Reading and Writing Skills PDF Module 2021

Reading and Writing Skills Senior High School Module First Edition 2021 Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be ne...

Reading and Writing Skills Senior High School Module First Edition 2021 Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. DepEd is represented by the Filipinas Copyright Licensing Society (FILCOLS), Inc. in seeking permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. All means have been exhausted in seeking permission to use these materials. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Only institution and companies which have entered an agreement with FILCOLS and only within the agreed framework may copy from this Module. Those who have not entered the agreement with FILCOLS must, if they wish to copy, contact publishers and authors directly. Authors and publishers may email or contact FILCOLS at [email protected] or (02) 439-2204, respectively. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Lorna Dig Dio Development Team of the Module Writer : Jennifer T. Dumaran Editor: Barbara N. Villareal Layout Artists: Jhomer V. Retiro James R. Gumban Schools Division Quality Assurance Team: Dr. Kyzil D. Lipar Mr. Mahnnie Q. Tolentino Mr. Jhomer V. Retiro Mr. James R. Gumban Division of Aklan Management Team: Dr. Miguel Mac D. Aposin, CESO V Mr. Samuel J. Malayo Mr. Dobie P. Parohinog Dr. Kyzil D. Lipar Mr. Mahnnie Q. Tolentino Regional Management Team: Dr. Ramir B. Uytico, CESO IV Dr. Pedro T. Escobarte Jr., CESO V Dr. Elena P. Gonzaga Mr. Donald T. Genine Dr. Nestor Paul M. Pingil  SHS Reading and Writing Skills Module This book was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges and universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@ deped.gov.ph. Department of Education Republiic of the Philippines  I OVERVIEW In this lesson, the students will appreciate the importance of the different patterns of development. Through different exercises, they will be able to determine the patterns of development in a text and note the signal words used to help them understand the meaning of the text. At the end of this module, the students will be able to compare and contrast patterns of written text across disciplines. II PRE-ASSESSMENT 1. This pattern of development is the method by which one divides things into groups, classes, or categories. A. exemplification/classification C. problem-solution B. compare and contrast D. definition 2. This pattern of development explains not just what something means, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like, etc. A. narration C. definition B. description D. persuasion 3. This pattern of development requires the writer to be very conscious of the arguments he or she is presenting. The argument should be logical and free of fallacies. A. compare and contrast C. description B. persuasion D. problem-solution 4. This pattern of development provides an answer to an existing problem that effects a number of people. A. problem-solution C. definition B. compare and contrast D. description 5. This pattern of development helps organize ideas about two things of the same kind which can be confusing. A. problem-solution B. compare and contrast C. definition D. exemplification/classification i|Academic Reading and Writing Skills 6. This is a pattern of development of a text which presents the writer’s domi- nant impression about a person, place, thing, or event as main idea. A. narration C. cause and effect B. description D. definition 7. This pattern of development arranges event details logically in time order, and uses appropriate transitional devices such as first, lastly, consequent- ly, etc. A. narration C. definition B. description D. persuasion 8. This pattern provides details on the idea by using a sensory or spatial pattern. A. descriptive pattern B. comparison and contrast pattern C. definition pattern D. cause-effect pattern 9. This pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things and concepts are similar or different from one another. A. spatial pattern B. cause-effect pattern C. comparison and contrast pattern D. narration 10. This pattern organizes ideas or events according to time. A. comparison and contrast pattern B. chronology pattern C. cause-effect pattern D. descriptive pattern Academic Reading and Writing Skills |ii  III LEARNING OBJECTIVES After going through this module, the students should be able to: identify the different patterns of development; recognize the transitions that signal each pattern of development; and note the important parts of each pattern of development. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY AND DURATION › Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across disciplines (EN11/12RWS-IIIa-2) › 4 hours/1 week IV CONTENT The logical arrangement of ideas is known as the pattern of development. The pattern helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better. Having the ability to recognize it will help you distinguish major details from minor ones and predict ideas. There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. In determining the pattern of development of ideas in a text, note the signal words used. These signal words may help you identify the pattern of development, but it is more important that you understand the meaning of the text. Definition Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?” This pattern explains the information through the use of illustrations, examples, and descriptions. It may also include one or more different