Animal Husbandry PDF

Animal Husbandry AN INTRODUCTION Definition-Animal Husbandry 2  The science of breeding, feeding, and tending domestic animals, especially farm animals.  Dictionary.com  In our terms, husbandry includes nutrition, health maintenance (deworming/vaccines), grooming, environmental management,...

Animal Husbandry AN INTRODUCTION Definition-Animal Husbandry 2  The science of breeding, feeding, and tending domestic animals, especially farm animals.  Dictionary.com  In our terms, husbandry includes nutrition, health maintenance (deworming/vaccines), grooming, environmental management, and socialization for both domestic and farm animals Nutrition 3 Nutrition Terms 4  Nutrient—a substance that provides nourishment to an organism   Macronutrient—used by the body for energy Micronutrient—has many functions but does not provide energy  Bioavailability –the extent to which a nutrient can be used by the body  Palatability—acceptable or agreeable taste  How much an animal likes a food  Acceptability – indicates whether amount of food eaten will be enough to meet caloric needs  Essential nutrient—required for body functions and cannot be synthesized by the body Nutritional Terms 5  Balanced food – needs to be palatable to ensure acceptability along w/adequate nutrient intake  Digestibility – amount of nutrients available for absorption by body  Nutrients used by the body Nutrition 6  Nutrients   Water Macronutrients Proteins  Carbohydrates  Fats   Micronutrients  Vitamins   Fat v. water soluble Minerals  Macro v. microminerals Energy producing Nutrients 7  Water  Most important nutrient for life  Helps carry other nutrients throughout body via blood or used in chemical reactions w/in the body (digestion, excretion, metabolic reactions)  Dehydration=decrease of amount of water in the body 5% loss total body water=sluggishness, unwell feeling  10% loss total body water=serious illness  15% loss total body water=may result in death   Dry food=about 10% water  Wet food=about 75% water Nutrients 8  Proteins  Serve as dietary nitrogen source  Composed of combination of building block molecules called amino acids Many amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body thus must be supplied in the diet  Cats must have taurine in their diet (essential amino acid)   Excess protein in diet converted to energy & urea by the liver   Urea excreted by kidneys Requirements differ b/t species & age Cats require higher amount protein than dogs  Young require more protein than adults  Nutrients 9  Carbohydrates  Added to commercial pet food as energy source to supply calories, add variety, fiber, & palatability  Cereal grains most commonly used  Raw carbohydrates not digested well by dogs & cats; grinding or cooking raw ingredients increase their digestibility  Fats  Primary energy source for most commercial pet foods  Enhance palatability  Needed for absorption, storage, & transport of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) Nutrients 10  Fats – EFAs  Needed for components of cell membranes, synthesize prostaglandins & control epidermal water loss  Cats require dietary sources of arachidonic acid (only found in animal fats)  Signs of fat deficiencies in D/C Delayed wound healing  Dry hair coat  Scaly skin  Pyoderma  Nutrients 11  Vitamins  Important for chemical reactions of metabolism, function as enzyme precursors or coenzymes  Fat-soluble A, D, E, K  Stored in body fat & liver  Dietary XS can result in toxicity   Water-soluble B complex, C  Not stored so if XS water loss (diarrhea, urination) may need supplementation   Cats require dietary source Vitamin A & niacin (type B vitamin) – unable to convert precursors to these vitamins Nutrients 12 Macrominerals Microminerals (trace)  Calcium  Iron  Phosphorus  Zinc  Potassium  Copper  Sodium  Manganese  Magnesium  Iodine  Cobalt  Selenium Nutrients 13  Macrominerals  Calcium Required in largest amount in diet  Must be supplied in proper proportion in relation to phosphorus  Too much calcium=decrease phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper absorption  Delayed bone growth & maturation in puppies/kittens  Calcium supplementation should not be given with high calcium diets or free feeding  Calcium deficiency usually secondary to phosphorus XS  Dogs fed high levels of meat/organ tissue  Nutrients 14  Macrominerals  Phosphorus Important role cell metabolism & composition bone & teeth  Too much dietary phosphorus increases GFR = more work for kidneys  High levels of phosphorus & calcium may lead to calcification of soft tissues & result in kidney damage   Sodium is main