sci long notes 1st grading.docx

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Breathing physical\ Respiration internal\ Lungs is the major component of it the lungs gets oxygen and releases carbon dioxide\ Gas exchange is breathing or external respiration\ Nasal/Oral Cavity → Pharynx/throat → Larynx/voice box → Trachea/wind pipe → Bronchi → Bronchioles → A...

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Breathing physical\ Respiration internal\ Lungs is the major component of it the lungs gets oxygen and releases carbon dioxide\ Gas exchange is breathing or external respiration\ Nasal/Oral Cavity → Pharynx/throat → Larynx/voice box → Trachea/wind pipe → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli →Lungs\ Right lung has 3 lobes superior, middle, inferior\ Left lung has 2 superior and inferior\ Alveoli is where gas exchange occurs\ \ \ CICULATORY SYSTEM\ Circulation-pumping of blood through the entire body\ Coronary-circulation of blood in the heart\ Pulmonary-flow of blood in the heart to the lungs\ Systemic-flow of blood through the heart and body\ Heart pumps blood through the circulatory system\ Right is deoxygenated blood\ Left is oxygenated blood\ its divided into 4 chambers\ right and left atrium\ right and left ventricle\ vien brings the blood except of the lungs\ Arteries carry the blood away from the heart\ Blood flow\ **Right Side**: Blood from the body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs (pulmonary arteries). **Lungs**: Blood gets oxygenated and releases carbon dioxide. **Left Side**: Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body (aorta and arteries). **Body**: Oxygen is used, and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the veins.\ \ Heart valves\ bicuspid-2 leaflets left side of the heart\ tricuspid-3 leaflets right side\ pulmonary-pulmonary valve\ aortic-aorta\ aorta is the largest artery of the body\ \ **Blood\ **4 main components\ **Red Blood Cells**: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. **White Blood Cells**: Defend the body against infections and foreign invaders. **Platelets**: Help in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding. **Plasma**: The liquid part of blood, transporting nutrients, waste products, hormones, and proteins.\ \ **Blood vessels\ **1. Arteries: Carrys blood away from the heart; thick walls for high pressure. 2\. Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart; normal walls, have valves carrys blood toward and from the heart 3\. Capillaries: Tiny vessels that exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste with tissues has the thinnest walls linked with arteries and veins **RA (Right Atrium)**: Receives the deoxygenated blood. **TV (Tricuspid Valve)**: Blood passes through here into the next chamber. **RV (Right Ventricle)**: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. **PA (Pulmonary Arteries)**: Carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation. **PV (Pulmonary Veins)**: Bring oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. **LA (Left Atrium)**: Receives oxygenated blood. **BV (Bicuspid/Mitral Valve)**: Blood passes through to the left ventricle. **LV (Left Ventricle)**: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body. **AV (Aortic Valve)**: Blood flows through here into the aorta. **A (Aorta)**: Distributes oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. **Body**: Oxygen is used, and blood returns deoxygenated to the heart via veins. **\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ GENETICS\ **DNA means deoxy ribonucleic acid\ gregor mendel is father of heredity\ studies pea plants test cross\ 4 nitrogenus bases\ cytosine-guamine- cg or gc\ adeninc-thymine-at or ta\ proteins where dna is warped is called histones\ warp dna is chromosomes\ father 23\ mother 23\ total 46\ 23^rd^ chromosomes is called sex chromosomes because it determines your sex\ DNA that codes for a specific trait is called genes\ Gentic make up of and organisim is called phenotype\ The trait that first appears in an organism is often referred to as the **dominant trait**\ The trait that is present but cannot be expressed is referred to as a **recessive trait\ **Two identical alleles are referred to as **homozygous\ Heterozygous** means having two different alleles for a gene, which can result in the expression of the dominant trait.\ A **Punnett square** is a diagram used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from a cross between two parents.\ **Non-Mendelian inheritance** refers to patterns of inheritance that do not follow the traditional Mendelian laws established by Gregor Mendel.\ **Alleles** are different versions of a gene that determine specific traits in an organism.\ **Incomplete dominance** is a form of inheritance in which neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of the two parental traits.\ **Codominance** is a form of inheritance in which both alleles in a heterozygous individual are fully expressed, resulting in offspring that display both traits simultaneously.