patterns. Take note of the term to be defined and the detailed explanation of the term as these are the most important parts of this pattern. You can also use a spider map to better understand a definition text. The following signal words will also help you in identifying this pattern. Signal Words for Definition is defined as means to define as defined refers to illustrate 1|Academic Reading and Writing Skills Exemplification An exemplification pattern presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea. Simply put, this pattern is used to provide an example of something. Pay attention to the main idea and the specific examples, as these are the most important parts of this pattern. You can use a spider map to better understand an exemplification text. The following signal words will also help you in identifying exemplifications. Signal Words for Exemplification after all for instance namely that is as an example in other words put another way to be specific consider the following in particular specifically to clarify for example in short stated differently to illustrate Description (Sensory and Spatial) A descriptive pattern basically provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern. Through a sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses. A spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges ideas by location or physical space. The most important elements of this pattern are the types description used (i.e., evocative or informational; spatial or sensory), the clustering of details, and the progression of description. A concept map can be used to understand descriptive texts. The following signal words will also help you in identifying such pattern. Signal Words for Description (Sensory and Spatial) above around between in front of onto across away from beyond inside opposite to adjacent to back of by into outside against behind down near over along below farther off throughout alongside beneath here on to the right amidst beside in on top of under Academic Reading and Writing Skills |2  Chronology/Procedure A chronological pattern organizes ideas or events according to time. It can either be in the form of a narration or a process. A narration sequences events in the order in which they occurred in time, while a process organizes details based on stages or steps. The most essential parts of this pattern are the main idea, major dates and events such as the final outcome, major steps/stages, and of course, the order of presentation. To better comprehend a text that follows a chronological or procedural pattern, a chain of events or a cycle can be used. The following signal words will also help you in identifying this pattern. Signal Words for Exemplification after all for instance namely that is as an example in other put another way to be specific words consider the specifically to clarify following in particular stated differently to illustrate for example in short Listing A listing pattern organizes ideas using enumeration. Unlike a chronological pattern, listing does not require the items to be sequenced chronologically because it does not have the element of time. It basically presents a series of items (facts, examples, features, reasons, and tips) that support a main idea. Make sure to pay attention to these essential aspects when writing down your notes. 3|Academic Reading and Writing Skills  The following signal words will also help you in identifying such pattern. Signal Words for Listing additionally and then further likewise again another furthermore moreover along with as well in addition next also besides in the same way together with and equally important Comparison-contrast A comparison-and-contrast pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another. There are two ways on how ideas can be arranged: separately, which involves describing one item first followed by the second item: or side-by-side, which means discussing both items based on each point of comparison. The sample text on page compares and contrasts two items side-by-side. Concentrate on the most important parts of a comparison-contrast pattern: the purpose of comparison, points of comparison, and the actual similarities and differences of the items being compared. Try using a Venn diagram or a compare/contrast matrix to better understand this pattern of development. The following signal words will also help you in identifying such pattern. Signal Words for Comparison also equally in the same way similarly as in a similar fashion like to compare both in comparison likewise Academic Reading and Writing Skills |4  Signal Words for Contrast although despite instead otherwise and yet even so however still as opposed to even though nevertheless the fact remains but in contrast nonetheless unlike conversely in spite of on the contrary whereas counter to in the meantime on the other hand yet Classification and Division A classification pattern organizes ideas into categories or division based on criteria and standards. This pattern can be used when classifying people, objects, events, things, places, and other items. Make sure to always double-check whether each term is undeniably part of a certain category. Avoid oversimplifying just so you may be able to assign something to a category, as it may result in stereotyping. Take note of the superordinate (name of the larger group) ideas, the subordinate (subcategories of a larger group) ideas, and the relationship between them, since these are the most important parts of this pattern. You can also use a network