Ecology and Abiotic Factors Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which abiotic factor is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

Wind

Soil

Sunlight (correct)

Temperature

In a mutualistic relationship, what is the outcome for both organisms involved?

One benefits, and the other is unaffected

One benefits, and the other is harmed

Both benefit (correct)

Neither organism benefits

Which ecological relationship is characterized by one organism eating another?

Parasitism

Predation (correct)

Commensalism

Competition

What is the primary difference between symbiotic and non-symbiotic relationships?

Symbiotic relationships occur over a long period, while non-symbiotic do not. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ecological relationship involves organisms competing for the same resources?

Competition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ of the excretory system?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of waste removal by the excretory system?

Producing insulin Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ureter play in the excretory system?

Transports urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with dehydration?

Dark urine Signup and view all the answers

How does the excretory system contribute to homeostasis?

By removing urea from the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bladder in the excretory system?

Stores urine Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the respiratory system is responsible for the entry of air?

Nose Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the respiratory system?

Taking up oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stage of food processing that occurs in the small intestine?

Digestion and Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs contributes digestive enzymes to the small intestine?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What role do villi play in the small intestine?

Absorbing nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of the large intestine?

It absorbs water and excretes solidified waste. Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of detecting diseases in the digestive system?

Blood/stool tests Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the epiglottis?

To prevent food from entering the respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes breathing from respiration?

Breathing is related to the movement of air, while respiration is a cellular process Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is directly responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the circulatory system?

Helps in digestion of food Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest airway in the respiratory system?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type has the highest number of mitochondria due to its energy needs?

Cardiac muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What connects the larynx to the upper respiratory tract?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about veins?

Veins are blue in color Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves taking in food as the first step of digestion?

Ingestion Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major actions involved in breaking down food during digestion?

Physical/Mechanical and Chemical Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is primarily responsible for carrying absorbed nutrients to different parts of the body?

Circulatory System Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of changing food into components that the body can absorb called?

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four groups into which body systems are classified?

Growth Systems Signup and view all the answers

Which process follows absorption in the sequence of digestion?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

What acronym can help remember the major body systems?

NICER DRUMS Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

Physical breakdown of food Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

It causes the egg to mature in the ovary. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does progesterone play a critical role in the menstrual cycle?

Luteal phase Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a woman's ovaries during menopause?

They lose sensitivity to FSH and LH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

To regulate involuntary movement. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones stimulates spermatogenesis?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

To stimulate the pituitary gland to release GnRH. Signup and view all the answers

What components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

Brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is correct?

It contains both somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Body Systems

The human body systems are categorized into four groups:
- Infrastructure Systems (circulatory, muscular, nervous, and skeletal)
- Regulation Systems (endocrine, lymphatic, and urinary)
- Energy Systems (digestive and respiratory)
- Reproductive Systems
For easier memorization, the acronym "NICER DRUMS" can be used.

The Digestive System

Food digestion occurs through two actions:
- Physical/mechanical: physically breaking down food into smaller pieces
- Chemical: breaking down food into absorbable molecules
Organs of the digestive system include the pharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, and anus.
Processes of Digestion:
- Ingestion: taking in food
- Digestion: changing food into components the body can absorb
- Absorption: taking in digested food into tissues and cells
- Assimilation: the process of carrying absorbed molecules/nutrients to different parts of the body via blood vessels
Egestion: ridding the body of solid waste.

The Mouth

The mouth is the beginning of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
Food is broken down into smaller pieces through chewing (mechanical digestion).
Saliva, produced in salivary glands, chemically digests food using enzymes like ptyalin or salivary amylase.
Chewed food + saliva = bolus.

The Esophagus

A thin tube connecting the mouth to the stomach.
Peristalsis—alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles—moves the bolus (food and saliva mix) through the esophagus.
The esophageal sphincter prevents food from flowing back up.

The Stomach

The stomach is involved in digestion.
Mechanical and chemical digestion occurs, with the stomach lining secreting gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid (HCI).
The stomach muscles churn and mix food, breaking it into a liquid called chyme, and pepsin helps digest protein.

The Small Intestine

The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system (20 feet/6 meters).
Digestion and absorption are the primary functions.
Composed of three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
The small intestine works with the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Villi are small structures in the intestinal wall that absorb nutrients from food.

The Large Intestine

The large intestine absorbs water and excretes the solidified waste (feces/stool).
Bacteria in the colon release fatty acids and vitamins.
The rectum stores undigested food as feces/stool.
The anal sphincter is located there.

Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases

Prevention methods include a healthy diet, exercise, avoiding smoking, and vaccination.
Detection methods incorporate endoscopy, blood tests, stool tests, imaging, and breath tests.
Treatment may involve medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, and probiotics.

The Excretory System

The excretory system eliminates cellular waste from the body through different routes like lungs, skin, kidneys, and the digestive system.
Types of waste removal include sweating, exhaling, and producing urine (and feces).
The kidneys are essential organs, bean-shaped, filtering waste and excess fluids from the bloodstream to form urine.
Urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder through ureters and exits the body through the urethra.
Dehydration happens when the body lacks enough water to perform all functions; symptoms include little or no urine, dark urine, fatigue, and headaches.

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.
The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose (entrance of air, lined with cilia and mucous membrane), pharynx (also part of the digestive system), epiglottis (a flap that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract), and larynx (voice box).
The lower respiratory tract comprises the trachea (windpipe connecting larynx to bronchi), lungs (main respiratory organs) ,bronchi (branching into bronchioles), and alveoli (air sacs for gas exchange).

The Circulatory System

The circulatory system circulates blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle cells (heart muscle cells) have the most mitochondria due to the heart's high energy demands.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones, waste, fights infections, and regulates body temperature.
The heart has four chambers (two atria and two ventricles), is located in the center of the chest, and is roughly fist-sized.
Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) carry blood, with arteries having thicker walls to withstand pressure, capillaries being thin for substance exchange and veins having valves to prevent backflow.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels through the right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, and lungs to become oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta to the rest of the body.

The Reproductive System (Male)

The male reproductive system's function is to ensure species survival.
Accessory glands (prostate gland, bulbourethral gland) produce seminal fluids.
Sperm travels through ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra) to exit the body.
The testes produce testosterone and are located within the scrotum (to maintain ideal temp for sperm production).

The Reproductive System (Female)

The female reproductive system's function is to ensure species survival.
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
The uterus receives the fertilized egg, providing a suitable environment for fetal development.
The vagina is the birth canal.

Nervous System

The nervous system controls the body's functions through coordinated responses to information.
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain (control center), spinal cord (nerves from the brain to organs), and a network of nerves.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) guides voluntary movement (somatic nervous system) and regulates involuntary actions (autonomic nervous system).

Endocrine System

The endocrine system comprises glands that secrete hormones, regulating bodily functions.
The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, and pancreas, as well as the ovaries and testes, are key components..
Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different bodily processes. Examples include testosterone to stimulate spermatogenesis, estrogen for female development and progesterone that maintains uterus lining.

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Description

Test your understanding of ecology with this quiz focusing on abiotic factors essential for photosynthesis, ecological relationships, and competition among organisms. Explore concepts like mutualism and symbiosis while reinforcing your knowledge of plant ecology.