RIZAL Module 4 PDF

RIZAL MODULE 4 Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas, The Philippines: A Century Hence, Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos Time Allotment: 9 hrs Course Instructor: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED Em...

RIZAL MODULE 4 Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas, The Philippines: A Century Hence, Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos Time Allotment: 9 hrs Course Instructor: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED Email Address: [email protected] COURSE OUTCOMES a. Analyze Rizal’s ideas on how to rewrite Philippine History; b. Compare and contrast Rizal’s and Morga’s different views about the Filipinos and their practices; c. Critically assess Jose Rizal’s vision about the future of the Spanish colonization in the Philippines in his The Philippine: A Century Hence; and d. Discuss the causes and the solutions of the indolence of the Filipino people according to Jose Rizal. e. Express your thoughts how Jose Rizal manifests his love for the Philippines and his fellow Filipinos in his writings through a reflection paper - writing activity. I. INTRODUCTION In this lesson, you will learn about Jose Rizal’s keen interest in Philippine history, his prophesies about this country, and his reflection towards its culture. All this are mirrored in his writings. While you’ll be awed with his writing prowess, you will also admire his sincerity in fighting for the dignity of the Philippines and its people. II. TEACHING - LEARNING OUTCOMES A. Engage Activity 1. Reading an Excerpt Read the excerpt below about how foreigners see the Filipinos. “Yes, there are unfriendly Filipinos and even scammers, but for the most part, people are friendly and honest. Traditional Philippines Culture is warm by nature. Filipinos are usually very warm and friendly people who enjoy conversing with those around them. It is common to find strangers engaging in conversation or sharing stories with family, friends, or foreigners about their hometown, family, or country.” - an excerpt from the article What Foreigners Think About The Philippines Culture Retrieved from https://2hottravellers.com/ B. Explore Activity 2. Analyzing Based on the excerpt above, answer the questions below. 1. How does the writer of the above excerpt describes the Filipinos? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. As a Filipinos, what do you feel about the comment of foreign-writer? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Module 4 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 1 RIZAL C. Explain Jose Rizal’s Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas What is The Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas (Succession in the Philippine Islands)? It is one of the important books in Philippine history authored by Antonio de Morga. The book contains the early accounts of the early Philippine islands. It was published in Mexico in 1609. The book narrates the history of wars, intrigues, diplomacy and evangelization of the Philippine Islands. The book was annotated by Dr. Jose Rizal. The book was laboriously hand-copied by Dr. Jose Rizal in London at the British Museum’s reading room. Rizal’s annotation plays an important role for the realization of Filipino identity. Who is Antonio de Morga? A Spanish conquistador, administrator, and author of the said book. Antonio de Morga wrote the Sucesos to chronicle the deeds, discovery, conquest and conversion of the Filipinos by the Spaniards as well as the fortunes that they have acquired from time to time in the great kingdoms and among, they considered, pagan people surrounding the islands. Dr. Jose Rizal and modern historians have noted that Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas has a definite bias, distorted facts to fit the defense of the Spanish colonization of the Philippine Islands. What were the objectives of Jose Rizal in his annotations? Dr. Jose Rizal was a seeker of truth as a historian. Rizal has a burning desire to know exactly the conditions of the Philippine Islands when the Spaniards came. He had a theory that the Philippines was already prosperous and self-sufficient before the Spaniards came. Then, believed that the conquest of the Spaniards contributed, in part, to the decline of the Philippine rich culture and tradition. Rizal’s personal friendship with Blumentritt provided the inspiration for doing a new edition of Morga’s Sucesos. Dr. Jose Rizal has extensively annotated the book, no less than 639 items or no less than 2 annotations per page of the book. Dr. Jose Rizal has also annotated typographical errors Some of the comparison of Rizal and Morga’s view about the Filipinos and the Philippines 1. Geography It is said that geography influence the way of life of people living in a particular area. In Morga’s work, Rizal annotated the exact location of the Philippines. It can also be noted that Rizal also rectified about the weather conditions of the country that highly affected the economic activities of our Pre-Hispanic Filipinos. The Islands of the waters of the Oriental Ocean, belong to the Crown of Spain…Those properly called Philippine Islands…They lie within the Tropic of Cancer and extend from twenty- four degrees North Latitude, up to the equinoxial line…Tropic of Capricorn which extend up to twelve degrees, South Latitude…(P. 240) The island of Luzon has a length from its trip or head where one enters the Philippine Islands… (P. 242) The temperature on this island is not invariable, but changes in various regions and provinces…The seasons of the year; winter and summer, are the opposite of those in Europe…(P. 242) Module 4 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 2 RIZAL 2.Inhabitants/Natives Morga also talked about the early Filipinos who settled in different settlements throughout the country. Rizal also noted the kind of life our ancestors lived with the adaptation of their surroundings that has affected their physical appearances and day to day activities. When Morga described the Negritos, Rizal remained mum about the description. His action is interpreted as, he did not believe that the Negritos were his ancestors and therefore not worthy of his defense. The people who inhabit the large island of Luzon in the province of Camarines…are the natives of the island, middle-sized, of a color similar to quince fruit, both men and women have good features, with very black hair, scarce beard and are quite ingenious in every way, keen, quick tempered and quite resolute. (P. 243) In some province of Luzon…natives who are black complexion, men and women having kinky hair…they are barbarians with very little mental capacity…(P. 243) 3. Customs Morga described the early Filipinos as people who lived in the past. Before the coming of the Spaniards, Dr. Jose Rizal argued that “ancient Filipinos” were already established and in fact, have their own unique set of practices and customs very distinct than that of the Europeans particularly the Spaniards. To emphasize a few, “ancient Filipinos” already practicing putting tattoos on body parts indicating that they have done something noble, they take a bath and wear clothes or dresses in a very different way and even has marriage ceremony. When the Spaniards arrived, they altered these ways by imposing their “own ways” of doing or using as such. After the Spaniards came to the land, many native men ceased to wear gee-strings and instead they wore balloon-trousers…(P. 245)Both men and women, particularly the prominent people, are very clean and neat…dress gracefully…and are of good demeanor…They dye their hair…they shampoo using gogo…bathe their entire bodies in the rivers and streams…(P. 246) They differ in the way they wear their hair…their bodies are tattooed with many designs…they wear large earrings of gold and ivory…a kerchief around their head…They don’t use undershirts or drawers but long gee-strings with many folds…Women are good-looking, they have long black hair, wear multi-colored blanket…..The men and women go out without any outer garments and barefooted… (P. 268-269) The groom was the one who contributed a dowry, given by his parents, while the bride did not bring anything…The solemnization of marriage consisted in the mutual agreement between the parents and the kinsmen of the contracting parties…At night, the groom carried the bride to his home where she remained in his care and protection…The spouses could separate and dissolve their marriage ties owing to trivial causes and upon hearing had before the relatives of both parties and some elders who participate therein, the dowry received was returned to the husband…(P. 282-284) 4. Religion Contrary to the belief of the Spaniards that they brought faith or religion to us through Christianity, our “ancient ancestors” already had their own religion. To prove, according to Dr. Jose Rizal, we have the concepts of worshipping Anitos, object from nature like rocks and rivers and animals like birds. Our “ancient ancestors” also had the concept of a priest or a religious leader in the persons of the Babaylan. In the matters of religion, they proceeded in primitive fashion…without any knowledge of the true God…Others worshipped the sun and the moon, indulging in feasting and orgies…There were those who worshipped a certain bird with yellow color which lives in the mountains, called Bathala…They worshiped and revered animals like crocodiles…There were no temples and each one performed in his own house, whatever worship of his anitos he pleased…without any particular ceremony or solemnity, neither there was a priest or a man of religion…except some old men or women (Babaylan), great sorcerers or wizards who deceived people…(P.290-293) 5. System of Writing and Language One of the most important consideration that a settlement can be considered a civilization is having a system of writing and our “ancient ancestors” did not fail on this aspect as agreed also by Dr. Jose Rizal. This already made us civilized as a group of people long before the Spaniards Module 4 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 3 RIZAL came and altered our ways. We were also capable of communicating through the use of language and in fact, our language is dynamic and