cation of extracellular body fluids NaCl (salt) main taste factor many foods  Too much salt can lead to high BP & fluid build up  May worsen heart/kidney dz   Potassium is main intracellular cation Nutrients 15  Supplements  Many out there on the market & many diets already include them  Important to educate owners that using supplements may do more harm than good depending on what an animal is already getting in their diet  Malnutrition due to nutrient excess is more common than malnutrition due to nutrient deficiencies Pet Food Labeling 16  Legal document  Communicate information about product  Different agencies/organizations regulate production, marketing, sales of pet foods  Pet foods regulated at point of sale  Different countries & states have different requirements/laws AAFCO 17  Association of American Feed Control Officials  AAFCO establishes the nutritional standards for complete and balanced pet food  Private, non-governmental organization  Has no regulatory power  Guidelines and standards can become official regulations if adopted by government officials AAFCO 18  Association of American Feed Control Officials  Does not regulate, test, approve, or certify pet foods— regulation lies with each states feed control officials  Source for: What can be placed on a label & what is prohibited  Ingredient definitions  Standardized food testing methods (ensures complete/balanced)  Other Nutritional Organizations 19  Food & Drug Administration (FDA)  Main regulators of safety of pet foods   Enforces regulations on pet food contamination Authority over information on labels  Includes health/nutrition claims  Food must be safe to eat  Produced under sanitary conditions  Must not contain harmful substances  Must be truthfully labeled Other Nutritional Organizations 20  United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)  Inspects farms & pet food manufactures to ensure safety & proper handling  Makes sure pet food packages labeled correctly & not mistaken for human foods  Must specify the intended species  National Research Council (NRC)  Private non-profit  Can set nutrient requirements for various animal species Commercial Diets 21  Must be complete and balanced  All-purpose foods formulated to meet pets needs from birth through senior years  Off-brand or generic-based on premise that one product meets nutritional requirements during all stages pet’s life  Special-purpose foods used during certain life stages or made for specific purposes (obesity, senior diet, kidney disease, etc)  To be in compliance food either has to   Be formulated to meet nutritional needs of a pet or Test fed*** Canine & Feline Diets 22  3 types foods generally fed to pets  Dry (7-12%)  Semimoist (25-30%)  Moist/canned (78-82%)  Home-prepared  BARF (Biologically Appropriate Raw Food or Bones And Raw Food)  Treats   Should only make up 10% of diet % = percentage of moisture in the diet Pet Food Labels 23 Information Panel Principal Display  Part label displayed, shown, or examined under display for retail sale  Attracts customer’s attention & communicates products identity  Nutrition statement    Complete & nutritious 100% nutritious 100% complete nutrition  Includes product information  Ingredient statement includes list of ingredients in descending order by weight  Listed on as is basis, meat weighs more so may appear 1st but primary component may be grains (just weigh less)  By-products simply secondary products added to principal product Pet Food Labels 24  Principal display panel  Must include a “Designator”  Dog food, cat food, for puppies, for dogs & puppies, etc  Brand name  Products of a given company are identified  Product name may or may not be included (may be same as brand name)  Typically gives a description of food & subject to regulation dealing with composition of ingredients  Product picture  Visual representation of product & accurately show contents of package (can’t look better than actual product)  What is actually in there? 