Philippine Economic & Political Issues in the Spanish Period PDF

Chapter 4: Economic and Political Issues in the Philippines La Soberenia Monacal En Filipinas Marcelo H. Del Pilar He was a Philippine revolutionary propagandist and satirist. Born in Kupang Bulacan on August 30, 1850. He studied at the Colegio de San Jose and later at the university of Sto. Toma...

Chapter 4: Economic and Political Issues in the Philippines La Soberenia Monacal En Filipinas Marcelo H. Del Pilar He was a Philippine revolutionary propagandist and satirist. Born in Kupang Bulacan on August 30, 1850. He studied at the Colegio de San Jose and later at the university of Sto. Tomas where he finish his law course in 1880. He is commonly known for his pen names Plaridel, Siling Labuyo and Doleres Manapat. He actively campaigned against the abuse of Spanish friars in the Philippines. He is a prominent Filipino writer, lawyer, and journalist. He founded the news paper “Diariong Tagalog’’ in 1882 to propagate democratic liberal ideas among the farmers and peasants. He is Ilusttrado, together with Rizal. Del Pilar rejected the assimilationist stand and began planning an armed revolt. But he died of tuberculosis caused by hunger and enormous privation. He died in Barcelona on July 1896. His important work was the SOBERANIA MONACAL EN FILIPINAS OR THE MONASTIC SUPREMARCY in the Philippines. He wrote this under the pen name Plaridel. What is La Soberenia Monacal En Filipinas? 1. AUGUSTINIAN (1565) 2. FRANCISCAN (1578) 3. JESUIT (1581) 4. DOMINICANS (1578) 5. AUGUSTIANIANS RECOLLECTS (1587) MONASTIC SUPREMACY or LA SOBERANIA MONACAL EN FILIPINAS. Documents that criticizes all malpractice of Spanish friars. Describe the era how friars gained power and took advantage of the ancient Filipino. It was first published in Spain in year 1889,and was reprinted in Manila in 1898. In 1957, Dr. Encarnacion Alonza translated into English to more accessible to wider audience. MONASTIC SUPREMACY or LA SOBERANIA MONACAL EN FILIPINAS It is divided in 3 Aspect. 1. Political Aspect 2. Economical Aspect 3. Religious Aspect. POLITICAL ASPECT The friars control the qou of the country. The moderating power of the parish priest may useful to society to balance and harmonize the interest of the interest of the people and the institutions. POLITICAL ASPECT To frighten the government with rebelliousness of the country, and frighten the country with the despotism of the government. The lack of union between the people and the government. Diversity of languages The privileged to vote is in the hand of the curate.  ECONOMIC ASPECT GOVERNMENT MONASTERY Lacks resources to undertake Build grand convents and public works. spacious place in curates. Establishes primary schools in Friar curates has stable place. each town. The public pay because of Find thousand obstacles from return for heavenly promises. tax paying public. Overflowing with money Worries about meeting Friars invent new forms of financial needs. devotions. Refrain from creating new sources of revenue. RELIGIOUS ASPECT The municipal officials depend on the parish priest. To conduct the citizen,cencus of residents, conscription of eligible young men, formulizing accounts and official documents. The important requisite for everything is the curate’s signature. The guarantee of national integrity can be in the friar and not in the church. RELIGIOUS ASPECT National Integrity is a stake during this period and they were very authoritative The divisive plan of the friars offers advantages to monastic exploitation, it jeopardizes the future of the Philippines as well the highest interest of both countries. TAXATION DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD  The following were the key taxes implemented during the Spanish period in the Philippines: 1. TRIBUTE Known as the “Cabeza de barangay” imposed on adult Filipino males. 2. SANCTORUM Religious tax levied on the yearly income of the clergy and religious orders. It aimed to support the activities of the catholic Church and its clergy. 3. DONATIVO Voluntary contributions or donations. Use to funding public projects, infrastructure development, or supporting the Spanish military. 4. CAJA DE COMUNIDAD Communal fund established in each town or community. Use to finance community needs, public services and projects. 5. SERVICIO PERSONAL. A system of force labor imposed on the indigenous population. It obligated them to provide unpaid labor to the Spanish government for a specified number of days each year. This labor was primarily utilized for public works, construction, or military projects. REVOLTS AGAINTS THE TRIBUTE CAGAYAN AND DINGRAS REVOLT (1589) The Ilocanos, Ibanags, and other Filipino rebelled due the alleged abuses of the tax collectors, who imposed high taxes. The natives killed six tax collectors from Vigan. Governor-General Santiago dispatched Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to suppress the rebellion. CAGAYAN AND DINGRAS REVOLT (1589) Eventually the rebels, were granted pardon, and Philippine tax system underwent reform as result. These revolts marked the first indigenous uprising against the despised tribute and its corrupt collectors. AUGUSTIN SUMUROY’S REVOLT (1649-1650) On July 1, 1649, Augustin Sumuroy a Waray from Palagpag, and his follower launched an armed uprising against the Spaniards due the implementation of the polo y servicio or forced labor system in samar. The revolt triggered when the town mayors sent the Waray to Cavite’s shipyard for force labor. AUGUSTIN SUMUROY’S REVOLT (1649-1650) The rebels were responsible for the murderer of the parish priest