tree to better understand this pattern. The following signal words will also help you in identifying a pattern. Signal Words for Classification and Division another classified as one kind the last group another kind final type the first category the next part Cause and effect A cause-and-effect pattern organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon. This pattern may discuss both the causes and effects, the causes only, or the effects only. To better comprehend a text that follows a cause-and-effect pattern, a fishbone map can be used. Other graphic organizers that can be used are as follows: 5|Academic Reading and Writing Skills  When reading this type of pattern, focus on and take note of the following elements: the purpose of the text, the relationship between causes and effects, and the potential causal fallacies or illogical arguments. The following signal words will help you in recognizing these patterns. Signal Words for Cause as for in view of (the owing to (the fact) fact) because (of the for the reason that fact) inasmuch as seeing that in that being that one reason since due to (the fact that) Signal Words for Effect according consequently in consequence so that as a consequence for this reason so therefore as a result (of this) hence so much (so) that thus because (of this) Academic Reading and Writing Skills |6  Problem-solution A problem-solution pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions. The problem section usually includes the what, who, when, where, why, and how of the problem. The other part then presents the major effects of the problem and the possible solutions to address it, as well as the steps in implementing the solution. Note down the parts when you encounter a problem-solution text. To better comprehend a text that follows a problem-solution pattern, a problem-solution map can be used. The following signal words will also help you in identifying this pattern. Signal Words for Problem-solution but nonetheless one solution is the problem first, second one reason for the one way is the solution Persuasion A persuasion pattern organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument. Specifically, this pattern presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence that supports the position. make sure to check these three essential elements while reading a persuasion text. To better comprehend a text that follows this pattern, a persuasion map can be used. The following signal words will also help you in identifying such a pattern. Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point again in that case to emphasize truly for this reason indeed to repeat with this in mind in fact 7|Academic Reading and Writing Skills  Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing accordingly consequently in brief in a nutshell all in all due to in conclusion therefore as a result finally in short thus as I have said in any event in summary to sum up Signal Words for Conceding a Point admittedly it is true that obviously true assuredly needless to say of course undoubtedly certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably granted V EXERCISES I. Match the pattern of development in column A to the transitional device in column B. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided. A B. _______ 1. cause and effect a. arguably _______ 2. spatial b. as defined _______ 3. chronology c. away from _______ 4. classification d. nonetheless _______ 5. comparison e. consequently _______ 6. contrast f. even though _______ 7. definition g. in a similar fashion _______ 8. persuasion h. meanwhile _______ 9. problem-solution i. the next category _______ 10. exemplification j. to illustrate Academic Reading and Writing Skills |8  II. Read the following statements carefully. Choose one pattern from the box that best matches the thesis statement. You may choose a pattern more than once. cause-and-effect description definition persuasion classification/division comparison and contrast narration/time order problem-solution exemplification/classification ______________1. Although Instagram and Twitter have significant similarities, they also have striking differences. ______________ 2. Freedom is a concept that needs to be understood. ______________ 3. Juvenile delinquency is a social issue that requires urgent attention. ______________ 4. In the field of law, there are several subspecialties which you can focus on. ______________ 5. Major events happened that led to the defeat of Japan during World War II. ______________ 6. Teeth bleaching can be done in five simple steps. ______________ 7. All provincial buses should not be allowed to pass through EDSA. ______________ 8. iPhone 6 has many features that make it stand out in the market. ______________ 9. There are many reasons why unemployment continues to increase. ______________ 10. Drinking cough syrup may lead to various side effects. 9|Academic Reading and Writing Skills  VI ACTIVITY Identify the pattern of development and underline the signal word/words on the sample text. 1. Pattern of development: __________ Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks people to share personal information through the use of technology. The social component in this scheme means that there is reliance on various psychological tricks and on the gullibility of users rather than technical hacking. Social engineering also refers to various malicious acts online such as phishing, spamming, and pretexting. 