Medical Terminology Lecture Notes PDF

1.1. Introduction to Medical Terminology 1.2. Analyze Medical Terms PCT Program Module 1: (1st Lecture, Part 1&2) Batch 12 (2024-2025)  (Part 1) Introduction to Medical Terminology  Objectives By the end of this session t...

1.1. Introduction to Medical Terminology 1.2. Analyze Medical Terms PCT Program Module 1: (1st Lecture, Part 1&2) Batch 12 (2024-2025)  (Part 1) Introduction to Medical Terminology  Objectives By the end of this session the trainees will be able to: Identify, Pronounce, and Spell Medical terms To identify the medical terms Understanding eponyms To pronounce and spell the medical terms correctly Use the “sounds-like” pronunciation system to correctly pronounce the primary terms  Useful Medical Dictionaries https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ https://www.online-medical-dictionary.org/  What is Medical Terms? Medical terminology: is a special vocabulary used by health care professionals for effective and accurate communication, because it is based mainly on Greek and Latin words Medical terminology is consistent an uniform throughout the world If you work in medical setting you may use medical terms every day You may hear medical terms in doctors offices, case files and health care planning  Identify, Pronounce and Spell Medical Terms Medical terminology is the language of health care. Medical terminology is much more concise than normal English for describing things of a medical nature. By understanding terms, components, even complex words, can be broken down.  Use and Way of identification Learning medical terminology will help the student to understand and translate documentation found in a patient’s chart, information in journal, research articles and other written materials. As the student studies the different elements of medical words, it will be evident that after a few word parts are learned, these parts will be useful in understanding other medical words. This system is called word building. Since it is not practical to walk around with a medical dictionary, this system will help the student to learn words that are related to diagnosis and conditions, procedures and tests.  Structure of Medical Terms To make medical terminology simpler, terms may be broken down into several smaller words or word elements: 1. Word roots 2. Combining forms 3. Prefixes 4. Suffixes  1. Word Root The word root is the foundation of the word. Usually indicates the part of the body involved. All medical terms must have one or more word roots  2. Combining Vowel It links the root to the suffix or the root The combining vowel is usually an "o" A combining vowel has no meaning of its own it joins word parts and makes them easier to pronounce  3. Prefix The prefix is a word part that is attached to the beginning of the word root to modify its meaning It usually indicates location (position), time, color , number , sense of negation ,or direction  4. Suffix Suffix is the word part attached to the end of the word root to modify its meaning The suffix usually indicates the procedure , disease , condition , or part of speech All medical terms must have a suffix  Pronunciation Medical terms can be difficult to pronounce if you’ve never heard them spoken. Stress is given on the capital word. For example: in the word cancer, the stress is on the first syllable, so it would appear as follows: CAN-cer  What is Eponyms? Eponym: is a medical term that’s derived from the name of a person, usually the scientist who discovered the corresponding body part or disease. Many procedures and tests are also named after the persons who invented or perfected them. Examples: 1. Addison’s disease: a syndrome resulting from insufficient production of hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland. 2. Alzheimer’s disease: a type of irreversible dementia. 3. Cushing’s syndrome: a syndrome resulting from the production of excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex 4. Parkinson’s disease: a progressive degeneration of the nervous system that causes weakness, rigidity, and tremors.  Spelling Medical Terms When using medical terms, one must pay very close attention to how a term is used and how it is spelled. Even a difference of one letter in a word can change a term’s meaning. For example: 1. the root cyt means “cells” 2. whereas cyst means “bladder” 3. thym is the root for the “thymus gland”, 4. whereas thyr is the root for the “thyroid gland”.  