diverse. Throughout the islands, writing is well developed through certain characters or signs resembling the Greek or Arabic…Writing was done on bamboo pieces or on a paper, the line beginning from right to the left as in Arabic writing…Almost all the natives, both men and women, know how to write in this dialect…(P.272 – 273) The language spoken in Luzon and adjoining islands is very different from that spoken in the Visayas. In Luzon Island there is no uniform language…(P. 272) 6. Judicial System Our “ancient ancestors” also had their own system of hearing people during times of misunderstandings, crime and war. Dr. Jose Rizal even stated that the Pre-colonial justice was far better than that of the Spaniards and our ancestors acted upon natural laws. The authority which these principal men or leaders…Whenever any native had any controversies or differences with others on pecuniary matters, on property or regarding insults, physical injuries to their persons there were appointed elders among the same clan or group who heard them in the presence of both parties and their witnesses whenever evidence was necessary, and then decided the matter on their findings… (P. 276-277) 7. Government and Social Status Another important element for a settlement to be considered as a civilization is the existence of a form of government that would established rule, peace and order among its people. Morga in his work already stated that the Filipino people during that time has their own system of governance base on social status and rule of succession. What Jose Rizal perceived is the fact that our own system of governance is autonomous but Jose Rizal agreed with Morga that there is no centralized chief or ruler of the town or province as different principals rule over the people and the natives gave obedience and loyalty to them. Moreover, conflicts were less likely to occur among the natives. Throughout these islands, there were neither kings nor lords to rule them in the same manner as kingdoms and provinces elsewhere. Instead, in every island or province many principals were known among the natives…forming barrios and families who obeyed and respected them… (P. 274-275) These principalias or high social stations, were inherited by succession from the father to the sons and heirs…their duty is to govern and rule their subjects and henchmen, and to attend to their problems and needs; in exchange for these, they respect peoples’ respect and esteem, together with their support and help in their wars, expeditions, general work in farming, fishing building houses and structures… (P. 275) Dr. Jose Rizal’s main propositions in new Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas are: 1. The people of the Philippines has the culture of their own before the coming of the Spaniards. 2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited and ruined by the Spanish colonization, and the present state of the Philippines was not necessarily superior to its past. 3. According to Rizal, little by little, Filipinos lost their old traditions; they gave up their writings, songs, poems, laws in order to learn the doctrines that they don’t understand. Filipinos became ashamed of what was their own: they began to admire and praise whatever was foreign, their spirit was damaged and it surrendered. 4. For Dr. Rizal, the Filipinos could be proud of their precolonial past when: our ancestors can provide for themselves and their children with the rich resources of the Archipelago now called Philippine Islands, our elders have already their legislative and judicial systems, our people have already established trading and diplomatic relations with countries as far as the Middle East, and our people have a very rich culture. Module 4 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 4 RIZAL Indigenous People in the Philippines as Ancestors of the Filipinos The Philippines is a culturally diverse country with an estimated 14- 17 million Indigenous Peoples (IPs) belonging to 110 ethno-linguistic groups; they are mainly concentrated in Northern Luzon (Cordillera Administrative Region, 33%) and Mindanao (61%), with some groups in the Visayas area. The Philippine Constitution, in recognition of this diversity and under the framework of national unity and development, mandates state recognition, protection, promotion, and fulfillment of the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Further, Republic Act 8371, also known as the “Indigenous Peoples Rights Act” (1997, IPRA), recognized the right of IPs to manage their ancestral domains and has become the cornerstone of current national policy on IPs. Yet, despite these guarantees, the fact is that wherever IPs live, they remain among the poorest and most disadvantaged peoples. The first-ever Report on the State of the World of Indigenous Peoples, issued by the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in January 2010, revealed that IPs make up fully one-third of the world’s poorest peoples, suffer disproportionately in areas like health, education, and human rights, and regularly face systemic discrimination and exclusion. In the Philippines, IPs have been subject to historical discrimination and marginalization from political processes and economic benefit. They often face exclusion, loss of ancestral lands, displacement, pressures to and destruction of traditional ways of life and practices, and loss of identity and culture. In extreme situations, social and political discontent has erupted into armed conflict – the 40-year old armed conflict in Mindanao, involving secessionists and communist insurgents is a prime example. Conflicts such as these not only threaten the stability and development potential of affected areas, they exacerbate the plight of indigenous peoples. From economic development to environmental protection to justice, human rights, and good governance, the protections and participation promised to IPs needs to be mainstreamed through all relevant decision-making bodies and stakeholder organizations. The Philippines: A Century Hence “The Philippines a Century Hence” is an essay written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal to forecast the future of the country within a hundred years. Rizal felt that it was time to remind Spain that the circumstances that ushered in the French Revolution could have a telling effect for her in the Philippines. This essay, published in La Solidaridad starts by analyzing the various causes of the miseries suffered by the Filipino people: 1. Spain’s implementation of her military policies – because of such laws, the Philippine population decreased dramatically. Poverty became more rampant than ever, and farmlands were left to wither. The family as a unit of society was neglected, and overall, every aspect of the life of the Filipino was retarded. 2. Deterioration and disappearance of Filipino indigenous culture – when Spain came with the sword and the cross, it began the gradual destruction of the native Philippine culture. Because of this, the Filipinos started losing confidence in their past and their heritage, became doubtful of their present lifestyle, and eventually lost hope in the future and the preservation of their race. 3. Passivity and submissiveness to the Spanish colonizers – one of the most powerful forces that influenced a culture of silence among the natives were the Spanish friars. Because of the use of force, the Filipinos learned to submit themselves to the will of the foreigners. The question then arises as to what had awakened the hearts and opened the minds of the Filipino people with regards to their plight. Eventually, the natives realized that such oppression in their society by foreign colonizers must no longer be tolerated. Module 4 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 5 RIZAL One question Rizal raises in this essay is whether or not Spain can indeed prevent the progress of the Philippines: 1. Keeping the people uneducated and ignorant had failed. National consciousness had still awakened, and great Filipino minds still emerged from the rubble. 2. Keeping the people impoverished also came to no avail. On the contrary, living a life of eternal destitution had allowed the Filipinos to act on the desire for a change in their way of life. They began to explore other horizons through which they could move towards progress. 3. Exterminating the people as an alternative to hindering progress did not work either. The Filipino race was able to survive amidst wars and famine, and became even more numerous after such catastrophes. To wipe out the nation altogether would require the sacrifice of thousands of Spanish soldiers, and this is something Spain would not allow. Spain, therefore, had no means to stop the progress of the country. What she needs to do is to change her colonial policies so that they are in keeping with the needs of the Philippine society and to the rising nationalism of the people. What Rizal had envisioned in his essay came true. In 1898, the Americans wrestled with Spain to win the Philippines, and eventually took over the country. Theirs was a reign of democracy and liberty. Five decades after Rizal’s death, the Philippines gained her long-awaited independence. This was in fulfillment of what he had written in his essay: “History does not record in its annals any lasting domination by one people over another, of different races, of diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideas. One of the two had to yield and succumb.” Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos ("On the Indolence of the Filipinos" in English) is a socio-political essay published in La solidaridad in Madrid in 1890. It was written by José Rizal as a response to the accusation of Indio or Malay indolence. He admits the existence of indolence among the Filipinos, but it could be attributed to a number of reasons. Chapter 1 Rizal acknowledges the prior work of Gregorio Sancianco and admits that indolence does exist among the Filipinos, but it cannot be attributed to the troubles and backwardness of the country; rather it is the effect of the backwardness and troubles experienced by the country. Past writings on indolence revolve only on either denying or affirming, and never studying its causes in depth. One must study the causes of indolence, Rizal says, before curing it. He therefore enumerates the causes of indolence and elaborates on the circumstances that have led to it. The hot climate, he points out, is a reasonable predisposition for indolence. Filipinos cannot be compared to Europeans, who live in cold countries and who must exert much more effort at work. An hour's work under the Philippine sun, he says, is equivalent to a day's work in temperate regions. Chapter 2 Rizal says that an illness will worsen if the wrong treatment is given. The same applies to indolence. People, however, should not lose hope in fighting indolence. Even before the Spaniards arrived, Rizal argues, the early Filipinos were already carrying out trade within provinces and with other neighboring countries; they were also engaged in agriculture and mining; some natives even spoke Spanish. All this disproves the notion that Filipinos are by nature indolent. Rizal ends by asking what then would have caused Filipinos to forget their past. Module 4 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 6 RIZAL Chapter 3 Rizal enumerates several reasons that may have caused the Filipinos' cultural and economic decadence. The frequent wars, insurrections, and invasions have brought disorder to the communities. Chaos has been widespread, and destruction rampant. Many Filipinos have also been sent abroad to fight wars for Spain or for expeditions. Thus, the population has decreased in number. Due to forced labor, many men have been sent to shipyards to construct vessels. Meanwhile, natives who have had enough of abuse have gone to the mountains. As a result, the farms have been neglected. The so-called indolence of Filipinos definitely has deeply rooted causes. Chapter 4 Filipinos, according to Rizal, are not responsible for their misfortunes, as they are not their own masters. The Spanish government has not encouraged labor and trade, which ceased after the government treated the country's neighboring trade partners with great suspicion. Trade has declined, furthermore, because of pirate attacks and the many restrictions imposed by the government, which gives no aid for crops and farmers. This and the abuse suffered under encomenderos have caused many to abandon the fields. Businesses are monopolized by many government officials, red tape and bribery operate on a wide scale, rampant gambling is tolerated by the government. This situation is compounded by the Church's wrong doctrine which holds that the rich will not go to heaven, thus engendering a wrong attitude toward work. There has also been discrimination in education against natives. These are some of the main reasons that Rizal cites as causing the deterioration of values among the Filipinos. Chapter 5 According to Rizal, all the causes of indolence can be reduced to two factors. The first factor is the limited training and education Filipino natives receive. Segregated from Spaniards, Filipinos do not receive the same opportunities that are available to the foreigners. They are taught to be inferior. The second factor is the lack of a national sentiment of unity among them. Because Filipinos think they are inferior, they submit to the foreign culture and do everything to imitate it. The solution, according to Rizal, would be education and liberty. Elaborate Activity 3. Reflection Paper Writing Reflect how Jose Rizal manifests his love for the Philippines and his fellow Filipinos in his writings: Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas, The Philippines: A Century Hence, and Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos. Express your thoughts in a minimum of three paragraphs. III. ASSESSMENT D. Evaluate Activity 4. Compare and Contrast Use the retrieval chart below to show the similarities and differences of Jose Rizal and Antonio Morga about the Philippines and its early inhabitants. According to Rizal in his Filipino/Philippines According Morga in his Annotation of Morga’s Culture Sucesos Sucesos Inhabitants/Natives Custom Religion Module 4 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 7 RIZAL System of Writing/Language Judicial System Activity 5. Jose Rizal’s Vision On his writing The Philippines: A Century Hence, assess Jose Rizal’s vision about Spanish Colonization in the Philippines. Use the Converging Radial to show your assessment where in the circle you will write the main ‘vision’ of Jose Rizal, and in the squares provide your insights why this vision is not impossible based on his writing. Activity 6. Question and Answer Answer the following questions: 1. What were the causes of the indolence of the Filipinos according to Dr. Jose Rizal? Enumerate. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. As a Filipino, do you believe that you are indolent? Explain your answer. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. What were the solutions to the indolence of the Filipinos according to Dr. Jose Rizal? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Module 4 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 8 RIZAL MODULE 5 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Time Allotment: 9 hrs Course Instructor: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED Email Address: [email protected] COURSE OUTCOMES 1. Discuss the background of the publication of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo; 2. Investigate the impact of both novels to Rizal’s family, Filipino people and the Philippines in general; 3. Appraise important characters in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, and their representation or symbolism in Rizal’s time and at present; and 4. Critically examine the comparison of present Philippine situations to that of Rizal’s time as highlighted in the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo through completing a retrieval chart. I. INTRODUCTION In this lesson, you will learn more about the two novels of Jose Rizal, the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. The background of its publication will be thoroughly discussed as you gain insight on how these two novels became the most powerful tools against Spanish tyranny in the Philippines. Also, a lot of social issues were discussed in both novels which are still very relevant until today. II. TEACHING - LEARNING OUTCOMES A. Engage Activity 1. Reflection Reflect on the quote ‘The pen is mightier than the sword.’ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ B. Explore Activity 2. Question and Answer 1. How can you relate the saying above to Jose Rizal and his quest for the Philippines to be free from Spain ? Discuss your answer in a paragraph. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ C. Explain Noli Me Tangere The Making of Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer) The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 1 RIZAL in the pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons (1) it was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city (2) it brought him great joy after enduring so much sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887 The Noli Me tangere contains 64 Chapters including the lost chapter and was written in Spanish. Its title is not originally conceived by Rizal but was taken from the Bible (John 20:17). It is a novel written by Dr. José Rizal which served as an eye opener and wake up call to the Filipinos during Rizal’s time. The novel inspires reforms. Literally translated, the Latin words Noli Me Tángere” means, “touch me not”. Taken from John 20:17 which the English Standard Version of the Bible translate the passage as: “Jesus said to Magdalene: “Do not cling to me. For I have not yet ascended to the Father. But go to my brothers and say to them, ‘I am ascending to my Father and to your Father and to my God and your God.” In one of the Filipino reunions at the house of Pedro Paterno in Madrid on January 2, 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippine society. The group approved the project but this plan did not materialize. It was in Madrid that Rizal was able to write the first half of the novel, Noli Me Tangere. Cover of Noli Me Tangere and its Meaning According to Zaide (2008), Noli Me Tangere was a true story of Philippine conditions during the last decade of Spanish Rule. The places, the characters, and the situations really exist. These works of fiction including the El Filibusterismo, its sequel, expressed the theme of Philippine Nationalism in a most profound and dramatic manner to arouse the latent spirits of a frustrated people. The novel provides an inexhaustible source of inspiration for the solutions to current conditions and problems. The Characters Symbolism Plot of the Novel Noli Me Tangere is the story of Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, scion of a wealthy family, who returns home to San Diego from a seven-year education in the German Section of sophisticated Switzerland. The father of Crisostomo, Don Rafael Ibarra died in prison andwas denied a Christian burial by Father Damaso, San Diego’s parish priest, because Don Rafael had stopped going to confession long before the death, and was a subscriber to liberal publication. Inflamed with a desire to educate the people and bring progress to the hometown, Crisostomo establishes a school, patterned after the progressive school in Europe. Crisostomo’s project, though enthusiastically endorsed by the townspeople, is met with skepticism by the old Scholar Tasio who years before had attempted to do the same thing but failed. The new parish priest, Father Salvi, also looks at the school disapprovingly, seeing it as a dangerous threat totheir authority over the natives. During the laying of the school’s cornerstone, an attempt is made on Ibarra’s life but is saved by Elias, the mysterious boatman who had made the rescue earlier during a picnic at the lake. The friars constantly harass and persecute Ibarra at San Diego. At one gathering, the vilification hurled against the dead father almost provoked Ibarra to kill Father Damaso; but Crisostomo Ibarra, was restrained by Maria Clara. Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 2 RIZAL A false rebellion is plotted and through forged documents, Ibarra is implicated as its leader. Unwittingly, Maria Clara had lent support to overcome the plot by providing them with a specimen of Ibarra’s signature on the love letter. Ibarra is imprisoned and later rescued once again by Elias through a banca covered with zacate and under a barrage of gunfire. Elias is wounded and died for a beloved friend. Ibarra quietly buries Elias in the wood belonging to the family; then flees the country, leaving the impression of dying from the civil guard’s bullets. The distraught Maria Clara is urged by Father Damaso to marry the Spaniard Alfonso Linares. She refuses and enters the nunnery of the Poor Clares instead. The Situation in the Philippines as shown in the Noli Noli After Its Publication ✓ The writing of Rizal had tremendous effects to the Filipino especiallyNoli Me Tangerein which Rizal courageously criticized Philippine life during the 19 th Century. ✓ The themes of the novel revolved around societal issues experienced in the Philippines under the Spanish colonial rule. ✓ Through the novel, Rizal boldly spoke out against unjust Spanish colonial exploitation and agitated for political and social reforms. ✓ Ironically, these works strongly warned against rebellion to Spain; but,it triggered off the first Nationalist Uprising in Asia. ✓ Rizal’s novels are more meaningfully on the studies of political satires for the reform propaganda. ✓ Rizal wrote to free the human spirit from deterioration as depicted in the historical situation from 1877 to 1887. ✓ The novel provides an inexhaustible source of inspiration for the solutions to conditions and problems during that time. ✓ Rizal portrayed in the novel the miserable plight of the Filipino masses in an effort to convince the Spanish authorities that there was an urgent need for reforms in society, in the government, and in the Catholic Church. ✓ Rizal did not put the blame to society’s malaise entirely on the Spaniards; and felt that the people had an equal share of hypocrisy and indifference. ✓ It is thus understandable that Spanish friars vehemently prohibited the circulation of the novel in 1887 when Fray Salvador Font, chair of the censorship commission, outlawed the reading and possession of Rizal’s novel. Many other friars assessed and judged the book as pernicious. They enjoined devout Catholics not to read the novel to avoid committing capital sins. Not only confined in the Philippines, critiques of the novel from Spanish officials and academics also circulated in Spain. One staunch critic of the novel was the Spanish academic Vicente Barrantes who wrote several articles in Spanish newspapers ridiculing Rizal as a “person of contradictions.” Barrantes lamented that Rizal’s lambasting of the friars and the Spaniards was reflective of the author and telling more about the Filipinos. ✓ Many of Rizal’s colleagues in the Propaganda Movement praised this novel. One example Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 3 RIZAL is Marcelo H. del Pilar who even wrote essays in response to critics of the Noli. Rizal’s friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, also an academician, expressed support for the novel. ✓ As Noli stirred controversy in social circles in nineteenth century Philippines, it is remarkable to realize that even beyond its time, the novel continued to be a subject of debate and discussion. One of the earliest translations of the novel was done in French. Arguably the most circulated versions were the English translations of Charles Derbyshire. By the 1930’s, Rizal’s Noli had several Spanish editions, translations into English, French, Japanese and also into several languages in the Philippines including Tagalog, Cebuano, Waray, Iloko, and Bikol. ✓ The very controversy that surrounded the passage of the Rizal Law indicated the relevance of the text in the 1950s and even beyond. In academia, many scholars have also made it a point to discuss the politics of translation and the nuances of transforming the text in several forms. Truly, be it about its content, context, or the way it is read or used, the value of Rizal’s novel is definitely felt in the Philippines. Noli and the Study of a Colonial Society A remarkable aspect of Rizal’s Noli lies in its text which espoused the national hero’s articulations of a social-scientific view of the nineteenth century Philippines. The Noli makes an important contribution to the understanding of a colonial society and of the workings of the Spanish empire in the Philippines. The novel portrayed the lives of the characters of diverse positions from which people in nineteenth century Philippines thought and acted in relation to others. Many scholars interpret the Noli as Rizal’s diagnosis of the ills of colonial society as Rizal assessed the role played by the church, the state, and the people. In the Noli, Rizal highlighted some of the ideas on how the Philippine society could be emancipated from the bondage of colonial rule. Rizal underscored the importance of education as a powerful tool to achieve progress. However, Rizal also exposed the complexities and constraints wrought by the colonial condition not only on foreigners, but also on some misguided Filipinos that contributed to the ills of society. As Rizal exposed the vile realities of the context Rizal wrote about and also emphasized the good qualities of the Filipinos, which needed to be harnessed in order to succeed in the struggle for emancipation. The afterlife of Noli Me Tangere highlights its impact on Philippine society as well as on disciplines such as literature, history, and the social sciences. This way, the relevance of Rizal and this first novel was underscored. The Noli, in the end, is not just a literary piece; it is a political, historical, and social scientific treatise about the conditions in the Philippines during the late nineteenth century. As such, the novel continues to stimulate discussions up to the present and its themes remain worthy of debate. El Filibusterismo This novel is a sequel to the Noli. It has a little humor, less idealism, and less romance than the Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary and more tragic than the first novel. It was written in dedication of the three martyred priests namely Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora popularly known as GOMBURZA (Don Mariano Gomez, 73 years old; Don Jose Burgos, 35 years old; Jacinto Zamora, 37 years old) , whose tragic execution left unforgettable imprint in Dr. Rizal’s Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 4 RIZAL mind. It is a political novel, book of the thought, work of the head and comprise bitterness, hatred, pain, sorrow and violence. Dr. Jose Rizal adhere to the political theory of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau that a violent revolution should be the last recourse of the aggrieved people. Dr. Rizal believed that in winning a war, generals of war must combined courage and wisdom. Dr. Jose Rizal opposed the planned revolution by the Katipuneros because they lacked funds, personnel and ammunition, and membership was strong among the poor and uneducated; they also lacked military strategies and there was a need to organize cohesive and disciplined troops. But Rizal counseled Pio Valenzuela to approach Gen. Antonio Luna to be the ‘go between’ the masses and the educated rich for financial support. The Making of El Filibusterismo Rizal had begun writing El Filibusterismo in October, 1887, while practicing medicine in Calamba, the following year (1888), in London; changes in the plot and correction some chapters were made. Dr. Rizal wrote more chapters in Paris and Madrid, and finished the manuscript in Biarritz on March 29, 1891. Said second novel was done for three years. On July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university city in Belgium. One of the reasons why Rizal preferred Ghent was the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper. F. Meyer- Van Loo Press (No. 66 Viaanderen Street), a printing shop that give Rizal the lowest quotation for the publication of the novel, and was willing to print on installment basis. On August 6, 1891, the printing of the book had to be suspended because Rizal could no longer give the necessary funds to the printer. Ventura learned of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent the necessary funds thus Ventura is coined as the ‘the savior of the Fili’. Finally, on September 18, 1891, El Filibusterismo came off the press. Rizal immediately sent on this date two printed copies to Hong Kong—one for Basa and other for Sixto Lopez. Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and an autographed printed copy to Valentin Ventura. A Barcelona newspaper La Publicidad, published a tribute eulogizing the novel’s original style which “is comparable only to the sublime Alexander Dumas” and may well be offered as “a model and a precious jewel in the now decadent literature of Spain” while El Nuevo Regimen, the liberal Madrid newspaper serialized the novel in its issues of October, 1891 The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own handwriting is now preserved in the Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila. It consists of 270 pages of long sheets of paper. Two features in the manuscript do not appear in the printed book, namely: the FOREWORD and the WARNING. The title page of El Filibusterismo contains an inscription written by Ferdinand Blumentritt. The Characters Symbolism The characters in El Filibusterismo were drawn by Rizal from real life. Padre Florentino was Father Leoncio Lopez, Rizal’s friend and priest of Calamba; Isagani, the poet was Vicente Ilustre, Batangueño friend of Rizal in Madrid and Paulita Gomez, the girl who loved Isagani but married Juanito Pelaez, was Leonor Rivera. Since the novel is a sequel of the Noli, most characters were retained and new characters were introduced. Simoun represents the revolutionaries during that time who supported the idea of holding bloody revolt against the Spanish government. Simoun represents the youth with a simple dream that one’s education will improve one’s social and economic status in the future and is indifferent and selfish to the needs of society. Isagani is the symbol of the youth whose love for the country is great to the point of being branded as idealistic. Isagani is personified a typical Filipino who is content with living a simple life and symbolizes the natives and farmers whose lands were seized by the friars, an explanation as to why Filipinos became rebels. Makaraig represented the well-to- do Filipino youth during the Spanish era who had good dreams for the country. Makaraig’s character also provided readers a glimpse of how different the rich and the poor were treated Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 5 RIZAL during that time in society. Paulita Gomez is a caricature of a woman who chooses the best option for a more stable future. Knowing what is best for the self and to get what Paulita wants, Paulita would take advantage of admirers. Father Florentino represented the secular Filipino priests in Rizal’s time. The Characters Simoun. Crisóstomo Ibarra reincarnated as a an assignment to a remote place, living in wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a revolution solitude near the sea. Basilio.Sisa's son, now an aspiring doctor Huli. Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales Isagani. Poet and Basilio's best friend; portrayed as emotional and reactive; Paulita Ben Zayb. Abraham Ibañez is the real name. Gómez' boyfriend before being dumped for A journalist who sees the self as the only one fellow student Juanito Peláez thinking in the Philippines Kabesang Tales. Telesforo Juan de Dios, a Placido Penitente. A student of the University former cabeza de barangay (barangay head) of Santo Tomas who is always miserable, but who resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit controls the temper Matanglawin (Tagalog for Hawkeye); whose father, Old Man Selo, dies eventually after Quiroga. A Chinese businessman who dreams Kabesang Tale’s son, Tano, who became a of being a consul of a Consulate of China in guardia civil, unknowingly shoots Old Man Selo the Philippines. The one who hid Simoun's in an encounter weapons in their house Don Custodio. Custodio de Salazar y Old Man Selo. The father of Kabesang Tales. Sánchez de Monteredondo, a The one who raised the sick and young Basilio famous journalist who was asked by the after Sisa died. students about the Academia de Castellano. In reality, Don Custodio is quite an ordinary fellow Father Fernandez. Isagani’s priest-friend who who married a rich woman in order to be a promised to Isagani, that together with the member of Manila's high society other priests, they will give in to the students' demands Paulita Gómez. The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña Victorina. Paulita dumped Attorney Pasta. One of the great lawyers of Isagani and married Juanito Pelaez for a better mid-Hispanic Manila future. Captain-General. (no specific name) the Doña Victorina. The old India who pretended powerful highest official of the Philippines to be a Peninsular and the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña. Padre Sibyla. Hernando de la Sibyla, a Filipino friar and in the Novel became the vice- Father Florentino. Isagani's godfather, and a rector of the University of Santo Tomas secular priest who was engaged to be married, (U.S.T.) but chose the priesthood instead; and chose Summary of the Novel The hero of El Filibusterismo is a rich jeweler named Simoun who was Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli, who, with Elias’ help, escaped from the pursuing soldiers at Laguna de Bay. Simoun dug up the buried treasure, and fled to Cuba. In Cuba, Simoun became rich and befriended many Spanish officials. After many years, Simoun returned to the Philippine as a free person who is a powerful figure, not only because of being a rich jeweler, but also as a good friend and adviser of the governor general. Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 6 RIZAL Outwardly, Simoun is a friend of Spain but is secretly cherishing a terrible revenge against the Spanish authorities. Simoun’s two magnificent obsessions are to rescue Maria Clara from the nunnery of Santa Clara and to foment a revolution against the hated Spanish masters. The story of El Filibusterismo begins on board the clumsy, roundish shaped steamer Tabo, so appropriately named. This steamer is sailing upstream the Pasig from Manila to Laguna de Bay. Among the passengers are Simoun, the rich jeweler; Doña Victorina, the ridiculously pro-Spanish native woman who is going to Laguna in search of the henpecked husband, Tiburcio de Espadaña, who has deserted the Doña; Paulita Gomez, Doña Victorina’s beautiful niece; Ben-Zayb (anagram of Ibañez), a Spanish journalist who writes silly articles about the Filipinos; Padre Sibyla, vice- rector of the University of Santo Tomas; Padre Camorra, the parish priest of the town of Tiani; Don Custodio, a pro-spanish Filipino holding a position in the government; Padre Salvi, the thin Franciscan friar and former cura of San Diego; Padre Irene, a kind friar who was a friend of the Filipino students; Padre Florentino, a retired scholarly and patriotic Filipino priest; Isagani, a poet- nephew of Padre Florentino and a lover of Paulita; and Basilio, son of Sisa and promising medical student, whose medical education is financed by patron, Capitan Tiago. Simoun, a person of wealth and mystery, is a very close friend and confidante of the Spanish governor general. Because of great influence in Malacañang, Simoun was called the “Brown Cardinal” or the “Black Eminence”. By using wealth and political influence, Simoun encourages corruption in the government, promotes the oppression of the masses, and hastens the moral degradation of the country so that the people may become desperate and fight. Simoun smuggles arms into the country with the help of a rich Chinese merchant, Quiroga, who wants very much to be Chinese consul of Manila. The first attempt to begin the armed uprising did not materialize because of the sad news that Maria Clara died in the nunnery. In the agonizing moment of bereavement, Simoun did not give the signal for the outbreak of hostilities. After a long time of illness brought about by the bitter loss of Maria Clara, Simoun perfects the plan to overthrow the government. On the occasion of the wedding of Paulita Gomez and Juanito Pelaez, Simoun gives a wedding gift to them a beautiful lamp. Only Simoun and confidential associates, Basilio (Sisa’s son who joined his revolutionary cause), know that when the wick of the lamp burns lower the nitroglycerine, hidden in its secret compartment, will explode, destroying the house where the wedding feast is going to be held killing all the guests, including the governor general, the friars, and the government officials. Simultaneously, all the government buildings in Manila will be blown by Simoun’s followers. As the wedding feast begins, the poet Isagani, who has been rejected by Paulita because of liberal ideas, is standing outside the house, watching sorrowfully the merriment inside. Basilio, who is a friend, warns Isagani to go away because the lightened lamp will soon explode. Upon hearing the horrible secret of the lamp, Isagani realizes that Paulita was in grave danger. To save Paulita’s life, Isagani rushes into the house, seizes the lightened lamp, and hurls it into the river, where it explodes. The revolutionary plot was thus discovered. Simoun was cornered by the soldiers, but escaped. Mortally wounded, and carrying the treasure chest, Simoun sought refuge in the home of Padre Florentino by the sea. The Spanish authorities, however, learns of Simoun’s presence in the house of Padre Florentino. Lieutenant Perez of the Guardia Civil informs the priest by letter that they would come at eight o’clock that night to arrest Simoun. Simoun eluded arrest by taking poison. The dying Simoun, confesses to Padre Florentino, revealing self, including the true identity, the dastardly plan to use wealth to avenge the self, and the sinister aim to destroy friends and enemies. The confession of the dying Simoun is long and painful. It is already night when Padre Florentino, wiping the sweat from the wrinkled brow, rises and begins to meditate. Consoling the dying person, Padre Florentino said: “God will forgive you Señor Simoun. God knows that we are fallible; and, has seen that you have suffered, and in ordaining that the chastisement for your faults should come as death from the very ones you have instigated to crime, we can see God’s infinite mercy. God has frustrated your plans one by one, the best conceived, first by the death of Maria Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 7 RIZAL Clara, then by a lack of preparation, then in some mysterious way. Let us bow to God’s will and render thanks!” Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear conscience and at peace with God. Padre Florentino prays for the dead jeweler then takes the treasure chest and throws it into the sea; as the waves close over the sinking chest. On Reading ‘Noli’ and ‘Fili’ Useful aids in reading which employs analysis and synthesis are: kinds of reading comprehension and questions to be asked in reading a material, learning from reading, literary theories, identification of writing orientation, kinds of literary devices and different reading perspective The theme of Noli and Fili is ‘social cancer’ and its nucleus lie ‘greed for power’ Noli Me Tangere is light, humorous and a reflection of the author’s optimism and idealism while El Filibusterismo is pessimistic and menacing The language used in Noli and Fili is Spanish because the novels are meant to be read by the Filipinos, the authorities in the church , and by the civil government in the Philippines and in Europe Noli Me Tangere deals with the Filipinos’ customs and traditions: the people’s virtues and vices while El Filibusterismo is a reflection on revolution The protagonists or the round characters that possess depth and involvedness are: Ibarra, Tasio, Sisa and Ma. Clara in Noli; Simoun, Isagani, Tales and Fr. Florentino in Fili The antagonists or the flat characters are: Fr. Damaso, Fr. Salve, the Alferez, Doña Consolacion and Doña Victorina in Noli; Señor Pasta, Basilio and Doña Victorina in Fili In Noli Me Tangere, Dr. Jose Rizal describe the following as agent of cultural transmission: -the Family where strong ties serve as a strong motive for one to seek justice and avenge the wrong done as shown in the stories of Tales, Basilio, Crispin, Elias