Science Study Guide PDF

Biology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Fish are cold-blooded animals whose body temperatures and levels of activity change with the surrounding temperature. Tom formed this hypothesis: “The respiration rate of g...

Biology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Fish are cold-blooded animals whose body temperatures and levels of activity change with the surrounding temperature. Tom formed this hypothesis: “The respiration rate of goldfish slows down in cold water and speeds up in warm water.” Tom performed the following experiment. He placed a thermometer into a glass bowl of warm water and recorded its temperature. Then he placed two goldfish into the bowl and counted the number of times the first fish opened its gill cover (the flap on each side of the fish’s head which forces water over the gills) for one minute and then wrote down the number. He then counted the number of times the second fish opened its gill cover for one minute and wrote down the number. Slowly Tom added ice to the water. When the temperature had dropped about twenty degrees, he again counted and recorded the number of times the first fish opened its gill cover, and then he did the same for the second fish. Tom then raised the water temperature by adding warm water. Again he watched the gill cover movements of both fish and recorded the results. Tom observed that both fish had fewer gill cover movements in cooler water. 1. (1 point) Tom’s data a. supported his hypothesis. c. corrected his hypothesis. b. contradicted his hypothesis. 2. (1 point) As Tom finished counting the gill cover movements for the first fish at the lower temperature, he noticed that the temperature had dropped two more degrees. Tom decided to ignore this piece of information. Because he did this, which of the following is true? a. Tom’s action was acceptable since a two-degree difference is insignificant when compared to the twenty-degree difference. b. Tom should have noted this change in his data and then continued as if it had not happened. c. Tom should have repeated the experiment, making sure the temperature was stable before he started counting. 3. (1 point) Knowledge that is produced by scientific activities is called a. research. c. experimental science. b. applied science. d. pure science. 4. (1 point) One of the lenses often contained on a microscope's revolving nosepiece so that the magnification of the specimen can be varied is called a(n) a. ocular. c. condenser lens. b. body tube. d. objective. 5. (1 point) Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means are called a. molecules. c. elements. b. protons. d. atoms. 6. (1 point) The three basic states of matter include solid, gas, and a. air. c. liquid. b. vapour. d. atom. 7. (1 point) At room temperature, saturated fatty acids will be in what form? a. liquid c. gas b. solid d. solid or liquid 8. (1 point) In DNA you would find all of the following molecules except: a. adenine. c. guanine. b. thymine. d. uracil 9. (1 point) A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function form a(n) a. colony. c. organ. b. tissue. d. organ system. 10. (1 point) Which type of respiration produces the most energy? a. aerobic c. lactic acid fermentation b. anaerobic d. alcoholic fermentation 11. (1 point) The chemical reaction that causes bread to rise is an example of a. alcoholic fermentation. c. glycolysis. b. lactic acid fermentation. d. electron transport. 12. (1 point) The particles in a suspension are usually a. larger than those in a solution. c. the same size as those in a solution. b. smaller than those in a solution. d. better mixed than those in a solution. 13. (1 point) Proteins are often used in your body as a. solvents. c. energy storage. b. information storage. d. building blocks and enzymes. 14. (1 point) Which of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic cells? a. bacteria c. humans b. plants d. animals 15. (1 point) Waste vacuoles are used for a. secretion. c. egestion. b. ingestion. d. digestion. 16. (1 point) ____ refers to the breakdown of food within cells. a. intracellular digestion c. exocytosis b. extracellular digestion d. endocytosis 17. (1 point) In order to test a hypothesis, you must either do an experiment or a. do more research. c. make more hypotheses. b. conduct a survey. d. collect data. 18. (1 point) John is in charge of purchasing soft drinks for the class party. In order to determine what kinds of soft drinks to buy, John should a. conduct an experiment. c. conduct a survey. b. form a control group. d. form a hypothesis. 19. (1 point) Highly valid results from an experiment or survey must be applicable to similar situations, or we say that the data lacks a. bias. c. sincerity. b. workability. d. productivity. 20. (1 point) Biology is the study of a. plants. c. life. b. animals. d. pure science. 