Spelling Medical Terms Cont.. Some words sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings. Determine how the word is used in context to know how to spell the term. For Example: Ileac (relating to the ileus) Iliac (relating to the ilium) Humerus (a bone of the arm) Humorous (funny)  Spelling Medical Terms (Pronunciation) Cont.. “S” Sound: Terms beginning with (Ps) are pronounced only with the “s” sound, the p is silent. Example: Psychology : pronounced as – (sigh-CALL-ogy) “n” Sound: Terms beginning with (Pn) are pronounced only with the “n” sound, the p is silent. Example: Pneumonia: pronounced as ------ (new-MOAN-ia)  Spelling Medical Terms (Pronunciation) Cont.. “Pt” Sound: Terms beginning with (Pt) work exactly the same, the p is silent. Example: Ptosis: pronounced as ------ (TOE-sis) “Ch” Terms beginning with (ch) often take on the hard consonant sound like a “k.” Example: Chronic: pronounced as ------ (KRON-ic)  Spelling Medical Terms (Pronunciation) Cont.. C or G: Terms beginning with (c) or (g) can take on sound of “s” or “j” if they come before (e, i, or y) Examples: Cycle: pronounced as ------ (SIGH-cull) Cytoplasm: pronounced as ------ (SIGH-toe-plazm) Genetic: pronounced as ------ (je-NET-ic) Giant: pronounced as ------ (J-EYE-unt)  Spelling Medical Terms (Pronunciation) Cont.. C & G: But (c) and (g) have a hard sound before other letters. Examples: Cast: pronounced as ------ (CAst) Cardiac: pronounced as ------ (CARD-iak) Gastric: pronounced as ------ (GAS-trick) Gonads: pronounced as ------ (GO-nadz)  Spelling Medical Terms (Pronunciation) Cont.. S sound: If the word begins with an “s” sound, this word could begin with (c, ps, or s) letters Examples: Cytology: pronounced as ------ (sigh-TOL-oh-jee) Psychiatrist: pronounced as ------ (sigh-KIY-a-trist) Serology: pronounced as ------ (sir-ROL-oh-jee)  Spelling Medical Terms (Pronunciation) Cont.. Z sound: If the word begins with a “z” sound, this word could begin with (x or z) letters Examples: Xeroderma: pronounced as ------ (zero-DER-mah) Zygote: pronounced as ------ (zEYE-goat)  Spelling Medical Terms (Pronunciation) Cont.. F sound: If the word begins with an “f” sound, this word could begin with (f or p) letters Examples: Flatus: pronounced as ------ (FLAY-tus) Phlegm: pronounced as ------ (FLEM — also note the silent g before m)  Spelling Medical Terms (Pronunciation) Cont.. J sound: If the word begins with a “j” sound, this word could begin with (g or j) letters Examples: Gingivitis: pronounced as ------ (JIN-jih-VIT-is) Jaundice: pronounced as ------ (JOHN-dis) K sound: If the word begins with a “k” sound, it could begin with (c, ch, or k) letters: Examples: Crepitus: pronounced as ------ (KREP-i-tus) Cholera: pronounced as ------ (CALL-er-ah) Kyphosis: pronounced as ------ (kie-FOE-sis) Pronouncing Common Suffixes and Endings Singular and Plural Endings Many medical terms originate from Greek and Latin words. The rules for forming the singular and plural forms of some words follow the rules of these languages rather than English For example: The heart has a left atrium and a right atrium for a total of two atria, not two atriums. Other words, such as virus and viruses, are changed from singular to plural by following English rules. Each medical term needs to be considered individually when changing from the singular to the plural form.  Points to remember! 1. Learn to analyze words by breaking them down into the different word elements to determine their meaning. When breaking words down, define: A. The end of the word 1st (suffix) B. The beginning of the word 2nd (prefix or word root) C. The middle of the 3rd (word root or roots)  Points to Remember! 2. Use a medical dictionary to look words up to check the meanings if you are not completely sure. 3. Medical dictionaries will also help you learn how to pronounce a word. 4. Be careful of the word spellings to make sure you are using the right word when documenting.  Summary ch sounds like k: Chyme, Cholecystectomy, Chronic ps sounds like s: Psychiatric, Psychology, Psoriasis pn sounds like n: Pneumonia, Pneumatic c sounds like a soft s when it comes before e, i, and y: Cycle, Cytoplasm, Centrifuge g sounds like j when it comes before e, i, and y: Giant, Gestation, Generic, Gyration i sounds like “eye” when added to the end of a word to form a plural: Glomeruli, Villi, Alveoli, Bacilli End of Part One Thank You!  (Part 2) Analyze medical terms  Objectives By the end of this session the trainees will be able to: Analyze Medical Terms Translate Abbreviations Interpret symbols Medical Abbreviations Routes Abbreviations  Deciphering Medical Terms 1. Start from right and work left 2. Identify meaning of the suffix 3. Identify meaning of the prefix (if there is one) 4. Identify meaning of the root “Last, First, then Middle”  Example 1 Cardiology Suffix: “ology” means “study of” Root: “cardi” means “heart” Prefix: none in this word Meaning: Study of the heart  Example 2 Polyarthritis Suffix: “-itis” mean “inflammation” Root: “arthr” means “joint” Prefix: “poly” means “many, much” Meaning: Inflammation of many joints  Example 3 Pericarditis: Suffix: itis –meaning Inflammation of (notice, no combing vowel because suffix started with a vowel) Prefix: Peri –meaning around Root: Card –meaning heart Meaning: Inflammation around the heart or inflammation of a membrane around the heart  Abbreviations Commonly used to save time Can be confusing If you are concerned about confusion, spell out the term Do not use your own personal abbreviations Medication Abbreviations  Routes Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning ID Intradermal IM intramuscular IU International unit. IV Intravenous PO Orally or by mouth SL Sublingually, under the tongue top topical Units Treatment Abbreviations Roman Numbers  Question 1 The suffix “-logy” refers to? A.study of B. occurring after C. within D.pertaining to Thank You