Science Reviewer (T2) PDF

1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) ──Science Reviewer (T2) by alon padilla with help from isaiah gisbert and jaime esquivel The Human Body Systems Nervous System...

1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) ──Science Reviewer (T2) by alon padilla with help from isaiah gisbert and jaime esquivel The Human Body Systems Nervous System Integumentary System Circulatory System Endocrine System Respiratory System Digestive System Reproductive System Urinary System Muscular System Skeletal System For easier memorization, remember the acronym “NICER DRUMS.” The body systems are classified into four groups: Infrastructure Systems ◦ Circulatory, Muscular, Nervous, and Skeletal Regulation Systems ◦ Endocrine, Lymphatic, Urinary Energy Systems ◦ Respiratory and Digestive Reproductive Systems Remember! : Organs in an organ system work together to accomplish their task and keep the body running/working. The Digestive System https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 1/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) how our body digests the food that we eat. Food is broken down by two major actions: 1. Physical/Mechanical Physically breaking down food into smaller pieces 2. Chemical Breaking down food to their absorbable molecule. Organs of the Digestive system: The Process of Digestion: Ingestion ◦ taking in food Digestion ◦ changing food into components that the body can absorb Absorption ◦ intake of the digested food into the tissues and cells Assimilation ◦ the process of carrying absorbed molecules/nutrients to different parts of the body via blood vessels. https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 2/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) Egestion ◦ ridding the body of solid waste The Mouth: stage of food process: Ingestion and Digestion start of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) food is broken into pieces that are easy to digest through: ◦ chewing/mastication or mechanical digestion saliva—which is made in salivary glands—chemically digests food using enzymes called ptyalin or salivary amylase. ◦ chewed food + saliva = Bolus The Esophagus: stage of food process: Ingestion and Digestion a thin tube that connects the mouth to the stomach where the bolus passes through sometimes referred to as the gullet Peristalsis: ◦ alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles that move bolus down the stomach. Esophageal Sphincter: ◦ prevents the backflow of food. The Stomach: stage of food process: Digestion mechanical and chemical digestion happens in the stomach its lining secretes gastric juices (HCI) while the muscle grinds and mixes the content. Acidic: 2-3pH level Pepsin is secreted to help digest protein into amino acid food is broken further into a thin liquid called chyme https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 3/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) food stays in the stomach for 3 hours before proceeding to the small intestine. The Small Intestine: stage of food process: Digestion and Absorption longest part of the digestive system (20 ft long/6 meters) composed of three parts: ◦ duodenum ◦ jejunum ◦ ileum it also works with 3 other organs: ◦ Liver ▪ produces bile, which emulsifies fats ◦ Pancreas ▪ secretes digestive enzymes ◦ Gallbladder ▪ stores and concentrates bile Villi: ◦ structures in the intestinal wall that absorb nutrients from food The Large Intestine: https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 4/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) stage of food process: Absorption contains food that cannot be broken further, usually fiber absorbs water and excretes the solidified waste (feces/stool) the colon is found at the end of the large intestine bacteria found here release fatty acid and vitamins absorbed by the body The Rectum: stage of food process: Egestion the end of the GI tract contains undigested food stored as feces/stool is where the anal sphincter is found Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Diseases in the Digestive System Prevention: Healthy diet, exercise, no smoking, and vaccines. Detection: Endoscopy, blood/stool tests, imaging, and breath tests. Treatment: Medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, and probiotics. Healthy habits prevent, tests detect, and meds or surgery treat. The Excretory System it eliminates cellular waste from the body through the lungs, skin, kidneys and digestive system Types of Waste Removal: to sweat to exhale to produce urine and feces Parts of the Excretory System: https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 5/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) Kidneys: ◦ is the primary organ of the Excretory system ◦ bean-shaped organ, fist sized ◦ there is a pair of kidneys but essentially only one is needed ◦ works 24/7 ◦ filters waste and excess fluids from the blood to form urine. Ureter: ◦ Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Bladder: ◦ Stores urine until it is ready to be expelled. Urethra: ◦ Carries urine from the bladder out of the body. The Excretory system maintains homeostasis in several ways: Removal of urea (wastes) in the bloodstream Control of water and salt balance in the bloodstream together with the endocrine system Dehydration occurs when the body does not have enough water to perform all bodily functions. Symptoms of dehydration include: little to no urine dark urine fatigue/headaches Quizizz Activity: https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 6/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) The Respiratory System The respiratory system takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide. The Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose ◦ entrance of air, lined with hairs called cilia and mucous membrane. Pharynx (Throat) ◦ also a part of the digestive system ◦ connects the nasal cavity to the Larynx Epiglottis ◦ a leaf-shaped flap that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract ◦ opens when breathing Larynx (Voicebox) ◦ responsible for our voice ◦ connects the trachea to the upper respiratory tract The Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea (Windpipe) ◦ the largest airway; connects the larynx to the bronchi Lungs ◦ main organ of the respiratory system Bronchi ◦ right and left; branches further into bronchioles Bronchioles ◦ the smaller airways in the lungs Alveoli (air sacs) ◦ the structure where gas exchange takes place https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 7/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) Remember! : There is a difference between breathing and respiration. Breathing is the physical process of gas exchange, or in other words, the action. Whereas Respiration is the chemical process which occurs at a cellular level. Think of it kind of like Physical digestion Vs. Chemical Digestion. