1952. Located in: Archives and Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 274. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Leaders Mahoney (1845–1926) ▪ First African American professional nurse ▪ Worked for acceptance and equal opportunity Wald (1867–1940) ▪ Founder of public health nursing ▪ Trained services to poor in NYC slums ▪ Henry Street Settlement Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–12 Mary Mahoney (1845–1926) was the first African American trained nurse. Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture/NYPL/Art Resource. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–13 Lillian Wald (1867–1940) founded the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service (circa 1893), which provided nursing and social services and organized educational and cultural activities. She is considered the founder of public health nursing. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resources, NY. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Leaders Dock (1858–1956) ▪ Protest movements for women's rights ▪ Legislation to allow nurses control their own profession Precursor to National League of Nursing Sanger (1879–1966) ▪ Considered founder of Planned Parenthood Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–14 Nursing leader and suffragist Lavinia L. Dock (1858–1956) was active in the protest movement for women's rights that resulted in the constitutional amendment in 1920 that allowed women to vote. Courtesy of The Gottesman Libraries at Teachers College, Columbia University. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–15 Nurse activist Margaret Sanger (1879–1966), considered the founder of Planned Parenthood, was imprisoned for opening the first birth control information clinic in Baltimore in 1916. © Bettman/CORBIS. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Leaders Breckinridge (1881–1965) ▪ Established Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) in rural U.S. ▪ Started one of the first midwifery training schools in U.S. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–16 Mary Breckinridge (1881–1965), a nurse who practiced midwifery in England, Australia, and New Zealand, founded the Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky in 1925 to provide family-centered primary health care to rural populations. Newscom. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Men in Nursing Schools of nursing for men in U.S. from late 1880s to 1969 American Assembly for Men in Nursing (AAMN) ▪ Originally National Male Nurses Association ▪ Recruitment, retention by changing image of male nurses Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Men in Nursing Luther Christman ▪ Discrimination because of gender ▪ First man to be a dean at a university school of nursing Barriers ▪ Image of femininity ▪ Belief that only homosexual men are nurses ▪ Suspicion surrounding intimate touch Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Education Controlled by state boards of nursing and professional organizations Originally taught knowledge and skills for hospital practice Now more varied practice settings, critical thinking, health promotion and maintenance Two entry levels: RNs or LPN/LVN Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Education NCLEX-RN exam, verified completion of prescribed course of study ▪ Accredited programs Licensure Mutual recognition, multistate compact Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Types of Education Programs Licensed practical (vocational) nursing programs ▪ Classroom, clinical experience for 9–12 months ▪ Ladder programs ▪ NCLEX-PN Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Types of Education Programs Registered nursing programs ▪ Diploma Three-year programs Have declined steadily since 1965 ▪ Associate degree Most take place in community colleges ADN, AA, AS, AAS with major in nursing Begun after Mildred Montag's dissertation ▪ Baccalaureate degree continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Types of Education Programs Registered nursing programs ▪ Baccalaureate degree Approximately 34% of RNs Some accelerated programs for those who have a baccalaureate degree in another field BSN completion programs for those with diploma, associate degree Generally more autonomy, responsibility, career advancement Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Types of Education Programs Graduate nursing programs ▪ Requirements for admission Licensure as registered nurse Baccalaureate degree Evidence of scholastic ability Satisfactory achievement on standard qualifying examination (GRE or MAT) Letters of recommendation continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Types of Education Programs Graduate nursing programs ▪ Master's degree CNS, NP or APRN, CNM, CNRA, CNL ▪ Doctoral programs PhD Faculty roles in nursing education, research DNP Highest degree for nurse clinicians Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Types of Education Programs Continuing education ▪ Formalized experiences designed to enhance knowledge, skills of practicing professionals ▪ Responsibility of all practicing nurses ▪ Some states require a number of CE credits to renew license ▪ In-service education program may be offered by employer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–19 A nurse practitioner holds a master's degree and assumes an advanced practice role. Custom Medical Stock Photo/Alamy. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Definitions of Nursing Common themes ▪ Caring ▪ Art/science ▪ Client centered, holistic, and adaptive ▪ Concerned with health promotion, health promotion, and health maintenance ▪ Helping profession Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Recipients of Nursing Care Consumer Patient ▪ Person waiting for, undergoing medical treatment and care Client ▪ Person who engages in advice, services of another who is qualified to provide service ▪ Increasingly used over patient Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Scope of Nursing Promotion of health and wellness ▪ Individual and community activities to enhance health lifestyles Prevention of illness ▪ Immunizations ▪ Prenatal and infant care ▪ Prevention of STIs Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Scope of Nursing Restoring health ▪ Direct care to ill person ▪ Diagnostic and assessment procedures ▪ Consulting other health care professionals ▪ Teaching clients recovery activities ▪ Rehabilitating clients to optimal functional level Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Scope of Nursing Care for the dying ▪ Comforting people of all ages ▪ In homes, hospitals, extended care facilities, and hospices Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Settings for Nursing Acute care hospitals Clients' homes Community agencies Ambulatory clinics Long-term care facilities Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) Nursing practice centers Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Figure 1–20 Nurses practice in a variety of settings. (Bottom middle) Lisa S./Shutterstock. