Research PDF

Page 1 of 23 Research ‫ر‬ ‫مست احمد السيد‬ 0503327640 Page 2 of 23 process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: pose a question collect data to answer the question present an answer to the question Steps...

Page 1 of 23 Research ‫ر‬ ‫مست احمد السيد‬ 0503327640 Page 2 of 23 process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: pose a question collect data to answer the question present an answer to the question Steps in conducting research Identification of research problem Literature review Determining specific research questions Specification a set of hypotheses Choice of a methodology (for data collection) Data collection Analyzing and interpreting the data Reporting and evaluating research Page 3 of 23 handbook on nursing research emphasizes on comprehensive reading an summarizing A. Literature review B. Hypothesis C. Answer A nurse on unite to conduct a research project what is the most important step to be identified ? A. research problem B. research setting C. analysis plan D. sample size During the research process, when should a hypothesis be developed by the researcher? A. Before any statistical analysis B. After a research design is determined C. Before development of the research question D. After development of the research question All the following are considered steps in the qualitative research process, except? A-Literature review B-Data collection C-Sample D-Hypothesis In an article’s abstract, which research process steps may be noted? A-Literature review B-Data-collection procedure C-Research question & study purpose Page 4 of 23 D-Legal-ethical issues The first step in the qualitative research process? A. Data analysis B. Review of literature C. Sample D. Study design qualitative research and quantitative   Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or hypothesis) Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts, thoughts, experiences) Page 5 of 23 Quantitative data collection methods Surveys: Experiments: Observations Qualitative data collection methods Interviews: Asking open-ended questions verbally to respondents. Focus groups: Discussion among a group of people about a topic to gather opinions that can be used for further research. Ethnography:  Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of time to closely observe culture and behavior. Literature review:  Survey of published works by other authors. observational and experimental. The basic difference observational does not involve any intervention (drug treatment/therapeutic procedures/diagnostic tools), experimental study, involve intervention Page 6 of 23 Descriptive Study describe the frequency, natural history and determinants of a factor/disease.but not the cause and effect Types Case series and case reports A case report is a descriptive study of a single individual case series a study of a small group. identify a new disease or adverse health effect from an exposure. Uses examine etiology and causal associations. used to test one or more specific hypotheses, Types cross sectional, case-control, cohort (retrospective and prospective) ecological. Page 7 of 23 Cross sectional also known as a prevalence study. It measures the cause and effect at the same time, but does not tell us the relationship, i.e. which one is the cause and which one is the effect. the commonest study design used in general practice and research, easy to do inexpensive can be carried out in a short time frame. Case-control when patients who already have a certain condition (cases) are compared with people who do not have that condition (controls) the data collection is mainly retrospective (backward in time) Used to find out the odds of having a risk factor or an exposure if an individual has a specific disease (Odds ratio) ‫احتماالت‬ Example study the odds of being a smoker among hypertensive patients compared to normotensive ones. To do so, we choose a group of patients diagnosed with hypertension and another group that serves as the control (normal blood pressure). Then we study their smoking history to find out if there is a correlation. Page 8 of 23 disadvantages less reliable than either randomized controlled trials recall bias is a major limitation of case-control studiesmainly rely on the memory of patients to identify what in the past might have caused their current disease advantages can be done quickly very efficient for conditions/diseases with rare outcomes Cohort (Longitudinal studies) used to identify risk factor done by comparing two samples from the population one sample with a risk factor while the other lacks this risk factor types Prospective: follow the individuals in the future to know who will develop the disease Retrospective look to the past to know who developed the disease Page 9 of 23 ecologic studies determine a link between health data and a source of environmental exposure. explore connection between disease in different population groups and estimated exposures in groups rather than individuals. Randomized controlled considered the "gold standard" in medical research offer the best answers about the effectiveness of