Science 9 - 1st Quarter Reviewer PDF

**Topic 1** **Respiratory System and Breathing** **Respiratory System** ====================== - **Respiration** - - **Breathing** - ------------------------ TWO TYPES OF BREATHING ------------------------ **Inhalation (Inspiration)** - **Exhalation (Expiration)** -...

**Topic 1** **Respiratory System and Breathing** **Respiratory System** ====================== - **Respiration** - - **Breathing** - ------------------------ TWO TYPES OF BREATHING ------------------------ **Inhalation (Inspiration)** - **Exhalation (Expiration)** - ----------------- OTHER FUNCTIONS ----------------- - - - - - --------------------------------- PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM --------------------------------- **Nose and Mouth** ------------------ - - - **Nasal Cavity (Nasal Passageways)** ------------------------------------ - Uppermost part -------------- - Provides the nasal passageways ------------------------------ **Pharynx (Throat)** -------------------- - Deliver air from your mouth and nose to the trachea --------------------------------------------------- - **Larynx (Voice Box)** ---------------------- - - - **Trachea (Windpipe)** ---------------------- - - - - - **Bronchi** - - - **Bronchioles** --------------- - - - **Alveoli (Air sacs)** ---------------------- - - - - **Lungs** --------- - - - - - **Diaphragm** ------------- - - --------------------------------------- FLOW OF AIR IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM --------------------------------------- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. --------------------------------- WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE BREATHE IN --------------------------------- **Inhalation** - the action of inhaling or breathing in. - - - - - ---------------------------------- WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE BREATHE OUT ---------------------------------- **Exhalation** - the process or action of exhaling - - - -  **Topic 2** **Circulatory System and Blood Circulation** **Circulatory System** - - - --------------------------------- PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM --------------------------------- **Blood** - - - - - --------------------- COMPONENTS OF BLOOD --------------------- 1. - - - 1. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Blood** is made up of **55% Plasma**, **1% Leukocytes and Platelets, 44% Erythrocytes** **Blood Vessels** - - There are [three types] of blood vessels present in the human body ------------------------ TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS ------------------------ 1. - - - - - 1. - - - - i. ii. - 2. - - - - **Heart** - - - - - - ----------------------- CHAMBERS OF THE HEART ----------------------- 1. - - 1. - - ----------------------- RELATED TERMINOLOGIES ----------------------- **Septum** - **Valves** - **Pulmonary** - ---------------------- CIRCULATION OF BLOOD ---------------------- 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. ---------------------- TYPES OF CIRCULATION ---------------------- 1. 2. 3. **Topic 3** **Respiratory and Circulatory Diseases** **Cigarette Smoking** - - - - - -------------------------------------------------------- EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM -------------------------------------------------------- - - - - -------------------------------------------------------- EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM -------------------------------------------------------- - - - ------------------------------- POSSIBLE RESPIRATORY DISEASES ------------------------------- **Lung Cancer** - - - **Emphysema** - - - **Tuberculosis** - - - **Asthma** - - **Bronchitis** - - - - - ------------------------------- POSSIBLE CIRCULATORY DISEASES ------------------------------- **Atherosclerosis** - - **Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)** - - **Anemia** - - **Leukemia** - - **Hypertension** - **Hypotension** - **Atrial Septal Defect** - - -------------------------------------- HEALTH TIPS TO PREVENT SUCH DISEASES -------------------------------------- - - - - - - **Topic 4** **Location of Genes** ------------------- VOCABULARY OF DNA ------------------- **Genetics** - **Trait** - **Gene** - ----------------------- LOCATION OF THE GENES -----------------------  **Cell** - - - - **Nucleus** - - **Genome** - **Chromosome** - - - **Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)** - - - - - - - ---------------------- STRUCTURE OF THE DNA ---------------------- **James Watson and Francis Crick** - **Nucleotide** - -  ------------------------- PARTS OF THE NUCLEOTIDE ------------------------- **Deoxyribose (Sugar molecule)** - **Phosphate group** - **Nitrogenous Bases:** - - - - - --------------------------------- COMPLEMENTARY NITROGENOUS BASES --------------------------------- - - - -------------------------- NUMBER OF HYDROGEN BONDS -------------------------- **Hydrogen Bonds** - - - ----------------- NUMBER OF BASES ----------------- **Pyrimidine Bases:** - - **Purine Bases:** - -  **Gene-(Segment of DNA)** - - - **Topic 5** **Non-Mendelian Inheritance** **Non-Mendelian Inheritance** - - - **Punnett Square** - **Genotype** - **Phenotype** - --------------------------- NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE --------------------------- 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - - - **Blood Type** - ----------------------- DIFFERENT BLOOD TYPES ----------------------- **Type A** - - **Type B** - - **Type AB** - - - **Type O** - - - - ------------------------------------ GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE BLOOD TYPES ------------------------------------ **Topic 6** **Sex-Linked and Sex-Influenced Traits** **Chromosome** - - **Histones** - **Locus** -  ----------------------------- TYPES OF PAIRED CHROMOSOMES ----------------------------- 1. - - 2. - -  ------------------- SEX-LINKED TRAITS ------------------- **Sex-Linked Traits** - - - - - **Color Blindness** - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **KEY:** | | | | **FEMALE:** | | | | - - - | | | | **MALE:** | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Hemophilia** - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **KEY:** | | | | **FEMALE:** | | | | - - - | | | | **MALE:** | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ----------------------- SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS ----------------------- **Sex-Influenced Traits** - - - - - **Baldness** - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **KEY:** | | | | **FEMALE:** | | | | - - - | | | | **MALE:** | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Topic 7** **What is Biodiversity?** **Biodiversity** - - **Population** - - **Species Richness** **Species Evenness** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The count or total no. of unique species within a given biological community, ecosystem, or other defined area. A description of the distribution of abundance across the species in a community. -------------------- INDEX OF DIVERSITY -------------------- **Index of Diversity** - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **FORMULA FOR INDEX OF DIVERSITY:** | | | |  | | | | **If the Index of Diversity is:** | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -------------------- POPULATION DENSITY -------------------- **Population Density** - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **FORMULA FOR POPULATION DENSITY** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+  **Topic 7** **Extinction and its Causes** **Extinction** - - **Endangered Species** - - ---------------------------- MAJOR CAUSES OF EXTINCTION ---------------------------- 1. - 2. - ------------------------------ NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION ------------------------------ 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - ------------------------------------ ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF EXTINCTION ------------------------------------ 1. - 2. - - 3. - 4. - **Sample Problems** **Living Things and Biological Organisms** You may use this for your practice in computations and punnett squares: [[SAMPLE PROBLEMS]](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ma5o0wEI9n6R-PToMblJLY7o6erSPzns4WWK5cPKLFs/edit?usp=sharing)