2. Pattern of development: __________ While the Internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its downsides. One of these is phishing, which refers to the act of obtaining personal information, such as passwords and credit card details, through online means. In other words, phishing is a form of cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of Mr. X. He received an email stating that his Gmail account has been compromised and that he needed to click a link to update personal information. If Mr. X clicks on the link, his personal information will be illegally acquired by cybercriminals. 3. Pattern of development: __________ A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible for displaying information. Another major component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed to enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse– this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the speakers which allow you to hear sounds and music. Found at the back of the keyboard is the battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally, a laptop also comes with an AC adapter which charges the battery and serves as the source of electric power when it is plugged in. 4. Pattern of development: __________ Ondoy began to develop from an active low pressure area to a tropical cyclone on September 24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA raised storm signals all over the Philippine archipelago. At that point, signal no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning, reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile, President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in Metro Manila. Immediately after President Arroyo’s declaration, various government agencies began to rescue and Academic Reading and Writing Skills |10  relief operations. As soon as Typhoon Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and more relief and rescue operations were conducted. 5. Pattern of development: __________ Picking the right career is such a daunting task because it pits passion against reality. Would you choose the profession you love or would you choose a more lucrative profession? Some find a hard time choosing at first, so do not be surprised if you see people shift careers several times before they achieve success. On this note, here are some tips to help you choose the right career. Identify your interest. Are you fascinated with numbers, arts, sciences, human behavior, computer technology, or teaching? Try to process as well as your reason for choosing a particular career; you can also factor in the financial component during this stage. Another thing that you can do is to focus on and learn everything about your chosen career. If you want to be a doctor, know exactly what a doctor does and check whether you can handle this type of profession. In addition, try to visualize yourself five or ten years from now, and develop a plan to achieve the goal in your mind. Remember not to rely on luck when it comes to your career; instead, make reasoned decisions based on what you want. 6. Pattern of development: __________ Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review will inspect the basic similarities and differences of the flagship phones of two giant companies: Apple’s iPhone 6 and Samsung Galaxy S5. Both brag to be the best smartphones in the market to date. While these state-of-the art phones have similarities in the form of their sleek design, multi-touch touch screen, and multimedia features, they have their distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy S5 has a larger screen at 5.1 inches as compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for the operating system, iPhone 6 uses iOS (8.x) while S5 uses Android (5.0, 4.4.2). In terms of the camera, S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-facing camera which is higher than iPhone’s 1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5, iPhone’s battery is not user-replaceable and has a shorter talk time, but when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6 outperforms S5. Now that you know the basic differences of the two phones, you can decide! 7. Pattern of development: __________ Earthquakes can be classified into three main types based on the plate movements. The first type is known as a convergent boundary. Also known as destructive plate boundary, this type of earthquake happens when two tectonic plates move toward one another and collide. The second type of earthquake is called the divergent boundary. During this type of earthquake, two plates are forced to move away from each other resulting in a rift zone. The last type is called a conservative plate boundary or transform fault. During this type of earthquake, two tectonic plates slide past one another. 11|Academic Reading and Writing Skills 8. Pattern of development: __________ The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization has affected the world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this had positive effects, it also posed a real threat to the merchandise of local traders. Second globalization affected the financial market. As a result, different countries had more access to funds, and the exchange in national currencies dramatically increased. Finally, globalization also led to the privatization of various facilities, such as public health institutions. These institutions were being privatized due to the idea that the private sector can better manage and provide health services. In consequence, health policies become more and more of a commodity on a global scale. 