SAN Review PDF

I. Understand and practice Math A. Know your conversations Dose needed/concentration=Volume B. Dosage calculations Desired dose/Available dose x quantity II. Physical Exam A. Know your normal values! Temperature: Dogs: 100.5-102.5°F (38.0-39.2°C) Cats:...

I. Understand and practice Math A. Know your conversations Dose needed/concentration=Volume B. Dosage calculations Desired dose/Available dose x quantity II. Physical Exam A. Know your normal values! Temperature: Dogs: 100.5-102.5°F (38.0-39.2°C) Cats: 100.0-102.5°F (37.8-39.2°C) Pulse: Dogs: 60-160 beats per minute (bpm) (varies w/ size and breed) Cats: 140-220 bpm Respiration Rate: Dogs: 10-30 breaths per minute Cats: 15-30 breaths per minute B. Be able to explain a physical exam step by step Observation: General Appearance: Observe the animal's demeanor (alert, lethargic, anxious), body condition (overweight, underweight, ideal), and gait (lameness, stiffness). Vital Signs: Temperature: Measured rectally with a digital thermometer. Pulse: Palpated (felt) over the femoral artery (groin) or other locations. Respiration Rate: Observed by watching the chest rise and fall. Head and Neck: Eyes: Examine for discharge, cloudiness, redness, or abnormalities of the pupils. Ears: Inspect for discharge, redness, or foreign bodies. Nose: Check for discharge, dryness, or any abnormalities. Mouth: Examine teeth and gums for signs of dental disease (plaque, tartar, gingivitis). Lymph Nodes: Palpate the lymph nodes in the neck and under the jaw for any enlargement. Thorax: Auscultation: Listen to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope for any abnormal sounds (murmurs, crackles, wheezes). Abdomen: Palpation: Gently feel the abdomen to assess the size and shape of the internal organs (liver, spleen, kidneys). Musculoskeletal System: Palpation: Examine joints for swelling, pain, or crepitus (grating sounds). Range of Motion: Evaluate the animal's ability to move its limbs freely. Neurological Exam: Assess: Mental status, reflexes, and coordination. C. Know your common eye and ear tests Eye Tests: Schirmer Tear Test: Measures tear production to assess for dry eye. Fluorescein Staining: seeing if there is any abrasion/ulcer in eyes Intraocular pressure- test for glaucoma Ear Tests: Otoscopic Examination: Use an otoscope to visualize the ear canal and eardrum. Ear Cytology: Collect a sample of ear discharge and examine it under a microscope to identify the cause of infection. III. Neurological Exam A. Cranial nerves/functions Olfactory (CN I): Function: Sense of smell. Optic (CN II):Function: Vision. Oculomotor (CN III): Function: Eyelid elevation, pupil constriction, most eye movements. Trochlear (CN IV): Function: Downward and inward eye movement.. Trigeminal (CN V): Function: Sensory innervation of the face, motor innervation of the muscles of mastication (chewing). Abducens (CN VI): Function: Lateral eye movement. Facial (CN VII): Function: Facial expressions, taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII): Function: Hearing, balance. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): Function: Swallowing, taste sensation on the posterior one-third of the tongue, salivary gland secretion. Vagus (CN X): Function: Swallowing, speech, heart rate, digestion. Accessory (CN XI): Function: Shoulder and neck movements. Hypoglossal (CN XII): Function: Tongue movement. IV. Venipuncture A. Know the common injection sites B. Catheter placement Prepare the site: Clip the hair around the chosen site and clean it with an antiseptic solution (e.g., chlorhexidine scrub). Insert the catheter: Gently insert the needle into the vein at the appropriate angle. Advance the catheter: Once blood return is confirmed, advance the catheter over the needle into the vein. Remove the needle: Carefully withdraw the needle while holding the catheter in place. Secure the catheter: Connect the catheter to tubing and secure it in place with tape or a dressing. V. Nutrition A. Know the required nutrients Protein:Builds and repairs tissues, produces enzymes and hormones, Found in meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. Carbohydrates: Primary source of energy Found in grains, vegetables, and fruits. Fats: Concentrated source of energy, essential for skin and coat health. Found in meat, fish, oils, and seeds. Vitamins: Essential for various bodily functions, Include both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Minerals: Important for bone health, nerve function, and other vital processes, Include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and trace minerals. Water: Crucial for all bodily functions, including digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation. B. Know your water soluble and fat soluble vitamins Water: C,B (not stored in body, goes out through urine and dissolves in water) Fat: A,D,E,K (dissolve in fat, stored in liver and fatty tissues) C. Understand speciality diets and when they are required Weight management (low fat/high fiber), Allergies, Gastrointestinal, skin/coat, kidneys/heart,diabetes, UTI When: Vet recommendations, obesity, allergies, specific health conditions VI. Sample Collection A. Centesis: aspiration of fluid from a body cavity. B. Know all the procedure that involve sample collection Abdominocentesis: Fluid collection from the abdomen. Thoracocentesis: Fluid collection from the chest cavity. Arthrocentesis: Fluid collection from a joint Blood Collection: Venipuncture, arterial blood gas sampling. Urine Collection: Free Catch: Collected from the animal as it urinates Cystocentesis: Collected directly from the bladder with a needle. Urinary Catheterization: A catheter is inserted into the urethra to collect urine. Fecal Collection: Collected directly from the rectum. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Tap: Collected from the spinal canal. Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): Cells are collected from a mass or organ using a fine needle. Biopsy: Tissue samples are collected for histological examination. Swabs: Collected from various sites (e.g., skin, ears, eyes) for microbiological or cytological analysis. C. Be familiar with special supplies Urinary Catheters: Types: Various sizes and shapes depending on the animal species and size. Use: To collect urine, to relieve urinary obstruction, or to instill medications. Feeding Tubes: Types: Nasogastric tubes (pass through the nose and into the stomach), esophagostomy tubes (surgically placed). Use: To provide nutrition and medications to animals that cannot eat or drink on their own. IV Catheters: Types: Various sizes and lengths depending on the animal and the intended use. Use: To administer fluids, medications, and blood products. Stains: Romanowsky Stains (e.g., Wright's stain, Giemsa stain): Used to stain blood cells and other cellular components. Gram Stain: Used to differentiate between bacteria. Acid-Fast Stain: Used to identify Mycobacterium species (e.g., tuberculosis). Special Stains: Used to identify specific microorganisms or cellular components. VII. Reproduction A. Know the Estrous cycle Proestrus, Estrus, Diestrus, Anestrus 1. Hormones Estrogen: Produced by the ovaries, responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. Progesterone: Produced by the corpus luteum (a structure that forms after ovulation), essential for maintaining pregnancy. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles. 2. Clinical signs Proestrus:Swelling and bleeding from the vulva, not receptive to mating. Estrus:Receptive to mating (in heat) Diestrus:Period after ovulation, whether or not pregnancy occurs.Progesterone levels rise. Anestrus:Period of sexual inactivity. B. Parturition Gestation period: Dogs: 58-65 days Cats: 58-65 days Horses: 11-12 months Cows: 9 months 2. Stages of parturition Stage I:Cervical dilation. Restlessness, panting, nesting behavior. Stage II:Expulsion of the fetus. Strong abdominal contractions. Stage III: Expulsion of the placenta. C. Neonatal Care 1. Immediately after birth Clear airways: Remove any mucus or fluids from the mouth and nose. Dry the newborn: Stimulate breathing by rubbing the newborn with a towel. Check for abnormalities: Assess for any congenital defects. Ensure proper bonding with the mother. 2. Nutritional requirements Colostrum: The first milk produced by the mother, rich in antibodies and essential nutrients. Frequent feedings: Newborn animals have high energy demands. 3. Milestones a) Eyes open 7-14 days after birth b) Ears open 10-14 days dogs, 7-10 cats c) Urinate and defecate on their own within the first few days VIII. Euthanasia & Bereavement A. Know the common drugs used Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate B. Known the stages of grief Denial: Difficulty accepting the loss. Anger: Feelings of frustration, resentment, and rage. Bargaining: Attempting to make deals or promises to change the outcome. Depression: Sadness, hopelessness, and withdrawal. Acceptance: Coming to terms with the loss and moving forward. IX. Wound Management A. Wound healing Stages Inflammation: Begins immediately after injury, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.Key events: Blood clotting, vasodilation, and white blood cell migration to the wound site. Proliferation: Occurs several days after injury, New tissue formation (granulation tissue) begins.Key events: Collagen synthesis, angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation), and epithelialization (new skin cell growth). Maturation: Can last for months or even years.Collagen fibers are remodeled and strengthened.Scar tissue forms. B. Types of wounds Lacerations: Jagged, irregular tears in the skin. Abrasions: Scrapes that remove the superficial layers of skin. Puncture Wounds: Deep, narrow wounds caused by a pointed object. Burns: Tissue damage caused by heat, chemicals, or radiation. C. Wound Classifications Clean Wounds: Uninfected wounds made under sterile conditions (e.g., surgical incisions). Clean-Contaminated Wounds: Wounds that involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary tracts but show no signs of infection. Contaminated Wounds: Open wounds with significant bacterial contamination. Dirty or Infected Wounds: Wounds with established infection (e.g., abscesses). D. Types of Wound Closure Primary Closure: Sutures, staples, or adhesives used to close a wound immediately. Best for clean wounds with minimal tissue loss. Delayed Primary Closure:The wound is left open for a short period (a few days) to allow for drainage and then closed. Used for contaminated wounds to reduce the risk of infection. Secondary Closure:The wound is left open to heal by granulation and then closed later (if necessary).Used for heavily contaminated or infected wounds. Tertiary Closure:Similar to delayed primary closure, but the wound is left open for a longer period. E. Bandages Purpose: Protect the wound from further injury and contamination. Absorb exudate (wound drainage). Provide support and immobilization. Promote healing.