25  Beef – 70% of product must contain beef  Beef dinner – 25% of product must be beef (dry) or 10% (moist) of product must be beef  With beef – 3% (product contains at least 3% beef)  Beef flavor – detectable by animal (<3% beef) Dogs vs. Cats 26 Dog  Omnivores  Opportunistic, predator, & scavenger  Large breed growing dogs  Special needs to avoid orthopedic problems Cat  Carnivores  Higher protein requirement  Reduced ability to metabolize carbs  Specific requirements for taurine, arachidonic acid, vitamins A & B FVSU Kennel and Cattery 27  Purina Dog and Cat chow  AAFCO certified  Species and age appropriate  Convenient  Free choice water—clean and fresh Monogastric v. Ruminant 28 Hind-Gut Fermenter  Monogastric herbivores (i.e horses, rabbits)  Use bacteria in the cecum or large intestine to metabolize fiber  Need a large amount of roughage in their diet Fore-Gut Fermenter  Ruminants (i.e cows, goats, sheep)  Use bacteria in the rumen to break down forage into byproducts that can be utilized for energy  Can utilize poor quality foodstuffs FVSU Horses and Cattle 29  Pasture (Bermuda grass mix)  Bermuda grass hay in winter  Free choice water  Grain as needed  Fiber essential nutrient for horses & ruminants   Horses—hind gut fermenters Ruminants—fore gut fermenters Nutrition 30  Horses    Proper nutrition helps prevent laminitis, colic, ulcers Need a large amount good quality grass or legume (ie clover or alfalfa) or hay Clover or alfalfa Higher in protein/calcium  May provide more energy  May have higher level total digestible nutrients    Salt and minerals (Ca/P)=in grain Feed is the greatest single cost in horse business  Ruminants  Carbohydrates are the primary energy source in livestock rations Preventative Care 31 Preventative Care-Dogs/Cats 32  American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) identified six life stages in cats       Kittens: 0-6 months Junior: 7 months-2 years Adult: 3-6 years Mature: 7-10 years Senior: 11-17 years Geriatric  Dogs currently do not have such specific life stages    Puppies Adult Senior – in last 25% of predicted life span Preventative Care-Dogs/Cats 33  Vaccines based on species and age  Specifically discussed in future lectures/classes  Deworming  Fecal Exams  Disease screening  Cats: FeLV, FIV  Dogs: HW testing +/- tick borne dz Wellness Visits 34 Adult Dogs & Cats Puppies & Kittens  Begin 6-8 weeks old  Focus on ID congenital defects  Testing for diseases   FeLV/FIV in kittens Genetic diseases  Start vaccination  Parasite control  Including zoonotic risks  Minimum of annual examination   Some recommend every 6 months Any needed vaccines  Assess dental health  Testing for diseases  HW disease  Tick-borne diseases  Parasite control  Minimum database testing  CBC, chemistry, UA Wellness Visits Puppies & Kittens 35 Nutritional information House breaking/litter box training • Appropriate diets • Amount/frequency of feedings • Treats Socialization/Training Animal proofing house Housing requirements Teething & dental care Exercise requirements Grooming requirements • Potential for FB • Toxic plants • Cleaning supplies/toxic substances Spaying/Neutering Preventative Care-Dogs 36  Example: 1 year after last puppy visit, “first adult visit”       DAPP booster RV Respiratory/lepto based on risk of exposure HW testing—yearly Fecal exam—every 6 months Deworming Parasite Control-Dogs/Cats 37  Parasites not only cause disease themselves but can be carriers of other diseases they transmit  Fleas-can cause flea allergy dermatitis   If ingested can transmit tapeworms Ticks-transmit diseases like ehrlichiosis, RMSF, Lyme disease  Many safe & effective options  Oral  Topical  ***Make sure proper use as many are species specific Parasite Control-Dogs/Cats 38  Dogs – Monthly oral or injectable heartworm prevention and flea & tick control product  Cats – Monthly topical heartworm prevention and flea & tick control product Preventative Care 39 Preventative Care-Horses 40  Designed to meet needs of individual or herd  Varies one stable to another, veterinary practice to another, etc.  Based on exposures, management styles, personal preferences of veterinarian & owner  All new additions to stable or herd  Coggins test for EIA prior to arrival  Quarantine for 1 month before entering general population  Full PE Preventative Care-Horses 41  Vaccinations  Based on age of horse  Anticipated exposure (geographic location, travel, etc)  Personal experience/familiarity  Duration of immunity provided by vaccine  Any horse w/unknown vaccine history or young horses Receive initial vaccination followed by second booster  Booster depends on the vaccine type but generally 4 weeks after the first vaccination   Specific vaccines will be discussed in a later lecture Preventive Care-Horses 42 Treatment Parasites  Control internal & external parasites  Heavy burdens decrease athletic & reproductive performance  Can cause colic & wt. loss  Program targets ascarids, small & large strongyles, bots, & tapeworms  Deworm every 8-12 weeks  Based on fecal exam  Boticidal spring/fall  Fly spray Preventive Care-Horses 43 Dental Problems Dental Care  Signs of dental dz         Wt. loss Bad breath Drooling Swelling face/jaw Dropping feed Head tossing XS