9. Pattern of development: _____________ Today, most of the energy resources we have are generated from coal, oil, and natural gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at an alarming rate, fossil fuels necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved through the use of alternative sources of energy and conservation efforts. First, using alternatives sources of energy such as solar energy and fusion energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are actually more accessible and cost-efficient. Although, there are some potential risks in using fusion energy, these risks can be mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. The second solution that governments need to make the public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as well as ways of conserving energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed to mandate the public and all stakeholders to recycle energy. 10. Pattern of development: ______________ Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level, euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world, including those that have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the principle of “premium non nocere” which means “first, do no harm.” In their code of ethics, doctors have the responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is why euthanasia can never be acceptable. Academic Reading and Writing Skills |12  VII SUMMARY A pattern of development is a logical arrangement of ideas that helps readers to easily understand a certain text by recognizing the transitional or signal words. Examples of these patterns are definition, exemplification, description, chronology/procedure/narration, listing, comparison-contrast, classification and division, cause-effect, problem-solution and persuasion. Moreover, these patterns also enhance the ease with which one can understand and remember the information being presented by the writer. VIII POST ASSESSMENT Identify the pattern of development on each text. Then, underline the main idea which helps you determine the pattern. 1. All matter, all things can be changed in two ways: chemically and physically. Both chemical and physical changes affect the state of matter. Physical changes are those that do not change the make-up or identity of the matter. For example, clay will bend or flatten if squeezed, but it will still be clay. Changing the shape of clay is a physical change, and does not change the matter’s identity. Chemical changes turn the matter into a new kind of matter with different properties. For example, when paper is burnt, it becomes ash and will never be paper again. The difference is that physical changes are temporary or only last for a little while. Chemical changes are permanent, which means they last forever. Physical and chemical changes both affect the state of matter. A. description C. problem and solution B. chronological order D. compare and contrast 2. Robert James Fischer was born in Chicago. Yet he unlocked the secrets of chess in a Brooklyn apartment right above a candy store. At the age of six he taught himself to play by following the instruction booklet that came with his chess board. After spending much of his childhood in chess clubs, Fischer said that, “One day, I just got good.” That may have been a bit of an understatement. At the age of 13 he won the U.S. Junior Chess Championship. He was the youngest Junior Champion ever. At the age of 14 he won the U.S. Championship, also becoming the youngest U.S. Champion in history. Fischer even went on to become the World Champion of chess, but he would also grow to become his own worst enemy. He forfeited the championship to the next challenger without even making a move. The rise of a chess superstar ended with a fizzle. 13|Academic Reading and Writing Skills  A. sequence / process writing C. compare and contrast B. problem and solution D. chronological order 3. Don’t let the tigers vanish. These majestic beasts are disappearing at an alarming rate. We should write to our congress people. If we let them know that we demand the preservation of this species, maybe we can make a difference. We should also donate some of our money to Save the Tigers. Help support those who fight the hardest to preserve the tigers. We owe it to our grandchildren to do something. A. sequence / process writing C. compare and contrast B. problem and solution D. cause and effect 4. Many people are confused about why our economy went to shambles in 2008. The crisis was actually the result of many complex factors. First, easy credit conditions allowed people who were unworthy of credit to borrow. Even people who had no income were eligible for large loans. Second, banks bundled these toxic loans into packages and sold them. Third, large insurance firms backed these packages. They misrepresented these high- risk loans as safe investments. Fourth, rapid growth in the housing market lead to people buying too many houses. All these factors created bubbles of speculation. The bubbles burst, sending the whole market into a downward spiral. Employers lost capital and laid off employees. Consumer spending plummeted. Businesses suffered. The economy is like a big boat, and once it gets moving quickly in the wrong direction, it’s hard to turn it around. A. cause and effect C. problem and solution B. chronological organization D. Compare and Contrast 5. Before applying the screen protector, clean the surface of your phone’s screen with a soft cloth. Once the surface of your screen is clean, remove the