and the Tulesanes -the school characterized by obscuranticism -the church which has an unending conflict with the State Comparison to Noli The two novels both talk about about how Spaniards oppressed the Filipinos, especially the abuses of the friars. Noli Me Tangere, is a Latin title meaning“touch me not” refers to the letter of John 20:17 in King James version of the Bible as Mary Magdalene tried to touch the newly risen Jesus, who said “Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father”. Meanwhile, El filibusterismo is Spanish title which is known in English as The Reign of Greed. Noli is a novel, dedicated to our homeland while El fili is a political novel associated with revenge and anger and is dedicated to GOMBURZA. Noli is a “work of the heart”. It has freshness, color, humor, lightness, and wit. It contains 64 chapters. Whereas, Fili is a “work of the head”, a book of the thought. It contains bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow. It contains 38 chapters. Personality and traits Ibarra was an earnest and idealistic young man. Influenced by European education, Ibarra sought to improve the country; as part of this, Ibarra believed in the power of education to enact reforms and made efforts to establish a school in San Diego to this end’ Noli showed a soft spoken, patient, compassionate and idealistic Crisostomo Ibarra while El Fili featured a different Ibarra who portrayed the angry and vengeful one and disguised as the wealthy jeweller named Simoun. Noli is written in the idea that would expose the ills of Philippine society after Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. In general Noli is more on the reformist side of Rizal while El fili is on the revolutionist side. Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 8 RIZAL Elaborate Activity 3. Brief Report Writing Investigate the impact of both novels to Rizal’s family, Filipino people and the Philippines in general by writing a brief report about it. III. ASSESSMENT D. Evaluate Activity 4. Character Symbolism List down at least five (5) characters from both novels of Dr. Jose Rizal and identify their representations during Rizal’s time and at present. Characters in the Noli Rizal’s time At present Me Tangere 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Characters in the El Filibusterismo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Activity 5: Past and Present Juxtapose your observations about the contemporary society with what Rizal saw in late nineteenth century Philippines. In the second column on the table below, write Rizal’s observations about the aspect mentioned. In the third column, write your own observations of present-day conditions. You can mention specific examples from the novels and in the present times. Rizal’s Observations as Your Observations in the Aspect of Philippine Depicted in the Present Context Society Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Government and officials Church and religion Education Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 9 RIZAL Courtship Pastimes/hobbies The rich and the poor Life in the city Rights of Women Marriage Profession / Work Module 5 Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 10 RIZAL MODULE 6 Jose Rizal and the Philippine Nationalism - Bayani and Kabayanihan, National Symbols Time Allotment: 9 hrs Course Instructor: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED Email Address: [email protected] COURSE OUTCOMES 1. Assess the concepts of bayani and kabayanihan in the context of Philippine history and society; 2. Examine the national symbols of the Philippines; and 3. Advocate the values that Rizal’s life encapsulates by honoring people that they consider as a bayani by presenting a tribute in a creative way. I. INTRODUCTION The martyrdom of Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan had brought immense impact to the Philippines especially its fight against the Spanish tyranny. Rizal’s death, had put Rizal’s life even more in the spotlight when more and more Filipinos believed in the said Hero. In this lesson, you learn how Jose Rizal is uplifted as a national hero, and if Rizal really deserved to be called as one. II. TEACHING - LEARNING OUTCOMES A. Engage Activity 1. Your Point of View Express your opinion about the question below. State your answers briefly. Do heroes need to have super power? ________________________________________ Can a hero do it all for everyone? Why or why not? ________________________________________ B. Explain Bayani and Kabayanihan The word “Bayani” or hero in Filipino is someone who saves lives. However, this word carries a deeper context wherein only those people who are willing to sacrifice for the good of the country are worthy enough to be called as such. Being called a hero requires a greater act of bravery. Take a look at the meaning of the word ‘bayani’ based on a Filipino dictionary. 1 ba-ya-ni png. (pangngalan) Taong matapos mamatay ay ipinagbubunyi ng bayan dahil sa kanyang hindi pangkaraniwang paglilingkod sa bayan o sangkatauhan; taong may di pangkaraniwang tapang at tigas ng loob sa harap ng panganib o kaya ay katatagan ng kalooban sa paghihirap at pasakit. 2 ba-ya-ni, pd. (pandiwa) Nauukol sa paggawang hindi binabayaran ang gumagawa. sk (singkahulugan): pakisuyo, tulong, bataris, suyuan. Source: Diksyunario ng Wikang Pilipino published in 1989 by the Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas (LWP), formerly known as the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 1 RIZAL "Bayani" as concept and word can have any of these three applications: "bayani as a person; "kabayanihan" as a heroic act; and "bayani"as a heroic group, community or nation. The core value in being "bayani" is recognition of and deference to the interest of what is bigger than the individual, like the group, the community, the nation, even humanity and nature. This deference is conscious even if almost instinctive and habitual. For one to be "bayani" in meeting with various challenges both in daily life and in critical historical moments, one must have all or at least most of the following: (1) determination; (2) perseverance; (3) courage; (4) diligence; (5) enthusiasm; (6) humility; and (7) inspiration and effect of inspiring others. Definition of Bayani and Kabayanihan from Precolonial Philippines to Present Meanings of a word can evolve from its use up to the present times. Same with the words ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’. Bayani is hero in English, and when you google the word today, it refers to a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities such as "a war hero". The Tagalogs' "bayani" is situated in one’s (the word "bayani" is not gender-specific) relation to the community spirit -- working for free- the way we have always known the "bayanihan" spirit to be. Thus, heroism can be discovered and cultivated in each of us. LWP 's Diksyunaryo meaning of ‘bayani’ is that one has to be dead to be a "bayani”. It may have discouraged many of us from aspiring to be heroes. But this meaning has been attached only during this almost one century that has passed since the days of the Katipunan. Rizal's execution at Bagumbayan and the proclamation of Rizal as "pambansang bayani" may have contributed much to it. The qualifier in the first meaning of "bayani" given in the Diksyunaryo produced by the Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas, to the effect that one becomes a hero upon being recognized as such after death was not there much earlier in the history of usage of the word. The Katipunan, under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio, used the word "bayani" as the label for its third- grade members, the highest rank in their "katipon" and "kawal." One became a "bayani" after being elected to any of the organization's collegial leadership councils. The Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, Compuesto por Varios Religiosos Coctos y Graves republished ("reimpresso") in Manila in 1860 by Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier, carries two entries of the word "bayani." The first definition carries the words "Valiente" and "animoso," and the second one begins with "obra comun." These two definitions run parallel to the two entries in LWP's Diksyunaryo, but conspicuously absent in the 1860 book's entries are the words "muerte" or anything similar to it (like "morir"), to put in the sense of one having to die first. What does it take to be a hero? The heroism in real life does not require someone to sacrifice one’s life to be called a bayani. The people that we set up as heroes are people that generally go above and beyond in terms of the call of duty, they do things that are extraordinary. The act of heroism is debatable to some people however, for any hero, it's enough just knowing they helped someone else. De Viana, et al defines bayani or heroism from the concept of different sections. For government administrators who are concerned with economic development heroes are synonymous to overseas contract workers who remit dollars to our country, thereby adding to our dollar reserves which is badly needed to keep us competitive in the global market. For environmentalists, heroes are those who keep the environment clean and green, making sure that it could be used and enjoyed by future generations. For ordinary Filipinos, heroes are those who Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 2 RIZAL simply do the right thing without ifs and buts, those who do good for others without asking for anything in return. Read an excerpt from a column written by Ambeth Ocampo about ‘bayani’. If you look up “bayani,” you will find many meanings. Vito C. Santos in his Vicassan’s dictionary (1978), gives the following: hero, patriot (“taong makabayan”), cooperative endeavor, mutual aid, a person who volunteers or offers free service or labor to a cooperative endeavor, to prevail, to be victorious, to prevail (“mamayani”), leading man in a play (often referred to as the “bida”—from the Spanish word for life, “vida”— who is contrasted with the villain or “kontrabida” from the Spanish “contra vida,” against life). These words help us better understand the word for the lifesaver, the inflatable rubber tube or “salbabida,” from