S10 Biology OC1 and OC2 Booklet KEY 2023 PDF

Science 10 - BIOLOGY Outcome 1 Cell Theory Name: ____________ Teacher: ____________ Class: ____________ Essential Understandings: 1. How does the scientific meth...

Science 10 - BIOLOGY Outcome 1 Cell Theory Name: ____________ Teacher: ____________ Class: ____________ Essential Understandings: 1. How does the scientific method help with understanding? 2. What is the cell theory and how was it developed? 3. How did the cell theory revolutionize the way scientists study life? 4. How has technology advanced the understanding of cell structures and functions? 5. Describe the structure and function of cells 1 The Process of Science Hypothesis Important Properties of a Hypothesis: 1) It must be: TESTABLE 2) It must also be: FALSIFIABLE A hypothesis gains more credibility by surviving more attempts to falsify it. Experimental Groups There are two types of groups in an experiment: 1) The Control Group: all variables must remain the same except the manipulated variable. It is used to compare the results of the experimental group 2) The Experimental Group: has a manipulated variable applied to it that is different than the control group. Is used to test the hypothesis. These are different than types of variables used in an experiment! The Control Group A control group allows: a comparison or baseline that the manipulated variable can be measured against. The control group in this experiment is: the plant with no fertilizer The controlled variables in this experiment are: amount of light, amount of water, same plant, same size pot, same amount of soil, same temperature 2 Biology: _The study of living organisms Living things share five characteristics Require energy Grow and develop Produce waste Respond and adapt to their environment reproduce Life from Life… Complete the following with an explanation about each “life theory” throughout history. »300 B.C.E. Aristotle - Abiogenesis or Spontaneous generation ___Life comes from non-living things Ie) maggots spontaneously came from rotting meat, mice came out of piles of hay __________________________________________________________________________________ 1668 Francesco Redi's experiment ___Falsified the theory of spontaneous generation. Used a control group of rotting meat that was open to the air, and an experimental group that had cloth covering the meat. Maggots appeared on the control and not on the experimental. »1860 Louis Pasteur's experiment ____Pasteur created a swan shaped flask and proved that microorgansims are present in the air through a process of boiling or “pasteurizing” a broth and then exposed them to the air through the flask. 1858 Virchow - Biogenesis ____Is credited with the theory that life comes from other life. His work is supported by Schleiden and Schwaan’s work on plant and animal cells. Cells: _The smallest functional unit of life._______ »1665 Robert Hooke's discovery Observed dead cork cells through a simple compound microscope. 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek's work Used a homemade microscope to see “animicules”, otherwise known as bacteria or single celled organisms, on tooth scrapings, etc. 1839 Schleiden and Schwann’s & cell theory all life is composed of cells (both plant and animal). Cells contain a nucleus 3 Summarize the THREE key points to the Cell Theory all organisms are composed of one or more cells The cell is the smallest functional unit of life All cells come from other cells Compound Light Microscope 4 Comparing Types of Microscopes Microscope Type How does it Magnification Range Useful for? Type of Image create an image? Compound Light Light rays are Max 2000X, most Live or dead 2D view of Microscope focused through common up to 400- specimens, internal the specimen 1000X major cell structures features, microorganisms and microscopic organisms Scanning Electron A beam of 10 000X – 300 000X Dead 3D view of Microscope (SEM) electrons is (max to 1 500 000X) specimens, external bounced from the studying the structures coated surface of surface and the specimen external features of microorganisms and small animals Transmission A beam of 10 000X – 100 000X Dead 2D view of Electron electrons passes (max to 200 000X) specimens, internal Microscope (TEM) through a thin larger pieces structures specimen must be thin- sectioned Confocal Laser A laser passes Up to 2000X Live or dead Creates detailed Scanning through the specimens, 3D image from Microscope sample which has thick pieces “slices” scanned (CSLM) been tagged with in 2D fluorescent dye Scanning Fine metal probe Atomic level Living or dead, 3D images of Tunnelling ‘reads’ surface Surface image surface of sample Microscope (STM) contour as an at very high electrons flow resolution from the probe to the surface being scanned 5  The Cell – The Smallest Functional Unit of Life A cell is considered an open system. This means that matter and energy will leave and enter the cell. There are two classes of cells: Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Amoeba Bacteria Plant or Animal Cell Algae 1) Eukaryotic means: ____________ 1) Prokaryotic means: __________ __________________________ ___________________________ 2) No membrane-bound __________ 2) __________ sized than are present. prokaryotic cells. 3) Has a “nucleoid region” that 3) Can be __________ or multi- contains _________. cellular organism 4) Is ___________ celled only. 6  Animal and Plants Cells Structures and Functions Part A. The cell below is an animal cell. Label the structures indicated by the lines. Part B. The cell below is a plant cell. Label the structures indicated by the lines. Cell Structure-Function 7  Plant, Organelle Structure Function Animal, or both Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Centrioles Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondrion Vacuole Lysosomes Cell Wall Chloroplast Cell Organelle Practice - Complete the table below using words from the bank. 8 Mitochondria cell wall nucleus golgi body cell membrane endoplasmic reticulum chloroplast ribosome lysosome central vacuole microtubules Structure Function powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production (in animal AND plant cells contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis, ONLY in plant cells control centre of cells, contains DNA in EUKARYOTIC cells digests biological molecules and structures maintain cell shape/structure, often found in structures used in motility (ex. flagella) ONLY in plant cells (although ALL cells have vacuoles for storage), helps maintain cell structure (turgidity) modification, sorting and distribution of proteins site of protein synthesis (found in the cytoplasm or near the rough endoplasmic reticulum) cell protection and support (contains cellulose) regulation of substances moving in and out of cells transport and initial modification of proteins Use the following words to fill in the blanks: cell activities, protects, cell, organelles, chloroplasts, mitochondrion, vacuole, photosynthesis, control center 9