B1 Chapter 2: Structure and Function of Body Systems PDF

B1 Chapter 2: Structure and function of body systems Knowledge organiser Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells and have five levels of organisation:...

B1 Chapter 2: Structure and function of body systems Knowledge organiser Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells and have five levels of organisation: organ multicellular cell tissue organ system organism the smallest building block of a group of specialised cells a group of tissues working a group of organs working a group of systems working increasing complexity an organism working together together together together Plant and animal organs Respiratory system Skeleton brain – controls the body All the bones in your body make up your skeleton. The respiratory system is involved in: brain lungs – take in oxygen heart––controls the body pumps blood skull and remove lungs – takecarbon in oxygen breathing in oxygen (for respiration) The four main functions of the skeleton are to: around heart the body – pumps blood nose dioxide and remove carbon breathing out waste carbon dioxide. jaw bone around the body mouth collar bone support the body protect vital organs liver – removes toxins dioxide – digests food stomach (poisons liver –from the blood) removes toxins trachea bronchus sternum help the body move stomach – digests food and produces (poisons from thebile to blood) kidney – filters the ribcage humerus make blood cells (in the bone marrow). bronchiole help digestion and produces bile to blood and kidney produces – filters the muscle alveolus vertebral column ulna help digestion urine blood and produces (air sac) intestines – absorb (backbone) radius urine – stores urine bladder heart Joints occur between two or more bones. nutrients intestinesfrom food – absorb rib pelvis nutrients from food bladder – stores urine They allow the skeleton to bend. lung diaphragm Three types of joint are: femur 1 Hinge joints kneecap leaf – absorbs forwards/backwards movements only, e.g., knees sunlight for making leaf – absorbs plastic plastic jug Measuring lung volume (full of fibula tibia 2 Ball-and-socket joints stem – holds food during sunlight for making tube photosynthesis food during water) When you breathe out fully into the plastic tube, movement in all directions, e.g., shoulders the plant stem upright – holds ankle the plant upright photosynthesis air from your lungs pushes water out of the bottle. tank 3 Fixed joints root – anchors the with volume of air in the plastic bottle no movement allowed, e.g., the skull water plant root –into the ground, anchors the = and takes plant intoup thewater and ground, In a joint: your bone is protected with cartilage minerals and takes from up the soiland water lung volume the two bones are held together by ligaments. minerals from the soil What happens when we breathe? Muscles muscles between ribs contract composition of Muscles are a type of tissue – lots of muscle cells work together to cause movement. oxygen, O2 carbon dioxide, CO2 oxygen, O2 carbon dioxide, CO2 ribs are pulled up and out inhaled air: 20.96% 0.04% 16.00% Types of muscle 4.00% include: When you diaphragm contracts and flattens biceps cardiac (heart) muscle smooth muscle skeletal muscle biceps contracts breathe in volume of the chest increases relaxes triceps (inhale) triceps pressure inside the chest decreases relaxes Muscles nitrogen, Nare attached to bones by tendons. contracts nitrogen, N2 2 air rushes into the lungs 79.00% 79.00% Muscles produce movement by contracting (getting shorter). arm arm muscles between ribs relax composition of If a muscle contracts it pulls the bone, causing it to move. oxygen, O2 carbon dioxide, CO2 oxygen, O2 carbon dioxide, CO2 bends straightens ribs are pulled in and down 20.96% exhaled air: 0.04% 16.00% 4.00% When you diaphragm relaxes and moves up breathe out Antagonistic muscles volume in the chest decreases (exhale) pressure inside the chest increases Pairs of muscles that work together are called antagonistic muscles. nitrogen, N2 air is forced out of the lungs nitrogen, N2 When one contracts the other relaxes. 79.00% 79.00% For example, biceps and triceps work together to bend and straighten the forearm. Key words Make sure you can write a definition for these key terms. alveolus antagonistic bone bone marrow cell contract cartilage diaphragm exhale inhale joint ligament lung multicellular organ organ system respiration respiratory system ribcage skeleton tendon tissue trachea volume