the Spanish “salvar vida,” to save life.” Not content with the hefty Vicassan’s dictionary, I looked up the UP Diksiyionaryong Filipino (2001) that lists three meanings for bayani : a person of extraordinary courage and ability; a person considered to possess extraordinary talents or someone who did something noble (“dakila”); leading one in a play. It was added that a bayani or hero from mythology were those who had the qualities of the gods, extraordinary strength, bravery, or ability. Then there is the Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala by the Jesuits Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar, first published in 1754 but better known for its 1860 edition that can be found in Manila and covered with pigskin. This once-rare book has been made readily available again by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino in an edition by Almario, Ebreo and Yglopaz translated from the original Spanish into Filipino. Bayani in this dictionary has several meanings: someone who is brave or valiant, someone who works toward a common task or cooperative endeavor (“bayanihan”). It is significant that bayani comes a few words under “bayan,” which is defined as: the space between here and the sky. Bayan is also a town, municipality, pueblo, or nation, and can refer to people and citizens (“mamamayan”) who live in those communities, or to those who originate or come from the same place (“kababayan”). Bayan also refers to the day (“araw”) or a time of day (“malalim ang bayan”) or even to the weather, good or bad (“masamang bayan”). Bayani is a richer word than hero because it may be rooted in bayan as place or in doing something great, not for oneself, but for a greater good, for community or nation.Old heroes were those who contributed to the birth of nation. Maybe the modern bayani is one who pushes the envelope further by contributing to a nation in a global world. Source:‘Bayani’ a richer word than ‘hero’ By: Ambeth R. Ocampo - @inquirerdotnet. Philippine Daily Inquirer / 12:26 AM September 02, 2016. Retrieved from https://opinion.inquirer.net/96994/bayani-a-richer-word-than-hero#ixzz731nqkUab Rizal as a National Symbol There is no law or proclamation which directly made Rizal a hero. Rizal's hero status was made by the acclamation of the Filipino people. Rizal has become a symbol of the Philippine struggle for independence. December 30, the date of Rizal's execution in 1896, is celebrated as a national holiday in the Philippines. The Jose Rizal College was dedicated to honor Rizal in Manila in 1919. There are commemorative monuments to Rizal in Manila near the site of execution in Luneta Park, in Rizal’s hometown and most Filipino towns, in Heidelberg, and Chicago.The region around Manila, Calamba, was designated a province and named Rizal. Rizal’s novels are required reading for Filipino high school students. Jose Rizal can perhaps be best summarized using words from the Rizal’s written in the cell the night before execution. One of the last stanzas of "Ultimo Adios" (Final Farewell) shows Rizal’s selfless devotion to the Philippine, loyalty to the family, deep spirituality and artistic grace. Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 3 RIZAL Criteria for National Heroes Who is a hero? In the study of the life of heroes, it is important to put in mind that a hero is a human being. Heroes are made. Heroes like ordinary human beings, are a product of their time. They are those who faced challenges with an extraordinary response. The National Historical Institute (NHI; presently the National Historical Commission of the Philippines), the country's agency in charge of historical matters, prescribes the passage of 50 years before a person is confirmed as a hero. If the person is still being admired after that period and one’s ideas and ideals are still invoked and appreciated, the person has passed the test of time and is considered a hero.The NHI also laid down the definition of a hero. In 1965, its predecessor office, the National Heroes Commission, released a criteria on the definition of a national hero. It was approved by a committee headed by Director Carlos Quirino of the National Library. According to their definition, a hero is defined as: a. an admirable leader towering over one’s peers, b. who is serving a noble cause, c. possessing exceptional talent, d. distinguished valor and/or hold enterprise, e. exercising a determinative influence over the spiritual life of one’s people in a particular remarkable event f. the hero must, during extreme stress and difficulties, project one’s self by one’s own fortitude, by one’s own sacrifices to be the inspiration of one’s countrymen in leading them to their rightful destiny. g. One must exhibit self-denial and abandon one’s personal interests to place those of one’s country before any other, h. and whose deeds and acts are proudly emulated by a grateful people that, after one’s death, render one a singular tribute, honor one with public worship, and acknowledge one’s meritorious services to the people by spontaneous national recognition." The historical committee of the National Heroes Commission came out with the characteristics of a person to be examined before one could be considered a hero. These are the extent of the person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country. 1. Motives and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (e.g., welfare of the country). In the attainment of the ideal, did the person concerned sacrifice purely and exclusively for the welfare of the country or were there any selfish or ulterior motives in the making of such sacrifices? Were the methods employed in the attainment of the ideal morally valid? 2. The moral character of the person. Did one do anything immoral to taint one’s personal character? If there was any immorality, did it affect one’s work, society, or ideal? 3. The influence of the person to one’s age or epoch and the succeeding eras. On March 28,1993, then-President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No.75,creating the National Heroes Committee whose aim is "to study, evaluate,and explicitly recommend Filipino national personages as national heroes in due recognition to their sterling character and remarkable achievements for the country." A round-table discussion for the criteria for national heroes was held on June 3, 1993, which was attended by historians Onofre D. Corpuz, Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil, Dr.Samuel K.Tan, Dr. Marcelino Foronda, Dr. Alfredo Lagmay, Dr.Bernardita R. Churchill, Dr. Serafin D. Quiason, and Professors Ambeth R. Ocampo and Minerva Gonzales. The body adapted the definition of a hero drafted by Dr. Corpuz who said, "Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation's freedom." Dr. Corpuz explained that our own struggle for freedom was begun by Bonifacio and finished by Aguinaldo, the latter formally declaring revolution a success. Dr. Corpuz also added that "Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system of life and freedom and order for a nation. Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy. Dr. Corpuz cited that persons who make the Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 4 RIZAL country. Constitution and laws could be heroes, like Apolinario Mabini and Claro M. Recto. An important element in considering heroism is the person's nationalism. According to the group, a person could be considered a hero if one has a concept of nation and thereafter aspires and struggles for the nation's freedom. The person to be considered a national hero must be guided by the conviction of national identity. This means that the person must identify one’s self with the nation and would be willing to sacrifice for its benefit. Examples of these persons are Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio,Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. del.Pilar, who sought to uplift the social conditions of the Philippines and not just a particular region or ethnolinguistic group, The body also said that heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation. In another meeting of historians held on November 15, 1995, the National Heroes Committee decided to adapt a criteria stating that "a hero is part of the people's expression." However, the process of the people's internalization of a hero’s life and works takes time with the youth forming part of that internalization. This means that the appreciation of a person's contribution to history would require a period of analysis and younger generations who are not part of the hero‘s era would play a part in the objective study of one’s role. Jose Rizal’s Philosophy Philosophy may be defined as the study and pursuit of facts which deal with the ultimate reality or causes of things as they affect life.The philosophy of a country like the Philippines is made up of the intricate and composite interrelationship of the life histories of its people; in other word, the philosophy of our nation would be strange and undefinable if we do not delve into the past tied up with the notable life experiences of the representative personalities of our nation. Being one of the prominent representatives of Filipino personalities, Jose Rizal is a fit subject whose life philosophy deserves to be recognized. Having been a victim of Spanish brutality early in his life in Calamba, Rizal had thus already formed the nucleus of an unfavorable opinion of Castillian imperialistic administration of his country and people. Educational Philosophy Rizal’s concept of the importance of education is clearly enunciated in his work entitled Instruction wherein he sought improvements in the schools and in the methods of teaching. He maintained that the backwardness of his country during the Spanish era was not due to the Filipinos’ indifference, apathy or indolence as claimed by the rulers, but to the neglect of the Spanish authorities in the islands. For Rizal, the mission of education is to elevate the country to the highest seat of glory and to develop the people’s mentality. Since education is the foundation of society and a prerequisite for social progress, Rizal claimed that only through education could the country be saved from domination. Rizal’s philosophy of