42 Questions
A nurse on unit to conduct a research project, what is the most important step to be identified?
Research problem
During the research process, when should a hypothesis be developed by the researcher?
After a research design is determined
All the following are considered steps in the qualitative research process, except:
Hypothesis
In an article’s abstract, which research process steps may be noted?
Literature review
Which of the following is an example of ordinal data?
Tallest person in the room
Which of the following is not a qualitative research design?
Longitudinal study
What is the type of study that statistically pools the results from previous studies into a single quantitative analysis?
Meta-analysis
Which of the following would be considered as an extraneous variable in a study about teenage women and low birth weight infants?
Maternal maturational development
What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
Qualitative research focuses on understanding concepts and experiences, while quantitative research is used to confirm or test theories.
Which type of study aims to describe the frequency, natural history, and determinants of a factor or disease, but not the cause and effect?
Descriptive study
What is the main difference between observational and experimental studies?
Observational studies do not involve any intervention, while experimental studies involve intervention.
What is the purpose of cross-sectional studies?
Measure cause and effect at the same time, but do not establish the relationship between them.
What is the primary focus of case-control studies?
Compare patients with a certain condition to those without it to find the odds of having a risk factor or exposure.
What is the main purpose of cohort studies?
Identify risk factors by following a group of individuals over time.
Why are randomized controlled trials considered the 'gold standard' in medical research?
They offer the best answers about the effectiveness of different therapies or interventions.
What distinguishes different types of randomized studies, such as parallel, crossover, and quasi-randomized trials?
Each type has its advantages and limitations.
What are the characteristics of ecological studies?
They explore the connection between disease in different population groups and estimated exposures.
What types of studies are included in study designs?
Cross-sectional, prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, and ecological studies
What type of study design is the investigation of the association between variation in reassessments and A1C testing rates in 13 regions in Saudi Arabia?
Cohort study
What type of study design is the study with two groups of smokers, one using Nicotine Patch and the other not, conducted by a nurse researcher?
Case-control study
Which study design addresses the ethics principle of autonomy by using a questionnaire to measure nursing job satisfaction?
Cross-sectional study
What type of study design does the World Health Organization's seeking of pandemic spread information in Sudan through reported data by Sudan authorities represent?
Passive surveillance
What type of study design involves female registered nurses aged 20–45 years completing web-based surveys at 6–8 month intervals in the Republic of Korea?
Prospective cohort study
What type of study design follows five student groups from 2009-2014 in Northern England to identify factors influencing study completion?
Retrospective cohort study
What type of study design was used in the study on risk factors of unplanned extubation in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation that used retrospective data collection?
Retrospective cohort study
What type of study design was the investigation of variation in reassessments and A1C testing rates in Saudi Arabia that was also a cohort study?
Cohort study
What type of study design involves following a large group of people over 10 years to determine heart disease development?
Cohort study
What type of study design is the examination of the relationship between breast cancer and breastfeeding history using age-matched samples?
Case-control study
What type of study design is the comparison of women who received radiation therapy for postpartum mastitis to those who did not?
Retrospective cohort study
What type of study design is the identification of cholera carriers in three villages through examination and comparison of carrier proportions?
Cross-sectional study
What type of variable involves numbers or amounts, such as height or distance?
Continuous variable
What is a good hypothesis expected to be?
Simple, clear, justifiable, and testable
In research, what is the main theme in the research process?
Distinction between qualitative and quantitative research design
What type of research design focuses on the how and why of a phenomenon?
Qualitative research design
Which type of hypothesis proposes no relationship?
Null hypothesis
What does a quantitative research design primarily concern?
The what, how, and where of a phenomenon
What type of variable can be controlled by the researcher?
Independent variable
What is the variable that is affected by other factors?
Dependent variable
What type of variable involves non-numerical values or groupings?
Binary variable
Which type of hypothesis reflects the relationship between two variables?
Simple hypothesis
What type of variable involves numbers or amounts and can be countable or never-ending?
Continuous variable
What type of hypothesis is tested by studying a population sample?
Statistical hypothesis
Study Notes
Understanding Variables and Hypotheses in Research
- Variables in statistics and research can be independent or dependent, where independent variables cause an effect, and dependent variables are affected by other factors.
- Independent variables are standalone and not influenced by other variables, while dependent variables rely on and can be changed by other measured factors.
- Quantitative variables involve numbers or amounts, such as height or distance, and can be discrete (countable) or continuous (never-ending).
- Qualitative variables consist of non-numerical values or groupings, like eye color or dog breed, and can be binary (two categories), nominal (more than two unordered categories), or ordinal (more than two ordered categories).
- A good hypothesis is simple, clear, justifiable, testable, precise, self-explanatory, and reflects the scope for further investigations and experiments.
- Types of hypotheses include null (proposes no relationship), alternative (opposite of null), simple (reflects relation between two variables), complex (implies relationship between multiple variables), associative (changing one variable affects others), casual (independent variable directly affects dependent), empirical (validated via experiments and observation), and statistical (tested by studying a population sample).
- In research, participants are guaranteed informed consent in a study, and the distinction between qualitative and quantitative research design is a main theme in the research process.
- Quantitative research design is concerned with what, how, and where of a phenomenon, while qualitative research design focuses on the how and why.
- The variable that can be controlled by the researcher is the independent variable.
- Stating a hypothesis in quantitative research involves making a statement of what the researchers think will be the outcome of the investigation.
- An experimental design is primarily used to establish cause and effect relationships between variables.
Test your knowledge of variables and hypotheses in research with this quiz. Explore the differences between independent and dependent variables, and delve into the types of hypotheses used in research. Understand the distinctions between quantitative and qualitative research design and gain insight into the principles of experimental design.
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