of Palagpag. The rebels successfully established a rebel government in the mountain of Samar. The capture and execution of Agustin Sumuroy in June 1650 led to the eventual defeat of the rebels. AUGUSTIN SUMUROY’S REVOLT (1649-1650) David Dula, Sumroy’s co-conspirator, continued the fight but was wounded in subsequent fierce battles with the Spaniards. He was captured and later executed in Palapag, Northern Samar, along with the seven key lieutenants. FRANCISCO MANIAGO’S REVOLT (1660-1661) In 1660, Francisco Maniago, a Kapampangan, led an uprising in Pampanga against the tribute, force labor and exploration related to rice. The Kapampangans were subjected to unfair working conditions for eight months, receiving no payment for their labor and the rice they sold. FRANCISCO MANIAGO’S REVOLT (1660-1661) They set their campsite on fire, sparking the conflict. This revolt marked the beginning of a more violent uprising in Pangasinan. ANDRES MALONG REVOLT (1660-1661) Andres was persuaded by Maniago to revolt against the Spaniards due the similar abuse they experienced. Malong inspired to become the king of Pangasinan and proclaimed himself the king of Pangasianan. He led the people of Pangasinan in an armed uprising against the Spaniards. THE TAX REVORM OF 1884  Notable reforms introduced by Spain in th the 19 century was the Tax Reform of 1884. This reform, outlined in the Royal Decree of March 6, 1884, encompassed two significant provision. 1. Abolished the despised tribute and introduced cedula. 2. Reduced the annual forced labor, from 40 days to 15 days.  The implementation of the reform included the issuance of cedula Personales. According to the Royal Decree, all men and women residing in the island regardless of their nationality (Spaniards, foreigners, and natives), were required to obtain a cedula if they were above 18 years of age.  There were certain exceptions: 1. Chinese who paid a separate poll tax. 2. Remontados d inflies who re not under local administration 3. Natives and colonists of Jolo, Barlac and Palawan.  There were sixteen different classes of cedula. Initially, there were nine taxed classes, with tax rates ranging from 1.50 and 25 pesos. Additionally, there was a tenth class, known as gratis, which exempted priest, soldiers, and privilege individuals from paying the tax. AGRARIAN UPRISING OF 1754-46  The revolt occurred between 1745 and 1746 in Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, and Bulacan. The epicenter of the revolt was in the town of Lian and Nasugbu in Batangas. Native landowners were incensed by the seizure of their land by Catholic religious orders and demanded the return of their ancestral domains.  However, the Spanish priest refused to comply, which led to riot, extensive looting of convents, and the burning of churches and ranches. The agrarian conflicts caught the attention of king Philip VI who appointed Oidor Pedro Calderon Enriquez to investigate the charges against the religious orders and determine the validity of their land titles. The friars were instructed to submit their title to secular judge, but they refused.  The case was subsequently appealed by the friars to the Royal Audiencia of Manila, which upheld the initial decision. The matter was further escalated to the Council of the Indies in Spain, which also confirmed the decision. The friars eventually won their case and retained ownership of the disputed Lands. Even after the Spanish regime ended, the friars continued to hold onto the lands, preserving their ownership. AGRARIAN REFORM FROM SPANISH COLONIAL PHILIPPINES TO THE PRESENT PRE-SPANISH PERIOD Filipino lived in villages and barangay. These settlements were governed by chieftains or Datus who constituted the nobility. The society was structured, with MAHARLIKAS (freemen) ALIPING MAMAHAY (serfs) ALIPING SAGUIGUILID (slaves) Despite the social structure, everyone had access to the land’s resources, and rice served as a medium of exchange since monetary currency was not yet in use. SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1896) They introduce encomienda system. Under this system, land known as Royal Land Grants were given to the loyal Spanish conquerors. They are responsible for defending their encomienda, maintaining peace and order, and supporting missionaries. In return, ecomenderos were granted authority to collect tribute taxes from native population (Indios) SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1896) However, the encomenderos began abusing their power by leasing their land to powerful landlords, transforming the once-free native cultivators into share tenants. THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC When General Emilio Aguinaldo assumed power in 1899, the Malolos Constitution aimed to seize the so–called Friar Lands and other large estates. However, the first Philippine Republic’s existence was short-lived, and plan confiscate the lands was not carried out. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1935) Registration Act of 1902 ✔ A comprehensive land registration system under the Torrens system. ✔ However, this law did not completely resolve the issue of land registration under Torrens system , as some landowners were not unaware of the law or unable to afford the survey costs fees associated with applying for a Torrens title. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1935) The Philippine Bill of 1902 ✔ set limits on land ownership ✔ Allowing private induvial to own up to 16 hectares and corporations up to 1,024 hectares The Public Land Act of 1903 ✔ Introduced the homestead system. The Tenancy Act of 1933 ✔ regulated relationships between landowners and tenants in rice and sugar cane lands, with a 50-50 sharing arrangement for rice. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1942) Commonwealth Act No.178 ✔ Amended the Rice Tenancy Act to introduced controls in landlords-tenant relationship National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) in 1936 ✔ Regulate prices and benefits tenants and consumers. Commonwealth Act No.461 ✔ Specified the dismissal of tenants with the approval of tenancy Division of the Department of Justice. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1942) Rural Program Administration in 1939 ✔ Facilitating the purchase and lease of haciendas for tenants Commonwealth Act No.441 ✔ Which established the National Settlement Administration with Capital stock of P20, 000, 000. JAPANESE OCCUPATION During the Word War II, the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon) controlled areas in Central Luzon. The HUKBALAHAP fought against Japanese forces. Peasants supported them received fixe rentals. While Landowners who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants. THE NEW PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC Even after the Philippines gained independence in 1943 regarding land tenure persisted. To address this, the Congress made revisions to the tenancy law. MANUEL ROXAS’ ADMINISTRATION (1946-1948) Republic Act No. 34 ✔ which established the 70-30 sharing arrangement and regulated share-tenancy contracts Republic Act No. 55 ✔ which provided safeguards against arbitrary ejectment of tenants. ELPIDIO QUIRINO’S PRESIDENCY (1946-1948) Executive Order No. 355 ✔ Issued on October 23, 1950, replacing the National Land Settlement Administration with the Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) ✔ LASEDECO assumed the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.  RAMON MAGSAYSAY’S TERM (1953-1957) Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 ✔ Abolished LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers, particularly in Palawan and Mindanao. RAMON MAGSAYSAY’S TERM (1953-1957) Republic Act No. 1199 ✔ Also known as the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954, governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers. ✔ introduced the share-tenancy and leasehold system, and created the Court of Agrarian Relations. RAMON MAGSAYSAY’S TERM (1953-1957) Republic Act No. 1400, the Land Reform Act of 1955 ✔ Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) responsible for acquiring and distributing large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations. RAMON MAGSAYSAY’S TERM (1953-1957) Republic Act No. 821 ✔ established the Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration, which provided low-interest loans to small farmers and share tenants. PRESIDENT CARLOS P. GARCIA (1957-1961) continued the land reform program initiated by his predecessor.  DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL’S (1961-1965) Republic Act No. 3844 ✔ The Agricultural Land Reform Code, was enacted on August 8, 1963. ✔ This law abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set a retention limit of 75 hectares, and granted rights of preemption and redemption to tenant farmers. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL’S (1961-1965) ✔ It also established an administrative machinery and judicial system for agrarian cases and incorporated extension, marketing, and supervised credit services for farmer beneficiaries. FERDINAND MARCOS (1965-1986) "New Society" under Martial Law (Proclamation No. 1081) on September 21. 1972. The Agrarian Reform program was implemented during this time, and the following decrees were enacted: FERDINAND MARCOS (1965-1986) Republic Act No. 6389 ✔ known as the Code of Agrarian Reform, and RA No. 6390 of 1971, ✔ which created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund, expanding the scope of agrarian. FERDINAND MARCOS (1965-1986) Presidential Decree No. 2 ✔ Issued on September 26, 1972, declaring the country under a land reform program and activating the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council, requiring government agencies to cooperate with the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR). FERDINAND MARCOS (1965-1986) Presidential Decree No. 27 ✔ Issued on October 21, 1972, restricting the land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and setting the retention limit at 7 hectares. CORAZON AQUINO (1986-1992) The 1987 Philippine Constitution emphasized comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform. President Aquino signed into law several measures: Executive Order No. 228 ✔ Issued on July 16, 1987, granting full land ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27.  CORAZON AQUINO (1986-1992) Executive Order No. 229 ✔ Issued on July 22, 1987, which provided the mechanism for implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) Proclamation No. 131 ✔ Issued on July 22, 1987, institutionalizing CARP as a major government program and establishing the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF) with an initial amount of Php50 billion. CORAZON AQUINO (1986-1992) Executive Order No. 129-A ✔ Issued on July 26, 1987, which streamlined and expanded the power and operations of the DAR. Republic Act No. 6657 ✔ The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) signed into law on June 10, 1988. ✔ This law aimed to promote social justice industrialization through a comprehensive agrarian reform program ✔ (CAR) remains in effect to this day. CORAZON AQUINO (1986-1992) Executive Order No. 405 ✔ Issued on June 14, 1990, conferring the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) the responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP. Executive Order No. 407, ✔ Issued on June 14, 1990, accelerating the acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, Agri-forestry lands, and other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture. FIDEL V. RAMOS (1992-1998), laws were enacted to further enhance the agrarian reform program: Republic Act No. 7881 of 1995 which amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from CARP coverage. Republic Act No. 7905 of 1995 which strengthened CARP implementation. FIDEL V. RAMOS (1992-1998), Executive Order No. 363 of 1997 ✔ Which provided guidelines for protecting non-negotiable areas for conversion and monitoring compliance with Section 20 of the Local Government Code. Republic Act No. 8435 of 1997 ✔ known as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA), aimed to modernize the agriculture and fisheries sectors, enhance profitability, and prepare for the challenges of globalization. FIDEL V. RAMOS (1992-1998) Republic Act No. 8532 of 1998 ✔ Which further strengthened CARP by providing additional funds and extending its implementation for another 10 years. JOSEPH E. ESTRDA Executive Order No. 151 was enacted in September 1999. ✔ This order established the Farmers Trust Development Program, which introduced institutional reforms and fund mechanisms for mobilizing long-term private sector capital for rural development. ✔ President Estrada also launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo (MAGKASAKA) program and the "Agrikulturang Maka Masa" initiative, resulting in economic growth and reduced inflation rates.  GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO’S (2001-210) Efforts were made to make the countryside economically viable and promote social equity. Several laws and orders were enacted: Executive Order No: 379 ✔ Issued on September 27, 2004 Order No. 364 and broadening the scope of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) to oversee all land reform in the country.  GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO’S (2001-210) Memorandum Circular No. 4, ✔ issued in 2003 Which development of Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan Agrarian Reform Zones (KALAHI AR Zones). Republic Act No. 9700 of 2009 ✔ Which strengthened the Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), extended the acquisition BENIGNO SIMEON COJUANGO AQUINO III, (2010-2016) The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER) was implemented. A multi-stakeholder mechanism was established to monitor CARP implementation, focusing on coverage and distribution of agricultural lands, performance of Department of Agrarian Reform personnel, delivery of support services to beneficiaries, and budget allocation and utilization. The issue of land reform continues to be relevant to this day. The current administration, under President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, remains committed to pursuing agrarian reform in the country. THE EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION The 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato: Established during the Philippine Revolution and operated from November 1, 1897, to December 14, 1897. It was a provisional constitution that aimed to separate the Philippines from Spanish rule. The 1899 Malolos Constitution Established the First Philippine Republic and wat in effect from January 23, 1899, to March 23, 1901. It provided for a parliamentary republic and included provisions on civil rights, the separation of church and state, and the creation of a representative assembly. The 1899 Malolos Constitution Established the First Philippine Republic and wat in effect from January 23, 1899, to March 23, 1901. It provided for a parliamentary republic and included provisions on civil rights, the separation of church and state, and the creation of a representative assembly. The Acts of the United States Congress These acts, including the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, and the Tydings. McDuffie Act of 1934, shaped the governance of the Philippines as a US. territory. They established the framework and procedures for the Philippine government. The 1935 Constitution Drafted in 1934 and in effect from 1935 to 1973, it provided for a presidential system of government. It granted more autonomy to the Philippines as a Commonwealth and outlined civil rights, the structure of the government, and the powers of the President and the Congress. The 1943 Constitution Promulgated during the Japanese occupation and in effect from 1943 to 1945. It established the Second Philippine Republic but was not fully recognized internationally The 1973 Constitution Established during the martial law period under President Ferdinand Marcos and in effect from 1973 to 1986. It centralized power in the presidency and led to an authoritarian rule. The 1986 Freedom Constitution: Issued by President Corazon Aquino after the People Power Revolution, it served as a provisional constitution from 1986 to 1987. It aimed to restore democratic governance and set the stage for a more permanent constitution. The 1987 Constitution Ratified in 1987, it is the current constitution of the Philippines. It embodies the aspirations for democracy, human rights, and good governance. It outlines the structure of the government, the rights of the people, and the checks and balances in the system. The 1987 Constitution PREAMBLE We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. ACTIVITY