Philippine History: Origins, Culture, and Societies - PDF

Okay, here is the conversion of the text in the images to a structured markdown format. ## The Meaning of "History" The english word history is derived from the Greek word istoria, the greek word for story. As used by the greek philosopher Aristotle, history mean a systematic account of a set of...

Okay, here is the conversion of the text in the images to a structured markdown format. ## The Meaning of "History" The english word history is derived from the Greek word istoria, the greek word for story. As used by the greek philosopher Aristotle, history mean a systematic account of a set of natural phenomenal, whether or not chronological factoring was factor was a factor in the account. The Greek word was borrowed into classical Latin as historia, meaning "investigation, inquiry, account, description, written account of past events, writing of history, historical narrative, recorded knowledge of past events, story, narrative." The word history now means, "the past of mankind". Herodotus, a 5th-century BC Greek historian is often considered (within the Western tradition) to be the "father of history," or, by some, the "father of lies." Along with his contemporary Thucydides, he helped form the foundations for the modern study of human history. ## Herodotus: The Father of History Known as the "Father of History," he was born on the Southwest cost of Asia Minor in Halicarnassus, which was at that time a Greek-speaking city ruled by Artemisia, Queen of Caria, under the overlordship of the Persian Empire. Herodotus traveled widely in that empire and his in Greece. A Greek writer and geographer credited with bing the first historian. Sometime around the year 425 B.C., he published his magnum opus: a long account of the Greco-Persian Wars that he called "The Histories." (The Greek word "historie" means "inquiry.") Before Herodotus, not writer had ever made such a systematic, thorough study of the past or tired to explain the cause-and-effect of it's events. ## Aristotle Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. in Stagira in northern Greece. Both of his parents were members of traditional medical families, and his father, Nicomachus, served as court physician to King Amyntus III of Macedonia. In Arabic philosophy, here was known simply as "The First Teacher"; in the West, he was "The Philosopher." The surviving works of Aristotle are grouped into four categories. The "Organon" is a set of writings that provide a logical toolkit for use in any philosophical or scientific investigation. Next is his theoretical works, most famously his treatises on animals ("Parts of Animals," "Movement of Animals," etc.), cosmology, the "Physics" (a basic inquiry about the nature of matter and change) and the "Metaphysics" (a quasi-theological investigation of existence itself). Third are Aristotle's so-called practical works, notable the "Nicomachean Ethics" and "Politics," both deep investigations into the nature of human flourishing on the individual, familiar and societal levels. Finally, his Rhetoric and "Poetics" examine the finished products of human productivity, including what makes for a convincing argument and how a well-wrought tragedy can instill cathartic fear and pity. ## Understanding Sources ### Primary Sources Are materials produced by people or group directly involved in the event or topic being studied. These people are either participants or eyewitnesses to the event. These sources range from eyewitness, accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents, official documents (government or private) and even photographs. Usually they are defined as first hand information or data that is generated by witnesses or participants in past events. Often it is characterized not by their format but rather by the information they convey and their relationship to the research question. They include letters, diaries, journals, newspapers, photographs, and other immediate accounts. The interpretation and evaluation of these sources becomes the basis for research. These materials are often located in the Special Collections of library, rather than in the general collection. It is a document or record which contains first-hand information or original data on a topic. Often it is created at the time of an event, but can also be recorded at a later time (e.g. memoirs or interviews). It provide insights into how people view their world as a particular time. It is important to evaluate primary sources for accuracy, authenticity, bias and usefulness. Remember that primary sources are often reproduced in book format- but that they are still considered to be a primary source. **Examples of primary sources include:** * Audio recordings * Artworks * Court records * Diaries * Drawings * Newspaper clippings * Interviews * Government documents * Film footage * Original manuscripts * Photographs * Poetry * Posters * Songs and sheet music * Speeches \*Photographs that may reflect social conditions of historical realities and everyday life. \*Old sketches and drawings that may indicate the conditions of life of societies in the best. \*Old maps that may reveal how space and geography were used to emphasize trade routes, structural build-up, etc. \*Cartoons for political expression of propaganda. Material evidence of the prehistoric past like cave drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient writings. \*Statistical tables, graphs and charts \*Oral history or recordings by electronic means of accounts of eyewitnesses or participants; the recordings are then transcribed and used for research. \*Published and unpblished primary documents, eyewitness accounts and other written sources. ### Secondary Sources Gottschalk simply defines secondary sources as "the testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness-that is one who was not present at the event at which he tells." These are books, articles, and scholarly journals that had interpreted primary sources or had used them to discuss certain subjects of history. It is any published or unpublished work that is one step removed from the original source (or event under review). It usually describes, summarises, analyses, evaluate, interprets of reviews primary source materials. Authors of secondary sources may use primary source material to persouade readers to support their arguments about an event and Its meaning. **Examples of secondary sources include:** * Biographical or historical studies * Critical analyses * Dictionaries * Encyclopedias * Documentaries * Reviews * Journal articles * Textbooks * Second person account ## Primary and Secondary Sources Comparison The following markdown table summarizes the comparison between primary and secondary sources: | Category | Primary Sources | Secondary Sources | | :--------- | :--------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------- | | Examples | Artwork, Diaries, Letters, Poem | Article critiquing the piece of art | | Examples | Interviews, Performance, Treaty | Book about a specific subject | | Examples | N/A | Biography, Dissertations, Essays | | Examples | N/A |Review of Play | It is more important to evaluate primary and secondary sources for accuary, bias and usefulness. All works should be viewed through the eyes of the creator. Considering the following questions will help determine the authenticity of the source, as well as any bias present: * Who created the source? How do they know the details such as names, dates, and times? * Were they present at the event? Is the information based on personal experience, reports written by others, or data? * How accurare is the source when compared to others (first-hand and second-hand accounts)? * How truustworthy is the source? Has it been edited? How and why did it survive? * Why and when was the source created? Why was it later published? Was it over intended for publication? * What is the bias in the source? All documents ate blased to some extent. Is the bias oncidental? ## Theories on the Origin of the Philippine Archipelago There are many legends and stories that details the origin of our country. One of the more famous legend tells us that the island of the Philippines is par of a huge hall of rock that was thrown away by a giant .There is also legend that tells the story of the battle that occurred between the sea and the sky. And in our religious beliefs, the Philippines is created by God. ### Pacific Theory (Volcanic Origin) * Submarine Volcano * Submarine Eruption * New island emerges * Real time Offshore Seismic Station monitors activity and sends signal to store. ### Plater Tectonic Theory (Part of A Lost Continent) Image: map of the world showing the continents connected together as pangaea ### Diagram of Continental Drift The image is a diagram showing continental drift over time. It shows how the continents were once all connected in a single landmass called Pangaea, and how they have drifted apart over millions of years to their present-day locations. The diagram shows the continents at different points in time, including the Permian Period, the Triassic Period, Jurassic Period, Cretaceous and the Present Days. ### Asiatic Theory (Land Bridges) Asiatic Theory or Land Bridges Theory states that the Philippines was once part of Continental Asia. Sunda Shelf and Sahul Shelf are extensions of continent otherwise known as continental shelves. Image: the image shows a geographical diagram representing the Asiatic continent connected to the North America continent. ## The Philippines The Philippines is a country in Southern Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. Taiwan lies north across the Luzon Strait. West across the South of China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest seperates it from the island of Bomeo and to the south the Celebes Sea from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippinnes Sea. There are 7,107 islands. Three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. The capital city is Manila.It is divided in to 17 regions, 80 provices, 120 cities and 1,511 municipalities. ### Land area * Luzon, with a land area of 40,530 square miles (105,000 square kilometres) * Mindanao, 36,670 square miles (95,000 square kilometres) * Palawan, 5,749.86 square miles (14,896 square kilometres) * Negros, 5,278.55 square miles (13,675 square kilometres) * Samar, 5,183.59 square miles (13,429 square kilometres) She has a rugged land mass and, similarly, sne has an irregular coastline. This irregularity has resulted in numourous fine harbours and landlocked straights that can accomodate large ships. **Other characteristics of the Philippines:** * Land surface is 115,800 square miles (300,000 square kilometers). * Land forms include hills, plains, valleys, and mountains. Her mountain ranges, which are volcanic in origin, are drained by small river systems. * It has even major mountain ranges. * Northem Luzon is the islands most mountains area, home to the Sierra Madre, the Caraballo Mountains, and the Cordillera Central. The Sierra Madre extends for over 540km from Cagayan to Quezon in eastern Luzon and is the Philippine's longest mountain range. ### Topography * It has a coastline of 18,411 kilometers. * **THE PHILIPPINE COASTLINE IS 36, 289 KM** * IT IS THE 5TH LARGEST COASTLINE WORLDWIDE. * 60 FILIPINOS FILIPINOS LIVE IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES ### Volcanic Activity * The highest peak is Mt. Apo, a volcano in Daveo del Sur Province. It has an elevation of 9,691.60 feet (2,954 meters). * Several "Pinatubos." There are several