The Filipino Before the Conquest PDF

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COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. THE FILIPINO BEFORE THE CONQUEST Prof. Jemma M. Gonzales Topics: 1. Origins of Filipino Race 2. Early Philippine Community 3. Dressing and Ornamentation 4. Social Classes 5. Courtship and Marriage Customs 6. Early Filipino Family 7. Economic Activities 8. Religious beliefs and Practices 9. Early Filipino Government 10.Early Philippine Language and Writing Origins of Filipino Race 1. Wave Migration Theory- propounded by Otley Beyer in 1947. Filipinos came from group of Pygmies who reached the Philippines via land bridges 30,000-25,000 years ago. First is the Indonesian A (6,000-5,000 years ago), followed by Indonesian B (2,500 years ago). The last wave who came from the south was the Malays. 2. Landa Jocano’s theory- according to him, Philippine Society developed as a single unitary system. He asserted that our culture developed from within the country and not part of the Southeast cultural environment. 3. Solheim’s Theory/ Austronesians- propounded by Wilhelm Solheim II. Filipinos came from Austronesians. Following their diaspora to Southeast Asia and Oceania, they used boats to migrate to other islands. Boats of different sizes and shapes have been found in every Austronesian culture, from Madagascar, Maritime Southeast Asia, to Polynesia, and have different names. Origins of Filipino Race Tabon Man= came from Homosapiens (20,000-22,000yrs) - discovered by Dr. Robert Fox in 1962 in Tabon Cave Palawan - first fossilized human remains of 3 people in Stone Age. - Tabon cave complex reflects Philippine relationships with other Southeast asian countries, which could be related to 3 land bridges: a. North Luzon to Taiwan to South China b. Palawan to Borneo c. Sulu to Northeast Indonesia Tabon Cave Excavation Origins of Filipino Race Callao Man- from Callao cave of Cagayan province - far older than the Tabon Man is 67,000 years ago - disovered by Dr. Armand Mijares of U.P. Diliman using the Uranium-series dating. The Barangay -Filipinos started to settle near water after learning to domesticate plants and animals -Early settlers of Malayo-Polynesian lived in coastal areas or rivers thus make fishing as means of livelihood. -Moreover, coastal communities are more developed due to traders’ accessibility. -(Manila, Ilo-ilo, Cebu, Jolo, Butuan ) Datu (chieftain)- leader or patriarchal ruler, can be called Gat or Raja Barangay has a community of 30-100 families - Barangay came from the word Balangay- name of sailing vessel used throughout the island. -BEFORE, Barangays are of constant war because of trade and commerce. Housing and Dwellings Ancient houses are made of wood, bamboo, nipa or cugon. Parts of the House 1. Batalan- where jars or waters were stored to cool and a washing area 2. Silong- where rice, firewood and animals were kept Bagobos (Mindanao) and Badjaos build their house in Kalingas build their house on their boats top of trees. Cordillera- houses with detachable step-ladder LAWS Laws helped in maintaining peace and order. Usually they were given orally or in written. The umalohokan was the one responsible in announcing the said laws to people or to the whole barangay. Trials were done for those who violated the law. False accusers may also suffer the consequence thru lightning or be eaten by crocodiles. a. The River Ordeal b. Boiling Water Ordeal c. Candle Ordeal d. Chewing of Uncooked Rice Ordeal Dressing and Ornamentation Men -Kanggan= black or blue collarless, shortsleeve jacket -Bahag= strip of cloth wrapped around their waist -Putong= piece of cloth wrapped around their heads. -Kalombigas= gold armlets worn together with anklets Women -Baro or Camisa= wide-sleeved jacket -Tapis or Saya (Tagalog) = skirt, piece of colored cloth -Patadyong (Visayas) ** with necklace, bracelets, rings, earrings and tied their hairs up Pigafetta (1521) noticed that natives are barefoot. They used parasol as protection against the sun. Dressing and Ornamentation In Visayas, most tattoed Filipinos settled. Reasons for tattooes: 1. Enhance physical beauty 2. For men to show war records Spaniards called the tattoed people PINTADOS (painted people) and called the island LAS ISLAS PINTADOS. Social Classes Society divided into three classes: 1. Maharlika (Noble)- Highest position is Datu, Gat or Lakan 2. Timawa (freemen)- born free or former