21. (1 point) The word biology comes from two words that mean a. the study of animals. c. the study of life. b. the study of plants. d. the study of the ecosystem. 22. (1 point) A microscope with a single lens is called a a. primary microscope. c. simple microscope. b. compound microscope. d. basic microscope. 23. (1 point) Which early scientist is called the Father of Microscopy? a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek c. Louis Pasteur b. Zacharias Janssen d. John Needham 24. (1 point) The bending of light as it passes through an object is called a. refraction. c. resolution. b. magnification. d. reflection. ____ 25. (1 point) Which type of microscope can magnify the largest? a. transmission electron microscope c. compound light microscope b. scanning electron microscope d. dark field microscope 26. (1 point) Is fluorine a stable substance, or does it want to bond with another substance? (You may refer to a standard periodic table of the elements.) a. It is a stable substance. b. It wants to bond with another substance. 27. (1 point) Chemical reactions that give off heat are called a. endothermic reactions. c. thermodynamic reactions. b. exothermic reactions. d. entropy reactions. 28. (1 point) Diffusion of molecules ceases when __________ is reached. a. concentration gradient c. equilibrium b. diffusion pressure d. activation energy  29. (1 point) Assume that osmosis takes place, that all of the protein molecules are larger than the pores of the membrane, and that the properties of the membrane remain constant. Will protein molecules be found in the water of the beaker? a. Yes, as osmosis takes place. b. No, no matter how long osmosis continues. c. At first, no; but, yes, in time. 30. (1 point) A disaccharide is formed when two sugars combine in a process called a. hydrolysis. c. diffusion. b. saturation. d. dehydration synthesis. 31. (1 point) Which of these would contain the most potential energy per spoonful? a. lipids c. starches b. monosaccharides d. proteins 32. (1 point) The cell theory states that cells are the basic units that make up all living things, that cells come from preexisting cell, and that a. cells are specialised for particular tasks. b. cells form tissues c. cells carry on the functions of all living things. d. cells are made only by living organisms. 33. (1 point) Bacteria are __________ organisms, while birds are __________ organisms. a. unicellular; multicellular c. multicellular; unicellular b. multicellular; colonial d. unicellular; colonial 34. (1 point) Cristae of the mitochondria a. produce proteins. c. produce membranes. b. increase surface area. d. synthesise hormones. 35. (1 point) In which of the following areas would you expect to find RNA? a. ribosome c. nucleolus b. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. all of the above 36. (1 point) The process whereby most autotrophs get their food is called a. respiration. c. nutrition. b. chemosynthesis. d. photosynthesis. 37. (1 point) The most important function of chlorophyll is to a. trap hydrogen. c. split carbon dioxide. b. absorb light. d. trap carbon dioxide. 38. (1 point) The phase of photosynthesis that splits water molecules is the a. Calvin cycle. c. light-dependent phase. b. synthetic phase. d. synthetic reaction. 39. (1 point) In which process is glucose synthesised? a. light-dependent phase c. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle d. Calvin cycle 40. (1 point) Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic organisms are both a. aerobic. c. autotrophic. b. anaerobic. d. heterotrophic. 41. (1 point) Cellular respiration refers to a. breathing. b. the breaking down of food to release energy. c. the synthesis of cellular materials. d. releasing cellular energy through secretion vesicles. 42. (1 point) In which process would you find water? a. photosynthesis  b. glycolysis c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport chain e. a and d f. all of the above 43. (1 point) What type of RNA has neither codons or anticodons? a. messenger c. ribosomal b. transfer d. signal 44. (1 point) Each messenger RNA codon codes for a(n) a. amino acid. c. carbohydrates. b. protein. d. enzymes. 45. (1 point) The manufacture of proteins by the cell is an example of a. anabolism. b. catabolism. True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. FALSE 1. (1 point) That which is accepted by faith is true. FALSE 2. (1 point) The scientific method is used mainly by scientific researchers in laboratories. TRUE 3. (1 point) To ensure the validity of experimental results, the experiment needs to be repeated and the results need to be similar. TRUE 4. (1 point) The fact that oak trees produce acorns that grow into oak trees is an example of one of the attributes of life. TRUE 5. (1 point) The three normal states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. FALSE 6. (1 point) The substance that is dissolved in a solution is called the solvent. FALSE 7. (1 point) Schwann said, “All plants are made of