Volcanos in the Philippines * These have long one of the natural causes of destruction to life and property for centeries. At least 10 are considered active. * The most famous are Iraya in Batanes Island; Taal in Batangas; BanaHaw in Quezon; Mayon in Albay; and Hibok - Hilo on the Camiguin Island; Maturing in Lanao; Apo in Davao, and Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales. This section summarizes the volcanic activity in the Philippines. It discusses the number of volcanoes in the Philippines, the location of volcanoes, and some of the damaging Volcanoes in the country. **Deadliest earthquakes in the Philippines:** | Earthquake | Magnitude | Casualties | | :--------- | :-------- | :------------------------------ | | 1976-MORO GULE | 7.9 | 3,000 CASUALTIES (Estimate) | | 1990-LUZON | 7.8 |1,621 CASUALTIES | | 1996-CASIGURAN | 7.3 |270 CASUALITES | | 2013: BOHOL | 7.2 | 150 CASUALITIES | | 1994: MINDORO | 7.1 | 78 CASUALITIES | ### Environmental factors * Irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles (185 kim) from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty: since 1970s Has Also claimed polygon Shaped area in South China Sea up to 235 nautical mess (528 km) in breadth. ### Land use * Arable land: 19% * Permanent crops: 12% * Permanent pastures: 4% * Forrests and woodland: 46% * Other: 19% * Irrigated Land: 15,800 km^2 ### Climate * The Philippines is located just above the equator on the upper tonid zone of the globe. The country experiences an average temperature ranging from 24c (about 75) to 31c (about 88f) and humidity rates from 70 to 85 depending on the time of year. * The warm and humid climate all year round counts for one of the healthiest tropical climates. * The time of year for each season depends upon the local climate in each region. In Baguio, known as the "summer capital" of the Philippines, temperature averages 18.3c (or 65f). * Nights all over the country are decidedly cold in the months of December and January. ### Most Active Volcanoes in the Philippines | Volcano | Province/s |Elevation, kms. asl | No. of explosions | Latest explosion | |--------------|------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------|-------------------------| | Mayon | Albay | 2.46 | 50 | Jan. 2018 | | Taal | Batangas |0.31 | 35 |Jan. 2020 | | Kaalaon | Negros, Oriental and Occidental | 2.44 | 26 | June 2006 | | Bulunsan | Sorosgon | 1.56 | 17 | December 2016 | Pinatubo| Pampanga, Tarlac Zambales | 1.44 | 3 |July 1992 | Countries with the most active volcanoes: 1. US 173 2. RUSSIA 166 3. INDONESIA 139 4. ICELAND 130 ## Characteristics ### Common Traits It is difficult, if not impossible, to define who is a Filipino 15…… the common traits probably basically Malay and characterize the Filipinos as a people. One patent Filipino trait that Immediately commends itself to the foreigner is his hospitality. A Filipino opens his heart to complete stranger, and offers the best in his kitchen and bed chamber. All peoples the world offer are hospitable in this own way, but Filipino hospitality is Something that most at most a fault, they are most misunderstood by fault and this is the key. The Many foreigners, they have been mistreated in many different circumstances leading to negative light on Filipino society * Close Family ties * Respect for the elders * Naturally fatalistic “Our first fundamental problem for development is fatalism. People do not belive the future.” * Loyalty ### Migration Theory * Professor Otley Beyer became the unquestioned expert on Philippine prehistory, exerting early leadership and first influencing the generation Philippine students. * Filipino historians and anthropologists, archaeologists paleontologist * Beyer used 19th century methods of migration and evolution. * Most of the evidence found based on surface finds. * Malays are given undue credit as the origin of the settlers ### Early people of the Philippines “ The Promary were The The Philopians the the the” Early people ### Clothing | Gender | Description | | :------ | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Male | **Putong** was a male head gear **Kangga** The upper garment is a strip of cloth between the thighs. | | Female | **Tapis** is a piece of read or with cloth. Cloth usually wrapped about the waist | ### Ornaments * Men and women where ornaments to look attractive. They wear, pendant, and made of gold * The were also * fashionable for some it is signifier ### Tattoos * A form of ornament enhance beauty and it is a war record. More tattoos, more men had Image: A photograph shows the type of tattoo that is found among the native people of the Philippines ### Dwellings * Houses made of wood and bamboo made of light * Some the and they are built in houses ## Pre Colonal * Maharlika *Timawas *Alipin ### Alipin * “ The lowest people ” * Purchase * Inheritance ### DEPENDANTS There are some very big people such as aliping people * Lively with the are people and * ” ” “” could all marry * ### Women The one had could the * The ones. For could in * the it when ” People ### Sanduguan (Blood Compact) A treaty of friendship and allowance **Types of dependent and its definitions** * **Aliping Namamahay**-Had his own family served his master (planted and harvest) * **Aliping Sagigilid** - did not owned property and even not marry * **Tipong Tumatanban**-Workes was done, and master when do so * **Tipang Tumaranpan**- Work is always one day Laws were very strict. Laws and customs and traditions Philippine Customary public Public "" - Public of “” of’s 9 ”"" "" Always then #1-1” Always the soul . the of And the were and the or “” ## Philippines The was -1”33” The were ### DOWRY Some of the more commonly the to the. The - “The , . ### Customs "A, 5” "" the other women” the “ “” ”"" ## The “” "" "" ""