paper backing on the screen protector. Evenly apply the sticky side of the screen protector to your phone’s screen. Smooth out any air bubble trapped on between the protector and the phone screen. Enjoy the added protection. A. compare and contrast C. descriptive writing B. sequence /process writing D. cause and effect 6. Dinosaurs existed about 250 million years ago to 65 million years ago. This era is broken up into three periods: the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. The Triassic Period lasted for 35 million years from 250-205 million years ago. Planet Earth was a very different place back then. All the continents were Academic Reading and Writing Skills |14  united and formed one huge land mass known as Pangaea. The Jurassic Period was the second phase. The continents began shifting apart. The time scale for this famous period is from 205 to 138 million years ago. The Cretaceous Period was the last period of the dinosaurs. It spanned a time from 138 million to about 65 million years ago. In this period the continents fully separated. However, Australia and Antarctica were still united. A. compare and contrast C. chronological order B. problem and solution D. cause and effect 7. The Cretaceous Period was filled with dangerous predators. Two of the most feared hunters were the tyrannosaurs rex and the velociraptor. The tyrannosaurs rex was one of the largest carnivores to ever walk the Earth. He was 20 feet tall and weighed seven tons. His jaws could shut with 3,000 pounds of force, enough to smash the bones of his prey. The velociraptor was very small compared to rex. Raptors only stood three feet tall and weighed merely 35 pounds. But the velociraptor was fast. Scientists think that raptors could run 24 miles per hour and turn on a dime. Both dinosaurs had eyes on the front of their heads, which helped them track prey. Both dinosaurs used their jaws to kill prey. The raptor had a secret weapon though: a retractable toe claw that he pulled out like a knife to slash at his prey. If these two dinosaurs had fought, it would be difficult to say which would win. However, the last raptor died ten million years before the first tyrannosaurs was born. So they probably never fought. A. cause and effect C. problem and solution B. compare and contrast D. sequence / descriptive writing 8. Wouldn’t you like a scary dinosaur model on your desk to protect your pencils and textbooks? You can make one by following these simple directions. First, bend your pipe cleaners to make the frame of your dinosaur. I suggest you create a tyrannosaurus frame by using one long pipe cleaner as his neck, spine, and tail. Then bend another into a u-shape to make his feet. Wrap the feet around the spine piece. Next, roll out clay to wrap around the pipe cleaners. Let the clay dry overnight. The next day you may want to paint your dinosaur using non-toxic paint. Feel free to color your dinosaur as you wish. Nobody really knows how dinosaurs were colored. So don’t let anyone tell you that your dinosaur can’t be pink. Lastly, put him on your desk and watch as he or she scares away bullies and pencil thieves. A. cause and effect C. process / sequence writing B. problem and solution D. compare and contrast 9. In the wild, there lived three young women who decided to build a shelter. However, they had different preferences, so each of them decided to build 15|Academic Reading and Writing Skills  their own house. And so it was that opposite to a river, the youngest girl’s built a house using leaves and twigs. Adjacent to the youngest girl’s house is the shelter of the eldest. She built a house using logs and she constructed it near the spring so she can easily access drinking water. In the middle of the forest, the middle child built her house. It stands between two hills and is quite far from her two sisters’ house, but she was contented. A. spatial / descriptive writing C. cause and effect B. compare and contrast D. problem-solution 10. The cave was overwhelmingly blue. It was dark, except for a few small pinholes of light pouring through the ceiling. The stalactites on the ceiling dripped with humidity. The stalagmites on the floor of the cave glistened sharp and looked like teeth. In the middle of the cave was a lone dinosaur licking his wounds. Blood trailed from where he sat to the mouth of the cave. A drum beat in the distance. A. compare and contrast C. sequence / process writing B. problem and solution D. spatial / descriptive writing Academic Reading and Writing Skills |16  IX REFERENCES Barrot, J. S. (2016). Academic Reading and Writing for Senior High School. C & E Publishing Inc.: Quezon City. https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5d9981bd6c6f17001aa0a94e/patterns-of- development http://www.laflemm.com/dynamic/online_practice.php?practice_id=12 17|Academic Reading and Writing Skills Academic Reading and Writing Skills |18 Pre-assessment 1. A 3. B 5. B 7. A 9. C 2. B 4. A 6. B 8. A 10. B ANSWER KEY X METADATA Title: Reading and Writing Skills Language: English Keywords: Patterns of Development Description: A learning module that presents the different patterns of development specifically definition, exemplification, description (sensory and spatial), chronology/ procedure, listing, comparison and contrast, classification and division, cause and effect, problem-solution, and persuasion. Primary Media: Print Material Primary Storage: Flash Drive, CD Resource Location: Department of Education Region VI-Western Visayas Division of Aklan Developer: Jennifer T. Dumaran