chewing on bit Problems while being ridden (bucking, tail ringing, fighting bit)  Teeth continuously erupt  As chew/wear  Points develop on outside (near cheek) of upper teeth & inside (near tongue) of lower teeth  Wolf teeth may interfere w/bit  Retained caps  Deciduous premolar fails to fall out Preventative Care-Horses 44  Dental exams  Yearly for mature horses  Young horses (2-5 years old) every 6 months until all permanent teeth have erupted  Horses w/history of dental problems at least every 6 months (may need more frequently)  Hoof care (mostly done by farrier)  Grow at ¼ inch per month  Trim every 6-8 weeks to keep correct hoof-pastern axis  Prevents stress on tendons/ligaments Preventative Care 45 Preventative Care-Livestock 46  Maintain productivity of herd  Focus is on nutrition & vaccination  Must also include good hygiene, housing, parasite control  Based on geographical location, history on the premises, preference of veterinarian/owner  New animals must be tested & quarantined before introduced into herd Bathing & Grooming 47 Grooming 48  Bathing  Nail trimming  Ear cleaning  Coat brushing  Anal gland expression  Hair trimming Grooming 49  Not just for aesthetics  Prevent/remove mats from long haired breeds  Ensure proper vision  Sanitary trims  Breed specific Grooming basics 50  Generally use a #10 blade—check for broken teeth  Ensure clipper blades do not overheat while clipping—can cause thermal injury to pet  Be aware—you can cut skin with clipper blades or scissors  Special brushes and combs for dematting Bathing 51  Too frequent will dry skin—typically a dog needs a bath every 10-14 days  Exceptions: medically indicated or soap free shampoo  Be aware of type of shampoo you are using  Protect eyes from debris, soap, water—paralube ointment  Protect ears—moist ears can get infected Grooming Horses 52  Curry comb to remove excess hair and debris  Soft and Hard bristled brushes  Bathing as needed—remove sweat  Fly control  Cleaning hooves—remove moist debris, inspect for disease & foreign objects Environmental Management 53 Environmental Management 54  Clean  Appropriate size for animal  Ex. 1-3 acres pasture for each horse for adequate grazing  Stimulating  Waste removed & properly disposed  Properly bedded  Ex. Horse with risk of laminitis needs deep bedding while undergoing treatment Pasture Management 55  Rotation of pastures—overgrazing damages plants  1-3 acres per horse to obtain enough forage without hay supplementation  Shelter from heat & inclement weather  Fresh water Kennel Management 56  Size  Climate     control Ventilation Flooring Drainage Cleaning Cattery Management 57  Size  Climate control  Ventilation  Litter boxes  Cleaning  Stimulation  Hiding places Socialization 58 Socialization 59  Many behavior problems result from lack of, or inappropriate socialization and stimulation  Examples:  Allowing kittens to play bite a person’s hand  Interfering with mare/foal bonding  Difficulty house training older puppies Kitten socialization period 60  Between 2-7 weeks of age  Short periods of daily handling result in friendlier kittens  Temperament is a strongly heritable trait  Social play begins at 3 weeks and declines after 11 weeks (pawing, chasing, rolling)  Solitary play declines after 4 months Puppy socialization period 61  Between 4-14 weeks of age, approximately  Time where puppies are learning about their dam, siblings, environment, people, etc.  Pups will explore but also show signs of fear  Socialization during this period is very important for the puppy developing into a good pet  Genetics play a strong role in fearful and shy behaviors Social behavior of horses 62  Not solitary in nature—stay together in small groups called bands  Bands consist of a few mares, their offspring (< 3 yrs of age), and a stallion  Mares form a dominance hierarchy—important to ensure availability of resources and reproductive success  Develop preferred associates within a group Social behavior of horses 63  Repetitive behaviors shown by horses (cribbing, pawing, wood chewing, stall walking or weaving) may be attributed to lack of normal social behavior Social behavior of cattle and small ruminants 64  All highly social, herd-dwelling, grazing, and browsing animals  Olfaction plays important role in social behavior  All livestock species can recognize people by their appearance and remember them    Shown ability to remember people who have treated them gently and those that have not Raised voices, slapping, hitting have shown to be aversive to cattle Patience and tolerance help them to learn you do not pose a threat Questions? 65