Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the typical weight gain for children aged 6 to 12 in a year?
What is the typical weight gain for children aged 6 to 12 in a year?
What is the average height gain for children aged 6 to 12 in a year?
What is the average height gain for children aged 6 to 12 in a year?
At what age do girls typically begin to menstruate?
At what age do girls typically begin to menstruate?
Which of the following is a sign of puberty in boys?
Which of the following is a sign of puberty in boys?
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When do boys typically reach their adult height?
When do boys typically reach their adult height?
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What is one reason experts believe puberty is starting earlier in children?
What is one reason experts believe puberty is starting earlier in children?
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What is the recommended amount of sleep for children aged 7-12 each night?
What is the recommended amount of sleep for children aged 7-12 each night?
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Which gender typically develops gross motor skills first?
Which gender typically develops gross motor skills first?
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What age range does the Concrete Operations stage of cognitive development cover?
What age range does the Concrete Operations stage of cognitive development cover?
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Which concept describes a child's ability to think about more than one aspect of a situation at the same time?
Which concept describes a child's ability to think about more than one aspect of a situation at the same time?
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At what age do children typically develop an understanding of conservation of number?
At what age do children typically develop an understanding of conservation of number?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Concrete Operations stage?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Concrete Operations stage?
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What does reversibility refer to in cognitive development?
What does reversibility refer to in cognitive development?
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Which of these is a way to support a child's sense of responsibility?
Which of these is a way to support a child's sense of responsibility?
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What is the primary focus of cognitive development during the Concrete Operations stage?
What is the primary focus of cognitive development during the Concrete Operations stage?
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Which theorist is credited with identifying the Concrete Operations stage?
Which theorist is credited with identifying the Concrete Operations stage?
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What is the main focus of Vygotsky's Social Development Theory?
What is the main focus of Vygotsky's Social Development Theory?
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What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) represent?
What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) represent?
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How does Vygotsky suggest learning opportunities should be structured?
How does Vygotsky suggest learning opportunities should be structured?
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What is scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky's theory?
What is scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky's theory?
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According to Vygotsky, how do children primarily learn new skills?
According to Vygotsky, how do children primarily learn new skills?
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What distinguishes Vygotsky's view of cognitive development from that of Piaget?
What distinguishes Vygotsky's view of cognitive development from that of Piaget?
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What does meta-cognition refer to?
What does meta-cognition refer to?
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What did Vygotsky believe about the relationship between language and thought?
What did Vygotsky believe about the relationship between language and thought?
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What is the primary virtue developed during Erikson's fourth stage of emotional development?
What is the primary virtue developed during Erikson's fourth stage of emotional development?
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At what age do most children develop gross motor skills sufficient for playing team sports?
At what age do most children develop gross motor skills sufficient for playing team sports?
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What percent of 6-11 year-olds in the United States are considered obese?
What percent of 6-11 year-olds in the United States are considered obese?
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What is a common social emotional problem that may arise during middle childhood?
What is a common social emotional problem that may arise during middle childhood?
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Which type of child is typically best at resisting peer pressure during this developmental stage?
Which type of child is typically best at resisting peer pressure during this developmental stage?
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What is the leading cause of death for children under the age of 14?
What is the leading cause of death for children under the age of 14?
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During the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, what contributes to a child's sense of competence?
During the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, what contributes to a child's sense of competence?
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How do children in middle childhood typically choose their friends?
How do children in middle childhood typically choose their friends?
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Study Notes
Physical Development
- Between the ages of 6 and 12, children gain an average of 4-7 pounds and 2.5 inches (6-7 centimeters) per year.
- Indicators of good health in children include normal growth, good nutrition, enough sleep, and regular exercise.
- Growth is primarily determined by genetics, so encouraging children to eat extra food won't necessarily increase their height and could lead to weight issues.
- Puberty typically begins between ages 8 and 13 for girls and ages 9 and 14 for boys.
- The first signs of puberty in girls are breast development, followed by pubic hair.
- Girls usually reach their adult height by about 14 or 15, while boys typically reach their adult height by about 16.
- The average age of the start of menstruation is 12-13 years.
- Signs of puberty in boys include enlargement of hands and feet, body growth, deepening of the voice, increased muscle mass, ability to ejaculate, body odor, and acne.
- Experts believe puberty is happening earlier in the United States due to factors like heredity and increased obesity.
- Children ages 7-12 need 10 hours of sleep each night.
- Boys typically develop gross motor skills before girls.
- Examples of gross motor skills developed between ages 7 and 12 include swimming, playing team sports, forward rolling, and using monkey bars without support.
- Girls typically develop fine motor skills before boys.
- Examples of fine motor skills developed between ages 7 and 12 include using tools like saws and hammers, writing without ruled lines, increasing writing speed, and building things.
- Children in early middle childhood have a leaner and more athletic appearance.
- In the United States, 15% of 6-11 year-olds are considered obese.
- By ages 7 or 8, most children have the necessary gross motor skills to play team sports.
- The leading cause of death for children under age 14 is unintentional injury.
Social and Emotional Development
- Erik Erikson's fourth stage of emotional development, Industry vs. Inferiority, lasts from ages 6-11.
- Children in this stage work to master new skills, and encouragement from parents and teachers helps them develop a sense of competence.
- The basic virtue developed at this stage is competence.
- Children compare themselves to peers, which can lead to feelings of confidence or inferiority.
- Children who feel good about themselves are better able to resist peer pressure.
- Children typically make friends with others who share their interests and are kind and outgoing.
- Social/emotional problems that can emerge during middle childhood include peer pressure, body image issues, and eating problems.
- Parents can help their children during this stage by spending time with them, talking about respecting others, puberty, and risky scenarios, being involved in their school life, and encouraging them to participate in groups.
Intellectual Development
- Jean Piaget's Concrete Operations stage of cognitive development lasts from ages 7-11.
- This stage involves organized and rational thinking applied to physical objects.
- Children develop abilities in conservation (number, mass, volume), reversibility, and decentration.
- Children can use inductive logic but not deductive logic.
- Conservation is the understanding that an amount stays the same, even if its appearance changes.
- Children typically understand the concept of conservation of number by age 7, conservation of mass and length by ages 7 or 8, and conservation of area by age 8 or 9.
- Decentration is the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation.
- Reversibility is the understanding that an object's original quality can be restored by reversing the alteration made.
- Seriation is the ability to put things in order based on quantity or magnitude.
- Lev Vygotsky was a Soviet psychologist who developed Social Development Theory between 1896-1934.
- Young children talk out loud when problem-solving and learning new mental tasks, according to Vygotsky.
- The Zone of Proximal Development is the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with assistance.
- Vygotsky believed that learning opportunities should be structured using scaffolding, where support is gradually reduced as the learner becomes more independent.
- The key differences between Piaget and Vygotsky include Vygotsky's emphasis on social learning preceding cognitive development, the influence of culture, and the separation of language and thought.
- Metacognition is the ability to be aware of one's own mental state and use that information to solve problems.
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Description
Explore the key milestones of physical development in children aged 6 to 12. This quiz covers growth patterns, the impact of genetics, and the onset of puberty for both boys and girls. Test your knowledge on how these changes affect children's health and wellbeing.