different therapies or interventions. There are different types of randomized studies as follows Parallel treatment and controls are allocated to different individuals. Page 10 of 23 Crossover each patient serves as his own control. Each patient gets both drugs; the order in which the patient gets each drug is randomized it requires a smaller sample size. Quasi-randomized participant allocation is done using schemes such as date of birth (odd or even), number of the hospital record, date at which they are invited to participate in the study (odd or even), or alternatively into different study groups. There is a greater risk of selection bias in quasi-random trials where allocation is not adequately concealed compared with randomized controlled trials with adequate allocation concealment. Female registered nurses aged 20–45 years and living in the Republic of Korea were invited to join a study, which began in July 2013. They were asked to complete a web-based baseline survey. Follow-up questionnaires Page 11 of 23 were completed at 6–8month intervals after the baseline survey. What type is the study design? A. Cross-sectional study B. Prospective cohort study C. Ecological study D. Retrospective cohort study Study in Northern England was performed in 2014. Five groups of students who were enrolled between 2009-2014 were followed back to time of college entry (n=807). This study identified factors influencing completion of the study comparing students' characteristics at entry against third year completion data. What type is the study design? A. Cross-sectional study B. Prospective cohort study C. Ecological study D. Retrospective cohort study A study aimed to identify risk factors of unplanned extubation in intensive care unit patients with mechanical ventilation. Data of unplanned extubation in mechanically ventilation patients were retrospectively collected over 3 years. From 41,207 mechanically ventilated patients, 230 patients were identified to have unplanned extubation during their ICU stay. Based on the characteristics of the cohort of 230 patients who had unplanned extubation, 460 patients of planned extubation were selected by matching age, gender and diagnosis. What type is the study design? A. Cross-sectional study B. Prospective cohort study Page 12 of 23 C. Case-control study D. Retrospective cohort study A study in Saudi Arabia was performed over one million recipients of diabetes care to investigate whether variation in the trend in reassessments in each of 13 regions in Saudi Arabia was associated with differences in regions trends in A1C testing rates. What type is the study design? A. Cross-sectional study design B. Ecological study design C. Cohort study design D. Case-control study design The nurse was doing research with two groups of smokers, the first group took Nicotine Patch and the second group not achieved the target goal, what is the research type? -Cohort study - Concurrent cohort - Retrospective cohort - case-control A nurse researcher wrote in her explanatory statement: "The researcher will - 35 Use a questionnaire to measure nursing job satisfaction," which ethics principle is the researcher addressing here? A. Justice B. Assault C. Autonomy Page 13 of 23 During COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization seeks information about the pandemic spread in Sudan through reported data by Sudan authorities. What type of surveillance is it? A. Active surveillance B. Passive surveillance C. Sentinel surveillance D. Organizational surveillance Female registered nurses aged 20–45 years and living in the Republic of Korea were invited to join a study, which began in march 2023. They were asked to complete a web-based baseline survey. Follow-up questionnaires were completed at 6–8onth intervals after the baseline survey. What type is the study design? A. Cross-sectional study B. Prospective cohort study C. Ecological study D. Retrospective cohort study A study in Northern England was performed in 2014. Five groups of students who were enrolled between 2009-2014 were followed back to time of college entry (n=807). This study identified factors influencing completion of the study comparing students' characteristics at entry against third year completion data. What type is the study design? A. Cross-sectional study B. Prospective cohort study C. Ecological study D. Retrospective cohort study Page 14 of 23 A study aimed to identify risk factors of unplanned extubation in intensive care unit patients with mechanical ventilation. Data of unplanned extubation in mechanically ventilation patients were retrospectively collected over 3 years. From 41,207 mechanically ventilated patients, 230 patients were identified to have unplanned extubation during their ICU stay. Based on the characteristics of the cohort of 230 patients who had unplanned extubation, 460 patients of planned extubation were selected by matching age, gender and diagnosis. What type is the study design? A. Cross-sectional study B. Prospective cohort study C. Case-control study D. Retrospective cohort study A study in Saudi Arabia was performed over one million recipients