slaves gained freedom 3. Alipin (Slaves) Aliping namamahay - had own property and could not be sold - can marry without permission of the master - help in construction, planting and harvesting Aliping Sagigilid- - lived in the kitchen of the Lords - he cannot marry without permission - can be sold - dependent on their master and did not enjoy privileges. Social Classes Maharlika, Timawa at Alipin Courtship and Marriage Bigay-kaya (dowry)- bridegroom was required to give land, gold or alipin Bigay-suso – bridegroom paid the mother’s nocturnal efforts in rearing child Himaraw- money given by groom for the efforts in feeding the bride in infancy Pamamalae/Pamumulungan- sealing of marriage agreement of parents Accdg. to Father Chirino (arrived in 1590) “The more common and widespread custom is to marry one wife only.” Babaylan (tagalog) Catalona (Bisaya)- native priestess who performed ceremony Courtship and Marriage Marriage is sacred and purity before marriage was expected. Divorce was allowed only in the ff cases: 1. Desertion 2. Adultery of wife 3. Cruelty 4. Childlessness 5. Insanity Mixed Marriage also happened (two classes). Children are divided into 2 classes. Legitimate children of the first wife receives everything and none for illegitimate. Family and Responsibilities Man to have only one lawful wife. Monogamy and having concubines in the case wife cannot bear child. Polygamy is common in Mindanao. Chichiva– nurse who performed delivery and child-rearing No gender preference in child. Ifugao (Cordillera)- happy with any gender Subanos,Bagobos and Negritos- prefered male or boy Ilongot- sanctification rites for both Yakan- circumcision for girls at the age of three Economic System: Agriculture & Aquaculture — Agriculture, then as now, was the main source of livelihood. — Kaingin and root crop rotation — There was an abundance of rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp, bananas, tuba, etc — Poultry and stock rising, mining, lumbering, weaving, ship building Economic System: Agriculture & Aquaculture — “Fishing of all kinds of fish in the sea or in fresh waters or rivers and streams,. — They are great ship builders: 1. Biroco 2. Virey 3. Barangay 4. Binitan Trading System: Barter — Canton, China — Japanese — Gold and silvers are used in trading Religion: Animism & Islam Bathala Maycapal- creator Lauon (Bisaya), Alba and Aksi (Zambals), Gugurani (Ilocano), and Kabunian (Igorot) 2 kinds of spirits: 1. Anito (good) 2. Manggalo (bad) Cow– Maylupa (Lord of the soil) Crocodile- nono (grandfather) Religion: Animism & Islam Religion: Animism & Islam Religion: Animism & Islam Religion: Animism & Islam Religion: Animism & Islam Religion: Animism & Islam Religion: Animism & Islam Religion: Animism & Islam Mourning and Burials Tagalog mourning- black Visaya- white Gold was placed in the eyes of and mouth of dead. Wakes usually last from 3 – 7 days. News of death is spread. Black butterfly- connotes death Maglahi= dead man Morotal= dead woman Larao= datu Barangay Government Laguna Copper plate dated 900AD. Mabuhay ! Taóng Siyaka 822, buwán ng Waisaka, ayon sa aghámtalà. Ang ikaapat na araw ng pagliít ng buwán, Lunes. Sa pagkakátaóng itó, si Dayang Angkatán sampû ng kaniyáng kapatíd na nagngangalang Buka(bulaklak), na mga anák ng Kagalang-galang na si Namwarán, ay ginawaran ng isáng kasulatan ng lubós na kapatawarán mulâ sa Punong Pangkalahatan sa Tundún (Tondo) sa pagkatawán ng Punong Kagawad ng Pailáh na si Jayadewa. Sa atas na itó, sa pamamagitan ng Tagasulat, ang Kagalang-galang na si Namwarán ay pinatawad na sa lahát at inalpasán sa kaniyáng utang at kaniyáng mga náhulíng kabayarán na 1 katî at 8 suwarna sa harapán ng Kagalang-galang na Punong Kagawad ng Puliran na si Kasumurán, (sa kapangyarihan ng Kagalang-galang na Punong Kagawad ng Pailáh). (At) Dahil sa matapát na paglilingkód ni Namwarán bilang isáng sakop ng Punò, kinilala ng Kagalang-galang at batikáng Punong Kagawad ng Binwangan ang lahát ng nabubuhay pang kamag-anak ni Namwarán na inangkín ng Punò ng Dewatà , na kinatawán ng Punò ng Medáng. Samakatuwíd, ang mga nabubuhay na inapó ng Kagalang-galang na si Namwarán ay pinatawad na sa anumán at lahát ng pagkakautang nito (ng Kagalang-galang na si Namwarán) sa Punò ng Dewatà, Itó, kung sakalì, ay magpapahayag kaninumán na mulâ ngayón kung may taong magsasabing hindî pa alpás sa utang ang Kagalang-galang. Language/ writing Culture: Indigenous Script