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nurse Practice Acts Legal acts Regulated by state or area of jurisdiction Common purpose to protect the public Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Standards of Nursing Practice ANA ▪ Standards of Practice ▪ Standards of Professional Performance Specialty nursing organizations Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Roles and Functions of Nurses Caregiver ▪ Assist client physically and psychologically while preserving client's dignity Communicator ▪ Identify client problems and communicate them to other members of the health care team Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Roles and Functions of Nurses Teacher ▪ Help clients learn about health and health care procedures to restore or maintain health Client advocate ▪ Represent, protect the client's needs and wishes Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Roles and Functions of Nurses Counselor ▪ Help client to recognize and cope with stressful psychological or social problems, develop improved relationships, and promote personal growth Change agent ▪ Assist clients to make modifications in behavior Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Roles and Functions of Nurses Leader ▪ Influence others to work together to accomplish specific goal(s) Manager ▪ Manage care of individuals, families, and communities ▪ Delegate nursing activities Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Roles and Functions of Nurses Case manager ▪ Work with or act as primary nurse to oversee care of specific caseload Research consumer ▪ Use research to improve client care Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Expanded Career Roles Nurse practitioner Clinical nurse specialist Nurse anesthetist Nurse midwife Nurse researcher continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Expanded Career Roles Nurse administrator Nurse educator Nurse entrepreneur Forensic nurse Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Criteria of a Profession Profession ▪ Occupation that requires extensive education ▪ Special knowledge, skill, and preparation Professionalism ▪ Professional character, spirit, methods Professionalization ▪ Process of becoming professional Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Criteria of a Profession Specialized education ▪ Hospital diploma, associate degree, baccalaureate degree, master's degree, and doctoral degree Body of knowledge ▪ Nursing conceptual frameworks Service orientation ▪ Altruism and service to others ▪ Guided by rules, policies, ethics Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Criteria of a Profession Ongoing research ▪ Contemporary practice-related issues Code of ethics ▪ Integrity Member expected to do what is considered right regardless of personal cost Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Criteria of a Profession Autonomy ▪ Self-regulating ▪ Setting standards for members ▪ Independence at work, responsibility, accountability for one's actions Professional organization ▪ Governance Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Socialization to Nursing Socialization ▪ Interactions with fellow students establish level and direction of effort, goals, and activities; develop solidarity Students bound together by feelings of mutual cooperation, support, and solidarity Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Benner's Stages of Nursing Expertise Stage I: Novice Stage II: Advanced beginner Stage III: Competent Stage IV: Proficient Stage V: Expert Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Critical Values of Nursing Code of ethics Standards of nursing practice Nurse practice acts in the legal system NSNA's Code of Academic and Clinical Conduct Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice Social forces Affects entire health care system Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Health Care Reform Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010 The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health ▪ IOM report ▪ Recommendations on how nursing could provide better client care in new systems Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved Quality and Safety in Health Care Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) ▪ IOM six competencies Patient-centered care Teamwork and collaboration Evidence-based practice Quality improvement Safety Informatics Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Consumer Demands Consumers more aware of others' needs for care ▪ Minority groups, poor Changing public concepts of health ▪ Right of all people, not a privilege for the rich Active participants in making decisions about health and nursing care Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Family Structure Need for and provision of nursing services in context of new structures Single parents rearing children Young families living far from own parents Adolescent mothers need specialized nursing services. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Science and technology Actions of new drug therapies, genetic technology Some nurses required to be highly specialized Space program technology adapted into health care aids Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Information, Telehealth, and Telenursing Internet's influence on health care Telehealth ▪ Medical information exchanged via electronic communications to improve patient's health status Telenursing ▪ Provide nursing practice at a distance No state boundaries ▪ Licensure issues Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Legislation Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) ▪ Each patient's rights to accept or refuse medical care, use advance directives Wide variation in state regulation of nurse practitioner practice ▪ NPs cannot easily move from state to state Consensus Model in 2008 Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Demography Study of population Statistics about distribution by age, place of residence, mortality, morbidity Total population in North America increasing Population shifting from rural to urban Many risk factors for death can be prevented. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved The Current Nursing Shortage Projected to intensify as baby boomers age By 2022 Depends on location, setting Difficulty in declining U.S. economy New graduates not being interviewed at hospitals ▪ High turnover rate Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Collective Bargaining ANA participates on behalf of nurses through economic, welfare programs Economic concerns Issues about safe care for clients, selves Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Associations Voluntary accreditation ▪ Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) ▪ Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) American Nurses Association—Political Action Committee ▪ Organization to lobby for legislation affecting health care Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Organizations American Nurses Association ▪ National professional organization for nursing in the U.S. founded 1896 ▪ Official journal American Nurse Today ▪ Official newspaper The American Nurse National League for Nursing ▪ Formed 1952 ▪ Individuals and agencies ▪ Continuing education services continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Organizations International Council of Nurses ▪ Established 1899 ▪ National organizations working together for mission of representing nursing worldwide National Student Nurses Association ▪ Formed in 1953 ▪ Student must be in state-approved nursing education program to qualify continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved  Nursing Organizations International Honor Society: Sigma Theta Tau ▪ Founded 1922 ▪ Professional rather than social ▪ Potential members hold bachelor's degree minimum, demonstrate achievement in nursing Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Pearson Education, Inc. Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen All Rights Reserved