Ages 7-12 Physical Development PDF

## Assignment 1 - Ages 7-12 - Physical Development KEY ### How much weight do most 6 through 12 year-olds gain in a one year period? - 4-7 pounds ### How much height do most 6 through 12 year-olds gain in a one year period? - 2.5 inches (6-7 centimeters) per year ### What are some indicators of...

## Assignment 1 - Ages 7-12 - Physical Development KEY ### How much weight do most 6 through 12 year-olds gain in a one year period? - 4-7 pounds ### How much height do most 6 through 12 year-olds gain in a one year period? - 2.5 inches (6-7 centimeters) per year ### What are some indicators of good health in children? - They show normal growth - and have good nutrition, enough sleep, and get regular exercise. ### Why shouldn't parents encourage their children to eat extra food in order to "grow?" - Growth is largely determined by genetics. If you push a child with "short genes" to eat extra food greater than the amount recommended, this won't actually increase their height and could lead to weight problems in the future. ### When does puberty usually begin in girls? - Between ages 8 and 13 ### What are the first signs of puberty in girls? - Breast development, followed by pubic hair ### When do girls usually reach their adult height? - Usually by about 14 or 15, but may be younger or older depending on when puberty began. ### What is the average age of the start of menstruation? - 12-13 years ### When does puberty usually begin in boys? - Between ages 9 and 14 (they grow most quickly between 12 and 15); answers may vary depending on website used ### When do boys usually reach their adult height? - Usually by about 16 (but muscles will continue to develop) ### What are the signs of puberty in boys? - Enlargement of the hands and feet, body growth, deepening of the voice, increase in muscle mass, ability to get ejections and ejaculate, body odor, acne ### Why do experts believe puberty is happening earlier than in previous decades in countries such as the United States? - It could be heredity, but it could also be due to increase in obesity (BMI, diet, exercise) ## Assignment 1- Ages 7-12 - Physical Development, Cont. KEY ### How much sleep do children ages 7-12 need each night? - 10 hours ### When gender develops gross motor skills first? - Boys ### List four (4) gross motor skills that are developed between ages 7 and 12. - Swim - Play team sports - Forward roll - Monkey bars with no support - Ride a bike - Skate - Dribble - Other answers will vary ### When gender develops fine motor skills first? - Girls ### List four (4) fine motor skills that are developed between ages 7 and 12. - Use tools like saws and hammers - Write well without ruled lines - Increased writing speed - Skillful with hands - Writes in cursive - Builds things - Other answers will vary ### What type of physical/body appearance do children in early middle-childhood have? - Leaner and more athletic ### What percent of 6-11 year-olds are considered obese? - 15% (in the United States), answers may vary slightly depending on location and website used. ### By what age do most kids have the gross motor skills required to play team sports? - By ages 7 or 8 ### What is the leading cause of death for children under age 14? - Unintentional injury ## Assignment 2 – Ages 7-12 - Social and Emotional Development KEY ### What is Erik Erikson's fourth stage of emotional development called? - Industry vs. Inferiority ### How long does this stage last? - Ages 6-11 ### Research and summarize this stage of emotional development in 50-100 words. - Children at this age become capable of performing more complicated tasks. They work to master new skills. Children who are encouraged by their parents and teachers feel competent and gain a belief in their own skills. Children at this age who don't receive encouragement from parents, teachers, and peers, will doubt their ability to be successful. The basic virtue at this stage is competence. School and social interaction are key at this time, and their social world is extending beyond the family to include peers. Kids compare themselves to their peers to determine if they are capable. This can lead to feelings of confidence or inferiority. ### Which types of children are best able to resist peer pressure during this stage? - Children who feel good about themselves. ### How do children of this age typically go about making friends? - They choose friend who have shared interests, and gravitate towards kids who are kind and on the more outgoing side. Children usually avoid making friends with kids who are very shy or very aggressive. ### List two (2) social/emotional problems that sometimes emerge during the middle childhood stage. - More peer pressure - More body awareness/insecurity - Body image/eating problems - Other answers may vary ### List four (4) things that parents can do to help their child during the middle childhood stage. - Spend time with the child - Talk with the child about things like respecting others, puberty, - Be involved with the child's school life (going to school events, talking to teachers, etc.) - Encourage the child to participate in groups like sports teams, volunteer work, etc. - Help your child develop a sense of right and wrong by talking about risky scenarios - Help your child become responsible by involving your child in things like chores - Meet the families of your child's friends - Make clear rules and stick to them - Do things as a family ## Assignment 3 - Ages 7-12 – Intellectual Development KEY ### What theorist is associated with the Concrete Operations stage of cognitive development? - Jean Piaget ### How long does this stage last? - Ages 7-11 ### Research and summarize this stage of cognitive development in 50-100 words. - This stage is about organized and rational thinking. The child is able to apply logical thought/operations, but only to physical, "concrete" objects. They gain abilities in the area of "conservation" - for example, conservation of (number, area, volume,) and reversibility, but they can't think hypothetically or abstractly. The student may discuss other concepts such as decentration, seriation, etc. Children become more sophisticated in their thinking during this time. They can use inductive logic, but not deductive logic. ### What is the concept of conservation? - The idea that an amount stays the same even if it changes its apparent size or shape. ### Give an example of each of the following: - **Conservation of number:** Answers will vary - **Conservation of mass:** Answers will vary - **Conservation of length:** Answers will vary ### By what age do children understand each of the following? - **Conservation of number:** Age 7 - **Conservation of mass and length:** Ages 7 or 8 - **Conservation of area:** Age 8 or 9 ### What is decentration? - The ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation. It is paying attention to more than one thing at a time. ### Give an example of decentration. - Answers will vary (ex: choosing one lollipop over another even though they are the same size and shape b/c one is a preferred flavor) ### What is reversibility? - The idea that an object's original quality can be restored by reversing the alteration that was made. ### What is seriation? - The ability to put things in order based on quantity or magnitude. ## Assignment 3 – Ages 7-12 – Intellectual Development, Cont. KEY ### Who was Lev Vygotsky? - He was a Soviet psychologist who developed a theory called Social Development Theory. ### When did Vygotsky live? - 1896-1934 ### What did Vygotsky say that young children do as they problem solve? - Young children tend to talk out loud when they problem-solve and learn new mental tasks. ### What is the Zone of Proximal Development? Summarize this idea in detail in 50-100 words. - The zone of proximal development is the difference between what a child can do by himself, and what he can do with assistance. Children watch and imitate older people and their peers and these "guides" help the child accomplish what he couldn't do by himself. Vygotsky said that the best way to foster cognitive development is to provide experiences and tasks within the ZPD. Vygotsky discussed scaffolding as a way to help students learn how to problem solve by providing them with the amount of support they need (which varies over time and by task). ### How did Vygotsky believe learning opportunities should be structured? - He thought that scaffolding should be used. At the beginning, the child learning the skill should be provided with a lot of structure and direction. They should be told exactly how to do something. As time goes on, the learner will learn how to problem solve on their own and the teacher/guide won't have to provide as much prompting. He believed in cooperative learning and reciprocal teaching. He thought that schools should encourage older peers to work with younger/struggling peers to learn a new skill. ### What are the biggest differences between Piaget's theory of cognitive development, and Vygotsky's? - Vygotsky said that social learning came before cognitive development. He believed that culture affected cognitive development. Piaget, on the other hand, said that all children (regardless of culture), went through the same stages universally (regardless of culture). Piaget thought that children learned to think before they learned to speak, but Vygotsky thought that language and thought were separate processes. ### What is meta-cognition? - It's a person's ability to pay attention to their own mental state and to use this information to solve problems.