cells.” TRUE 8. (1 point) Some multicellular organisms are colonial. FALSE 9. (1 point) The three main parts of any cell are the cell wall, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. FALSE 10. (1 point) Organelles are found only in prokaryotic cells. TRUE 11. (1 point) The red blood cells in your body are in an isotonic solution. TRUE 12. (1 point) In facilitated diffusion, a substance is helped across a membrane by a structure in the membrane. TRUE 13. (1 point) Many cells that normally carry on aerobic respiration can operate anaerobically when necessary. FALSE 14. (1 point) Cellular respiration occurs in the ribosomes of the cell. TRUE 15. (1 point) Many cells that normally carry on aerobic respiration can operate anaerobically when necessary. TRUE 16. (1 point) Man can describe scientific processes by using modelling. TRUE 17. (1 point) Science cannot prove a universal statement. FALSE 18. (1 point) A transmission electron microscope (TEM) produces an image of the surface of the specimen. TRUE 19. (1 point) In biological studies, errors may result if a specimen is atypical. FALSE 20. (1 point) If you dissolve sugar in your tea, you have demonstrated a chemical reaction. FALSE 21. (1 point) In diffusion, molecules move with the concentration gradient; in osmosis, they move against the concentration gradient. FALSE 22. (1 point) Carbohydrates are made of polypeptide chains of amino acids. TRUE 23. (1 point) When you eat potatoes or rice, you are primarily eating polysaccharides. TRUE 24. (1 point) Cellulose provides bulk (roughage) in the diet of humans. TRUE 25. (1 point) All cells have cell membranes. FALSE 26. (1 point) The inner folds of ribosomes are called cristae.  FALSE 27. (1 point) Phagocytosis is a type of exocytosis, and pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis. FALSE 28. (1 point) Proteins are used for growth and repair, never as energy sources. FALSE 29. (1 point) Proteins are used for growth and repair, never as energy sources. TRUE 30. (1 point) Digestion of food is an example of catabolic metabolism. Multiple Response Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question. ____ 1. (1 point) Christians should view science as a. a threat to the validity of Scripture. b. a source of answers to physical problems. c. a method of determining how to wisely use the world God gave us dominion over. ____ 2. (1 point) Which of the following are characteristics of all living things? Select all that apply. a. carry on locomotion b. made up of organic compounds c. composed of cells d. require food  e. maintain a high level of organisation ____ 3. (1 point) Which of the following statements are part of the cell theory? Select all that apply. a. Cells are the basic units of all living things. b. Cells are specialised for particular tasks. c. Cells come from preexisting cells. d. Cells are the units that carry on the functions of all living things. e. Cells make up all parts of living organisms. Completion Complete each statement. 1. (1 point) Chemical reactions that release heat are called exothermic reactions. 2. (1 point) The study of cells is called cytology. 3. (1 point) The point at which an organism functions best is called its optimal point. 4. (1 point) The collapse of a cell's cytoplasm is called plasmolysis. 5. (1 point) Eating is to phagocytosis as drinking is to pinocytosis. Short Answer  1. (3 points) Because of his expertise, Leeuwenhoek has been called the father of what? microscopy 2. (3 points) How many nanometers are there in one millimetre? 1 million 3. (3 points) Write the element symbol for iron. Fe 4. (3 points) How many atoms are there in the molecule C5H10O5? 20 5. (3 points) When an acid and a base neutralise each other, what two compounds are formed? A salt and water  6. (3 points) Colourless plastids that store substances in plants are called what? leucoplast 7. (3 points) Identify structure E in Diagram 3-A. (Rough) endoplasmic reticulum 8. (3 points) Identify structure A in Diagram 3-A. Golgi apparatus 9. (3 points) Identify structure K (entire structure) in Diagram 3-A. Nucleus  10. (3 points) Identify structure J in Diagram 3-A. mitochondrion 11. (3 points) What type of RNA has anticodons? transfer 12. (3 points) What branch of science is the study of living organisms? biology 13. (3 points) The two lenses of a compound light microscope are the Objective and ocular (eyepiece) 14. (3 points) How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of a fluorine atom? (You may refer to a standard periodic table of the elements.) 19: 9 protons and 10 neutrons  15. (3 points) How many protons does an atom of the element fluorine have? (You may refer to a standard periodic table of the elements.) 