of diabetes care to investigate whether variation in the trend in reassessments in each of 13 regions in Saudi Arabia was associated with differences in regions trends in A1C testing rates. What type is the study design? A. Cross-sectional study design B. Ecological study design C. Cohort study design D. Case-control study design A large group of people is followed over 10 years every 2 years its determined who develops heart disease and who does not what type of study is this A- Case study B- Cohort study Page 15 of 23 C- Case- control study D- Randomized control trial A study evaluated the relationship between breast cancer and a woman's history of breastfeeding. The investigator selects women with breast cancer and an age-matched sample of women who live in the same neighbourhood’s as the women with breast cancer. Study subjects are interviewed to determine if they breastfed any of their children. This is an example of: A. Prospective cohort B. Retrospective cohort C. Case control D. Cross sectional A study examined the relationship between exposure to chest irradiation and subsequent risk of breast cancer that was conducted in 2005. In this study, women who received radiation therapy for postpartum mastitis (an inflammation of the breast that occurs after giving birth) in the 1940s were compared to women who received a no radiation therapy for postpartum mastitis in the 1940s. The women were followed for 50-60 years to determine the incidence rates of breast cancer in each group. This is an example of: A. Prospective Cohort B. Retrospective Cohort C. Case Control Residents of three villages with three different types of water supply were asked toparticipate in a survey to identify cholera carriers. Because several cholera deaths had occurred recently, virtually everyone present at the time underwent examination. The proportion of residents in each village who were carriers was computed and compared. What is the proper classification for this study? A- Cross-Sectional Study B)-Case-Control Study Page 16 of 23 C- Concurrent Cohort Study D- Nonconcurrent Cohort Study In a small pilot study, 12 women with endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterus) and 12 women with no apparent disease were contacted and asked whether they had ever used estrogen. Each woman with cancer was matched by age, race, weight, and parity to awoman without disease. What kind of study design is this? A- Concurrent cohort B- Retrospective cohort C- case-control D- Cross-sectional Validity refers to how well your research measures what it intends to measure, and how accurately it reflects the reality of the phenomenon you are studying. Reliability how consistent and stable your research results are, and how well they can be replicated by other researchers abstract idea things that exist as ideas, feelings, or qualities, rather than material objects. Love  Democracy Freedom Confidence,Friendship,Happiness Which of the following is the most abstract idea? A. Caring B. Adherence C. Self-concept D. Blood pressure Page 17 of 23 any kind of attribute or characteristic that you are trying to measure, manipulate and control in statistics and research types of variables Independent vs. dependent variables The independent variable is the cause. The dependent variable is the effect. Independent variables A variable that stands alone and isn't Definition changed by the other variables or factored that are measured Age: Other variables such as where someone lives, what they eat or how Example much they exercise are not going to change their age. Dependent variables A variable that relies on and can be changed by other factors that are measured A grade someone gets on an exam depends on factors such as how much sleep they got and how long they studied. Quantitative vs. qualitative variables Quantitative variables Any data sets that involve numbers or Definition amounts Examples Height, distance or number of items Types Discrete and continuous Qualitative variables Non-numerical values or groupings Eye color or dog breed Binary, nominal and ordinal Types of quantitative variables Discrete: Any numerical variables you can realistically count, Eg.money in your savings account. Continuous: Page 18 of 23 Numerical variables that you could never finish counting, such as time. Types of qualitative variables Binary:  Variables with only two categories, such as male or female, red or blue. Nominal:  Variables you can organize in more than two categories that do not follow a particular order. example, housing types: Single-family home, condominium, tiny home. Ordinal:  Variables you can organize in more than two categories that follow a particular order. example, level of satisfaction: Unsatisfied, neutral, satisfied. hypothesis, strong, concise statement that forms the basis of your research. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis simple , clear to look justifiable enough. testable precise about the results self-explanatory, leaving no doubt in the reader's mind. reflect the scope for further investigations and experiments. Types 1. Null hypothesis proposes no relationship between two variables. Page 19 of 23 it is a negative statement like “Attending physiotherapy sessions does not affect athletes' on-field performance.” Alternative hypothesis Considered to be the opposite of a null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis is donated as H1 or Ha. It explicitly states that the dependent variable affects the independent variable. A good alternative hypothesis example is “Attending physiotherapy sessions improves athletes' on-field performance.” or “Water evaporates at 100°C.” . Simple hypothesis A simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example, “Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking. 4. Complex hypothesis In contrast to a simple hypothesis, a complex hypothesis implies the relationship between multiple independent and dependent variables. For instance, “Individuals who eat more fruits tend to have higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.” The independent variable is eating more fruits, while the dependent variables are higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism. 5. Associative and casual hypothesis Associative and casual hypotheses don't exhibit how many variables there will be. They define the relationship between the variables. In an associative hypothesis, changing any one variable, dependent or independent, affects others. In a casual hypothesis, the independent variable directly affects the dependent. 6. Empirical hypothesis Also referred to as the working hypothesis, an empirical hypothesis claims a theory's validation via experiments and observation. This way, the statement appears justifiable and different from a wild guess. Say, the hypothesis is “Women who take iron tablets face a lesser risk of anemia than those who take vitamin B12.” This is an example of an empirical hypothesis where the Page 20 of 23 researcher the statement after assessing a group of women who take iron tablets and charting the findings. 7. Statistical hypothesis The point of a statistical hypothesis is to test an already existing hypothesis by studying a population sample. Hypothesis like “44% of the Indian population belong in the age group of 22-27.” leverage evidence to prove or disprove a particular statement. If an individual volunteer to participate in a study, he or she is always guaranteed that which of the following will be done? A. Anonymity will be provided B. Confidentiality will be provided C. Informed consent will be obtained D. Protection from psychological stress will be assumed 2. One of the main themes in research process is the distinction between qualitative and quantitative research design. Quantitative research design is concerned on A. how and why of a certain phenomenon. B. what, Why and when of a certain phenomenon. C. what, How and where of a certain phenomenon. D. what, where and when of a certain phenomenon. The variable that can controlled by the researcher is called the Page 21 of 23 A. independent variable. B. extraneous variable. C. dependent variable. D. outcome variable. 5. Stating a hypothesis in quantitative research involves A. asking people and reading literature to decide on the areas to be included in the investigation. B. asking question about what the researcher wants to know about the outcome of the investigation. C. making a broad statement about the research area and allowing participants to direct the investigation. D. making a statement of what the researchers think is going to be the outcome of the investigation. An experimental design is used primarily to A. establish cause and effect relationships between variables. B. find which variables have the strongest influence on another variable C. provide an explanation for existing health problems in a particular group. D. provide an overview of the range, size and characteristics of a group variables Which of the following would be an example of an ordinal data? A. Blue eyes Page 22 of 23 B. Annual income of 5,000 $ C. Tallest person in the room D. 5.5 mmol/L blood cholesterol Which of the following is not a qualitative research design? A. Hermeneutics B. Ethno-nursing C. Grounded theory D. Longitudinal study It is an approach where all people involved in the profession use the best, most appropriate, most suitable methods to treat patient and it is designed to highlight issues and ensure that any treatment is based on the integration of a number of research- based evidence. A. Research B. Case study C. Nursing research D. Evidence based practice It is a type of study that statistically pools the result from previous studies into a single quantitative analysis that provides one of the highest level of evidence for an intervention's efficacy. A. Meta synthesis B. Meta-analysis C. Systemic review Page 23 of 23 D. Outcomes research Suppose we are interested in studying whether teenage women are at higher risk for having low birth weight infants than are older mothers because of their age. Based on the research issue, which of the following would be considered as an extraneous variable? A. Maternal age B. Infant birth weight C. Maternal nutrition D. Maternal maturational development