education, therefore, centers on the provision of proper motivation in order to bolster the great social forces that make education a success, to create in the youth an innate desire to cultivate his intelligence and give him life eternal. Religious Philosophy Rizal grew up nurtured by a closely-knit Catholic family, was educated in the foremost Catholic schools of the period in the elementary, secondary and college levels; logically, therefore, he should have been a propagator of strictly Catholic traditions. However, in later life, he developed a life philosophy of a different nature, a philosophy of a different Catholic practice intermingled with the use of Truth and Reason. Rizal did not believe in the Catholic dogma that salvation was only for Catholics and that outside Christianity, salvation was not possible even if Catholics composed only a small minority of the world’s religious groups. Nor did he believe in the Catholic observation of fasting as a sacrifice, nor in the sale of such religious items as the cross, medals, rosaries and the like in order to propagate the Faith and raise church funds. He also lambasted the superstitious beliefs Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 5 RIZAL propagated by the priests in the church and in the schools. All of these and a lot more are evidences of Rizal’s religious philosophy. Political Philosophy In Rizal’s political view, a conquered country like the Philippines should not be taken advantage of but rather should be developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science of self- government. He bitterly assailed and criticized in publications the apparent backwardness of the Spanish ruler’s method of governing the country which resulted in: 1. the bondage and slavery of the conquered ; 2. the Spanish government’s requirement of forced labor and force military service upon the n natives; 3. the abuse of power by means of exploitation; 4. the government ruling that any complaint against the authorities was criminal; and 5. Making the people ignorant, destitute and fanatic, thus discouraging the formation of a national sentiment. Rizal’s guiding political philosophy proved to be the study and application of reforms, the extension of human rights, the training for self government and the arousing of spirit of discontent over oppression, brutality, inhumanity, sensitiveness and self love. Ethical Philosophy The study of human behavior as to whether it is good or bad or whether it is right or wrong is that science upon which Rizal’s ethical philosophy was based. The fact that the Philippines was under Spanish domination during Rizal’s time led him to subordinate his philosophy to moral problems. This trend was much more needed at that time because the Spaniards and the Filipinos had different and sometimes conflicting morals. The moral status of the Philippines during this period was one with a lack of freedom, one with predominance of foreign masters, one with an imposition of foreign religious worship, devotion, homage and racial habits. This led to moral confusion among the people, what with justice being stifled, limited or curtailed and the people not enjoying any individual rights. To bolster his ethical philosophy, Dr. Rizal had recognized not only the forces of good and evil, but also the tendencies towards good and evil. As a result, he made use of the practical method of appealing to the better nature of the conquerors and of offering useful methods of solving the moral problems of the conquered. To support his ethical philosophy in life, Rizal: 1. censured the friars for abusing the advantage of their position as spiritual leaders and the ignorance and fanaticism of the natives; 2. counseled the Filipinos not to resent a defect attributed to them but to accept same as reasonable and just; 3. advised the masses that the object of marriage was the happiness and love of the couple and not financial gain; 4. censured the priests who preached greed and wrong morality; and 5. advised every one that love and respect for parents must be strictly observed. Social Philosophy Rizal’s social philosophy dealt with: 1. man in society; 5. social justice; 2. influential factors in human life; 6. social ideal; 3. racial problems; 7. poverty and wealth; 4. social constant; 8. reforms; Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 6 RIZAL 9. youth and greatness; 11. future Philippines. 10. history and progress; Philippine National Symbols Philippine national symbols are crucial to Filipinos identity. Here are a list of Philippine National Symbols. This is adapted from the article entitled The Official National Symbols of the Philippines published by pinoywit.com. 1. National Flag The first version of our country’s national flag was first waved by Aguinaldo as he stood on the balcony of his residence in Cavite on June 12, 1898, following the proclamation of independence from Spain. In the following decades, the national flag underwent numerous changes, including at one point, the blue portion shifting to light blue. In 1998, during the time of President Fidel V. Ramos, Republic Act No. 8491 or the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines was enacted stipulating the regulations for its design and display as well as conduct towards it. The Evolution of the Philippine Flag. Image from the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2. National Anthem – Lupang Hinirang The law stipulates that the national anthem should always be sung in Filipino and following the musical arrangement and composition of Julian Felipe. According to the National Historical Institute, the correct tempo is 2/4 and is in keeping with its original form as a march and not 4/4 as some sing it. 3. National Coat-of-Arms Republic Act No. 8491 dictates that the Coat-of-Arms shall have: “Paleways of two (2) pieces, azure and gules; a chief argent studded with three (3) mullets equidistant from each other; and, in point of honor, ovoid argent over all the sun rayonnant with eight minor lesser rays. Beneath shall be the scroll with the words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,” inscribed thereon.” 4. National Language – Filipino With more than a hundred (close to two hundred) languages and dialects in the Philippines, some people still get a little testy over discussions about the national language. Some contend that Filipino is but a formal term for what is essentially Tagalog, in which case the implication is that all others have been excluded. Others maintain that Tagalog is but the nuclei of the national language. In any case Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution states that: “The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.” 5. National Motto Republic Act No. 8491 states that the national motto shall be: Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 7 RIZAL 6. National Sport – Arnis Republic Act No. 9850 which was signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on December 11, 2009, made arnis the national martial art and sport of the Philippines. 7. National Tree – Narra In 1934, the American Governor General Frank Murphy declared the narra as the national tree, through Proclamation No. 652 8. National Flower – Sampaguita It was also Murphy who declared the sampaguita as the national flower in the same proclamation. 9. National Bird – Philippine Eagle Once known as the monkey-eating eagle, it is now known as the Philippine eagle by virtue of Proclamation No. 1732 by President Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1978. It was declared the national bird by President Fidel V. Ramos in 1995 through Proclamation No. 615. It is currently critically endangered. 10. National Gem – South Sea Pearl President Fidel V. Ramos contributed yet again to our list of national symbols by declaring the south sea pearl, also known as the Philippine pearl as the national gem in 1996 with Proclamation No. 9. Is Jose Rizal officially declared as National Hero? ◼ The answer is NO. Jose Rizal is not officially declared as one nonetheless is called by many Filipinos as the national hero. The title goes back to the time of the Americans where it is said our colonizers preferred Rizal for national hero. Apparently, there is no official Philippine law that has officially conferred the title to him. ◼ In an interview by ID, NHCP historian Ian Christopher Alfonso clarified that there can’t be a national hero simply because all our heroes did what they could for the Philippines. The implication is that, it would be unfair to pick one to elevate to the position of national hero over all the others. House Bill No. 3926 was passed by Hon. Rene I. Relampagos, a Representative of First District of Bohol proposed An Act Declaring the National Symbols of the Philippines. (Read the separate PDF file on this topic.) Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 8 RIZAL Elaborate Activity 3. The Past and Present Compare the meaning of ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’ from the past to the present, and as part of the new generation, how do you interpret the concepts ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan”. Use the diagram below for your answer. ‘bayani’/ ‘kabayanihan’ Past Present My Own Interpretation Official Activity 4. The Officials and Non-officials Enumerate the officially declared as well as the non-officially declared national symbols of the Philippines. Give at least ten in each category Non- Nation official al Symbo Symbo ls ls Activity 5. My Rizal - A Tribute (Individual Output) Who is your ‘Rizal’ in life? Do you know of someone who embodies the traits or characteristics of Jose Rizal. Honor that person/s whom you consider as a bayani in a creative tribute. Mention a particular instance when you had witness or experience his ‘kabayanihan’. You can tell an anecdote or a short story, write a poem or other creative ways. Include a photo of the person. Please see rubric for grading your output. CRITERIA POINTS Content/ Focused on Assigned Topic (Full knowledge, 30 interpretation, ideas) Organization & Creativity (Ideas, reasoning of points is logical) 10 Skillful Language (Correct spelling, grammar….) 10 Total 50 Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando 9 RIZAL Module 6 Prepared by Analie S. Fernando 10