9 16. (3 points) An enzyme is what type of organic compound? protein 17. (3 points) Of the four groups of organic compounds, which group does C5H10O5 belong to? carbohydrates 18. (3 points) What is the dynamic equilibrium that an organism maintains even as external conditions change? homeostasis 19. (3 points) What is a solution called in which the dissolved substances are in the same concentration as they are in the cell's cytoplasm? isotonic  20. (3 points) Is assimilation an anabolic process or a catabolic process? anabolic Essay 1. (5 points) Describe the similarities and differences between aerobic cellular respiration and cellular fermentation. Both aerobic cellular respiration and cellular fermentation involve glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, to produce energy for the cell. This forms a net of 2 ATP. From this point on, the two processes are different. 2. (5 points) Describe how the three types of RNA work together to form a protein. All three types of RNA are formed in the nucleus by the DNA molecule. Messenger RNA is in the form of a long chain of nucleotides and moves into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes move along the mRNA molecule and read the coded message. Ribosomes consist of proteins and ribosomal RNA. As the ribosomes move along the mRNA, transfer RNA brings in the amino acids in the proper sequence. The amino acids are bonded to form polypeptides, which move into the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported to the Golgi apparatus.  3. (5 points) Distinguish among intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion, and autophagy by describing each. Intracellular digestion is the digestion of food inside cells. Extracellular digestion is the digestion of food outside cells. The soluble products are then absorbed through the cell membrane to be used by the cell. Autophagy is the digestion of damaged cellular structures. 4. (5 points) Serewat wants to determine which of two fertilisers (A or B) makes his roses produce more flowers. Design an experiment that would provide this information. Be sure to define your groups and variables, and discuss any drawbacks to the experiment. Answers will vary. serewat could set up an experiment with three groups--one with fertiliser A, one with fertiliser B, and one without fertiliser. The group without fertiliser is the control group, and the ones with fertiliser are both experimental groups. Type of fertiliser is the independent variable, and flower production is the dependent variable. 5. (5 points) The theory of spontaneous generation of life from nonliving materials has been clearly disproved. However, people who believe in the theory of evolution must also believe in spontaneous generation. Describe why spontaneous generation must be included in the theory of evolution. Answers will vary. The theory of evolution requires elements to form complex molecules that are necessary for life, such as proteins and nucleic acids. These non living molecules then somehow become arranged in a certain order to form a living cell.  6. (5 points) Defend or reject this statement: All living things require food. Answers will vary. This statement is false. All living things require energy, but they do not all obtain it from food. Photosynthetic plants, for example, obtain their energy through photosynthesis, not by eating food. 7. (5 points) Explain the second law of thermodynamics. This law states that whenever energy is used (changed from one form to another), some of it is wasted (though not destroyed). That means that not all the energy put into something is still there at the end of the transfer. Some of the energy radiates out of the object, usually as heat or light. Eventually this wasted energy goes into space. 8. (5 points) Discuss the differences between a colony and a tissue. A colony is a collection of cells living together, each cell being capable of carrying on life processes independently and of forming another colony. A tissue is made of similar cells grouped together to perform a similar function. These cells normally depend on other tissues to supply some of their metabolic needs. 9. (5 points) Compare the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.  Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and have only non-membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, a set of membranes around the nucleus, and organelles which may be membrane-bound or non-membrane-bound. Matching Use the diagram to label the parts of a compound light microscope. a. 5 f. 6 b. 1 g. 8 c. 10 h. 9 d. 3 i. 7 e. 2 j. 4 E 1. (1 point) objective G 2. (1 point) arm B 3. (1 point) body tube J 4. (1 point) mirror C 5. (1 point) base Choose the letter of the term that corresponds to each description. Write the letter in the blank beside the number. No letter may be used more than once. a. bias f. assimilation b. phenomenon g. MRI c. data h. control group d. irritability i. control e. hypothesis j. scanning electron microscope D 6. (1 point) the ability to respond to a stimulus B 7. (1 point) any observable object, property of an object, or process J 8. (1 point) a tool that