Research Designs PDF

Research Designs Prepared by Dr/ Fawzya Talaat  Outlines:- 1)Introduction. 2) Definition of research design. 3) Elements of research design. 4) Types/approaches of research design.  Introduction:- -The research designs form the decisions regarding what, where, when, ho...

Research Designs Prepared by Dr/ Fawzya Talaat  Outlines:- 1)Introduction. 2) Definition of research design. 3) Elements of research design. 4) Types/approaches of research design.  Introduction:- -The research designs form the decisions regarding what, where, when, how much and by what means a research study will be conducted. Definition of research design:- Research design can be defined as a blue print to conduct a research study, which involves the description of research approach, study setting, sampling size, sampling technique, method of data collection & data analysis that all to answer a specific research questions or for testing research hypothesis. Elements of research design Types/approaches of research design: Generally research designs are classified into two broad approaches; that are:- 1) Quantitative research design:- * Role of Quantitative Research: 1-Quantify data and generalize results from sample to population.  2-Facilitates examination of large number of representative cases. 3-Structured approach to data collection. 4-Enables extensive statistical analysis. * Outcome of Quantitative Research: 1-Confirmation of hypotheses, theories, etc. 2-Recommend final course of action. Broad Categories Types of Research Main Features Design I. Experimental 1. True experimental Manipulation of research design independent design - Post-test –only variable, in the control design presence of control - Pre-test-posttest group, control group randomization design - Solomon four-group design - Factorial design - Randomized block design - Crossover design 2. Quasi-experimental Manipulation of design independent - Nonrandomized variable, but absence control group of either design randomization or - Time-series design control group.  3. Pre-experimental Manipulation of design independent - One-shot case variables, but design limited control over - One-group pretest- extraneous post-test design variables, no randomization & control group. Broad Categories Types of Research Main Features Design II. Non 1. Descriptive Accurate description of experimental design characteristics of research individual, situation, or - Univariant design group, & the frequency descriptive with which a certain design: phenomenon occurs in to describe natural setting without characteristics of imposing any control certain groups or manipulation 2. Correlational/Ex post Examining the facto design relationship between two or more variables - Prospective design in a natural setting - Retrospective design without manipulation or control (cause & effect relationship) Prospective: Examining relationship from cause to effect. Retrospective: Examining relationship from effect to cause - Exploratory Univariant descriptive: descriptive Studies undertaken to design:- describe the frequency to formulate the of occurrence of a problem phenomenon rather than to study - Comparative relationship descriptive design:- Exploratory: to provide evidence of Investigating the the relationships phenomenon & its between variables related factors about which very little is known Comparative: Comparing occurrences of a phenomenon in two or more group.  3. Developmental Examining the Research Design phenomenon in respect to the time - Cross-sectional design Cross-sectional: - Longitudinal design Examining the phenomenon only at one point in time Longitudinal: Examining the phenomenon at more than one point in time. 4. Epidemiological design The investigation of the distribution & causes -Case-control studies of disease in a - cohort studies population is known as epidemiology.  5. Survey research Survey studies are design investigation in which self-reported data are collected from sample with the purpose of describing population on some variables of interest. 2) Qualitative research design. * Role of Qualitative Research: 1- Search of academic, trade and professional literature (both traditional & Internet). 2- Use of interviews, brain-storming & focus groups. 3- Use of existing questionnaires/constructs. * Outcome of Qualitative Research: 1- Improve conceptualization. 2- Clarify research design, including data collection approach. 3-Draft questionnaire. Types of research Main features designs Phenomenological Phenomenological research examines human experiences through the research descriptions provided by people involved. Ethnographic Ethnographic research involves the information collected from certain research cultural groups, by living with people of those groups & from their key informants, who are believed to be most knowledgeable about the selected culture. Grounded theory Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a participant-observer Case studies Research on a phenomenon by studying in depth a single case example. The case can be an individual person , an event , a group, or an institution. Historical Systematic collection & objective evaluation of data related to past research occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of these events that may help to explain present events & anticipate future events. Action research Action research seeks action to improve practices & study the effect of the action that was taken.