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the respiratory system: The Circulatory System The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. Cardiac Muscle cells—or heart muscle cells—have the most mitochondria than any other cell because the heart needs more energy in order to function properly. Remember: veins are not actually blue, light interacts with skin and deoxygenated blood which is a darker shade of red—which reflects a blue tone. Functions of the Circulatory System: transports nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, and other things in and out of the cell. fights infections maintains body temperature https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 8/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) maintains body fluid balance Components of the Circulatory System: blood vessels ◦ tubes that carry blood throughout the body. heart ◦ pumps blood around the body ◦ has four chambers: ▪ two atria, (upper chambers) ▪ two ventricles, (lower chambers) ◦ center of the chest, fist sized ◦ right side: ▪ deoxygenated ▪ blood needs to go to the lungs ◦ left side: ▪ oxygenated, ready to be pumped ◦ septum: ▪ separates right and left side ◦ valves: ▪ flaps of tough muscle that prevent backflow https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 9/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) blood ◦ special fluid within the blood cells Types of Blood Vessels: Artery ◦ has the thickest wall of the three in order to withstand pressure from the heart. ◦ carries blood away from the heart Capillary ◦ has the thinnest wall to allow substances to pass through—into or out of the blood ◦ assists in exchange of substances between blood and tissues Vein ◦ less muscular and stretchy compared to an artery so blood moves with low pressure ◦ carries blood back to the heart ◦ has a valve that helps blood go only one way (preventing backflow). Blood Flow Pathway 1. Deoxygenated Blood Path: Enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. Moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Passes the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries. Travels to the lungs for oxygenation. https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 10/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) 2. Oxygenated Blood Path: Returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle. Flows through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta. Distributed to the rest of the body. Remember! : The Respiratory and Circulatory systems work together in a way that the respiratory system collects oxygen for the circulatory system to use and distribute to the rest of the body. Reproductive System ensures the survival of the species Four Functions Male Reproductive System Accessory Glands: they create seminal fluids seminal vesicle (accessory gland) https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 11/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) prostate gland (accessory gland) bulbourethral gland (accessory gland) Duct System: epididymis ◦ contains the matured sperm cells vas deferens ◦ connects the epididymis to the urethra ejaculatory duct ◦ passes through the prostate, empties into urethra urethra ◦ passageway for sperm and fluids Other parts: testis (the male gonad, within the scrotum) penis scrotum (maintains the ideal temp for sperm production) Female Reproductive System Ovaries (female gonad) Fallopian Tube Uterus ◦ receives fertilized oocyte and provides an appropriate environment for the fetus Vagina ◦ aka the birth canal Cervix ◦ passageway connects to vagina; protects the uterus from outside environment Accessory glands External genitalia The Menstrual Cycle https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 12/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) Day 1-5 ◦ menstruation occurs if egg is not fertilized by sperm—blood is lost. Day 5-14 ◦ FSH causes the egg to mature in the ovary Day 14 ◦ LH stimulates release of an egg Day 14-28 ◦ Progesterone maintains the lining of the uterus, ready for a fertilized egg Menopause Ovaries of women in their mid-40s to mid-50s begin to lose sensitivity to FSH and LH. Menstrual periods become less frequent and finally cease. There are still eggs and potential follicles on the ovaries but with the stimulation of FSH and LH, they cannot produce a viable egg to be released. Nervous System https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 13/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) control center of the body, receives and processes information, coordinates a response brain (control center), spinal cord (contains nerves that run from the brain down to every organ and body part), + a complex network of nerves Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) somatic nervous system ◦ guides voluntary movement autonomic nervous system ◦ regulates involuntary movement https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 14/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 15/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) Endocrine System made up of glands that secrete hormones hormones are chemicals that coordinate different bodily functions the hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. Testosterone hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis and is produced by testes. controls developmental changes in males Estrogen hormone produced by ovaries—assists in endometrial regrowth, ovulation, and calcium absorption. controls developmental changes in females https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 16/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) Progesterone assists in endometrial regrowth and inhibition of FSH and LH Thyroid Gland produces T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), and calcitonin hormones (which inhibit calcium loss in bones). butterfly-shaped and composed of follicles Parathyroid Gland 4 tiny glands at the back of the thyroid gland which produce parathormone. Regulates calcium level in the body. Adrenal Gland the structures found on top of the kidneys which produce mineralocorticoids, corticosteroids, and androgens Aldosterone regulates sodium-potassium levels and adjusts blood pressure Cortisol helps the body resist stress https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 17/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) Pineal Gland pinecone-shaped gland found near the center of the brain, produces melatonin and is responsible for the sleep cycle. Pancreas works in the digestive and endocrine systems islets of langerhans - cells that produce hormones Beta cells - secrete insulin Alpha cells - secretes glucagon Delta cells - secretes somatostatin B.A.D.IN.G.S https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 18/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) Components of an Ecosystem an ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their environment. Biotic Factors living components, including plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. Abiotic Factors non-living components such as sunlight, temperature, wind, water, and soil. Ecological Relationships interactions between different species https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 19/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) symbiotic—long term interaction where at least one benefits ◦ mutualism ▪ both organisms benefit ◦ commensalism ▪ one benefits while the other is unaffected ◦ parasitism ▪ one benefits while the other is harmed non-symbiotic—does not occur over a long time ◦ predation ▪ one organisms eats the other ◦ competition ▪ competing for the same resources Transfer of Energy in the Trophic Levels https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 20/21 1/18/25, 3:47 PM ──Science Reviewer (T2) teaching gisbert and jaime how to use notion (do not mind anything beyond this point): https://nifty-pheasant-c51.notion.site/Science-Reviewer-T2-1209ae1d1fb080589587f4e9e102838c#17f9ae1d1fb08067b72ef95d7a94feaa 21/21