makes an enlarged image of an object’s surface Match the term with the appropriate phrase. No letter may be used more than once. a. diffusion h. RNA b. DNA i. biosynthesis c. suspension j. entropy d. ionic bonding k. colloid e. proton l. neutron f. covalent bonding m. electron g. acid K 9. (1 point) can be in solid or gel state B 10. (1 point) a double helix D 11. (1 point) giving or taking electrons E 12. (1 point) has a positive charge Match the following with the correct answer choice. a. vacuole, contractile f. ribosome b. vacuole, central g. lysosome c. ER h. nucleus d. flagellum i. mitochondrion e. cristae I 13. (1 point) The organelle which is the centre of cellular respiration H 14. (1 point) The main control centre of cell activity F 15. (1 point) The organelle which is the centre of protein synthesis Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Write the letter in the blank beside the number. No letter may be used more than once. a. protein i. exocytosis b. vacuole j. phagocytosis c. mitochondrion k. cilium d. ribosome l. chloroplast e. lysosome m. pinocytosis f. cellulose n. leucoplast g. cytoplasm o. endoplasmic reticulum h. Golgi apparatus D 16. (1 point) responsible for protein synthesis J 17. (1 point) the engulfing process by which cells take in solids by forming vacuoles L 18. (1 point) the location of photosynthesis N 19. (1 point) stores starch in plants Match the following step with the process during which it occurs. Answers may be used more than once. a. light-independent phase c. light-dependent phase b. cellular respiration C 20. (1 point) Water is split from energised chlorophyll. A 21. (1 point) Glycolysis occurs. B 22. (1 point) Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A. B 23. (1 point) The energy of glucose is stored in ATP. Match the following with the correct answer choice. a. thymine d. uracil b. transfer e. cytosine c. messenger E 24. (1 point) In RNA, what base goes with guanine? B 25. (1 point) What type of RNA has anticodons? Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Write the letter in the blank beside the number. No letter may be used more than once. a. translation h. lysosome b. chloroplast i. cristae c. glycolysis j. grana d. light-dependent phase k. introns e. transcription l. anabolism f. autophagy m. stroma g. Calvin cycle n. exons N 26. (1 point) RNA pieces put together to form mRNA M 27. (1 point) place where the Calvin phase of photosynthesis takes place F 28. (1 point) remodelling process of the cell D 29. (1 point) requires an input of sunlight and H2O Match the following with the correct answer choice. a. anabolism d. transcription b. replication e. translation c. catabolism f. autophagy D 30. (1 point) The process of forming messenger RNA from DNA C 31. (1 point) A process that breaks down molecules and releases energy F 32. (1 point) The process of a cell digesting parts of itself that are no longer useful Match the following with the correct answer choice. a. tRNA d. mRNA b. rRNA e. transcription c. translation A 33. (1 point) Brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes Match the following examples with the correct idea concerning "truth." a. considered true because it is logical b. considered true because it works c. true because it is revealed in the Word of God d. considered true because many people believe it e. considered true because of repeated observation D 34. (1 point) Mom keeps telling me she read it in a magazine. Tom’s doctor told him to do it. Mary, who doesn’t seem to have a problem, tells me that she does it. It seems that everywhere I turn somebody is suggesting that I give up cola and chocolate in order to clear up my face. Well, I’ll try it. B 35. (1 point) Whenever I get the hiccups, I cure them by cutting onions with my mouth closed, breathing through my nose. You ought to try it. Choose the letter of the phrase that best describes each individual. Write the letter in the blank beside the number. No letter may be used more than once. a. demonstrated that the active principle of an infusion is not destroyed by boiling b. swan-necked flask experiment c. proposed spontaneous generation of mice d. refuted spontaneous generation of flies e. Father of Microscopy f. Doctrine of Signatures g. Father of Modern Medicine h. Father of the Scientific Method A 36. (1 point) Spallanzani B 37. (1 point) Pasteur Match the following scientists with their discoveries. a. Schleiden d. Virchow b. Schwann e. Hooke c. Purkinje f. Brown B 38. (1 point) Stated that all animals are made up of cells Match the following cellular organelle with its function. a. leucoplasts e. cilia b. chromoplasts f. lysosomes c. nuclei g. mitochondria d. ribosomes E 39. (1 point) movement Match the following with the correct answer choice. a. plasmolysis d. homeostasis b. cytolysis e. pinocytosis c. exocytosis f. phagocytosis F 40. (1 point) The process a cell uses to transport bulk solids across the membrane