Philippine Revolution 1896 Past Paper PDF

**UNIT 12** **THE 1896 REVOLUTION** **END OF DAPITAN EXILE** **ARREST, TRIAL AND MARTYRDOM** **LEARNING OUTCOMES: The learners are expected to:** - Analyze the factors that led to Rizal's execution - Analyze the effects of Rizal's execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine R...

**UNIT 12** **THE 1896 REVOLUTION** **END OF DAPITAN EXILE** **ARREST, TRIAL AND MARTYRDOM** **LEARNING OUTCOMES: The learners are expected to:** - Analyze the factors that led to Rizal's execution - Analyze the effects of Rizal's execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine Revolution **LEARNING CONTENT:** A. **THE 1896 REVOLUTION** In 1895, the Cubans revolted against the Spaniards.In 1896, the Filipinos also staged their revolt against Spain. The Filipinos thought that it would be advantageous for them because Spain would have divided attention and strength. NOTE: Prior to the execution of Jose P. Rizal on Dec. 30, 1896, there was the so-called *\"First Cry of Philippine Independence\"* on **April 10, 1895**, in Montalban, Rizal. The more famous *Cry of Balintawak* was on Aug. 26, 1896. The Filipino rebels fired the first shots of the revolution on the same day. May 2, 1896 -- Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the KKK Supreme Council to convince Rizal in Dapitan to join and lead the Katipunan, he being the recognized leader and savior of the Filipinos. Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK. He believed the KKK would fail to defeat the powerful Spanish army because of several reasons... Reasons why Filipinos would fail according to Dr. Jose Rizal: - The KKK does not have enough weapons to fight against the fully equipped Spaniards - The KKK members do not have enough skills and training to fight a professional army tested in war - The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would result to confusion in the chain of command - The enemy has allies which necessitates that the revolutionaries must have foreign aid to ensure sufficient funds - Naval ships are needed, especially in an archipelago like the Philippines for communication purposes Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a revolution. It must not be held solely on the basis of sentiment and burning passion. It must be launched on the context of the ability to succeed in the end. If the revolution is the last resort, it must be prepared for another five to ten years to ensure victory. He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of Antonio Luna, a man of military expertise. The KKK must also seek the financial support of the Japanese B. **END OF RIZAL'S EXILE** Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician to the Cuban revolution hoping to end his Dapitan exile. His letter was finally approved after months of waiting. On July 31, 1896, he left Dapitan together with Josephine, Narcisa, three nephews and a niece on board the steamer *España*. This ended his Dapitan exile. The Arrival of *España* in Manila was delayed. The *Isla de Luzon* had left. Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay which will arrive in 28 days. Rizal was transferred to the *Castilla*, manned by Enrique Santalo, where he would wait for another 26 days. Aboard a launch *Caridad*, some KKK members sneaked in and made a last ditch attempt to rescue Rizal. Jacinto introduced himself and told Rizal he would be rescued. Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew what he was doing. Inside the Castilla, while waiting for the arrival of the Isla de Panay, the Katipunan was discovered. On the 26 of August, Bonifacio and the rest of the KKK raised the "Cry of Pugadlawin," which marked the start of the Philippine Revolution. Rizal expected this to happen. On August 30, 1896, Rizal finally received the letter of Gov. Blanco, expressing his congratulations and recommendation. On September 3, aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for Spain. The ship proceeded to Singapore. His co-passengers Pedro and Periquin Roxas escaped and he was encouraged to do the same. Rizal refused because he didn't want to become a fugitive. The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its secrets. Bulks of documents were uncovered. Many of these documents implicated Rizal to the KKK. Pictures, copies of the Noli and Fili were also found. Documents declaring Rizal as the KKK honorary president were likewise discovered. Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a rally cry of the members. He was regarded as their true leader and hero. These documents, together with many letters and testimonies from those arrested led to the conclusion that Rizal was part of the revolutionary group. C. **DR. JOSE RIZAL ORDERED TO BE ARRESTED** As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding of Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal was ordered to be arrested and detained inside the ship On September 30, 1896, Capt. A. Alemany followed the order and kept Rizal in his cabin during the remainder of the trip On October 6, the ship reached Barcelona. Rizal was imprisoned at the Montjuich detention cell. Eulogio Despujol, the former Philippine governor who banished him to Dapitan visited later that day. On October 7, Rizal was transferred to a new ship the *SS Colon* bound for Manila. Rizal kept records of the Philippines since he left for Barcelona He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the bloody revolution. He thought of coming home to confront his accusers and vindicate his name. Few friends from Europe and Singapore tried to help Rizal escape his present predicament. Ma. Regidor and Lopez sent a telegram to Atty. Hugh Fort asking him to file a writ of *habeas corpus* in Rizal's behalf. Chief Justice Lionel Cox, however, denied the writ for lack of jurisdiction by the Singaporean government. On November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation (arraignment) on Rizal began. During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against him before Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. He was put under interrogation without the benefit of knowing who testified against him. Presented before him were two kinds of evidences -- documentary and testimonial. There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary evidence. Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were comprised of oral proofs provided by: - - Martin Constantino - Aguedo del Rosario - Jose Reyes - Moises Salvador - Jose Dizon  - Domingo Franco - Deodato Arellano - Pio Valenzuela  - Antonio Salazar - Francisco Quison - Timoteo Paez These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to Governor Ramon Blanco. Blanco designated Capt.  Rafael Dominguez as the Judge Advocate assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding action should be done. Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the records to Don Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate General. Judge Advocate General Peña\'s recommendations were as follows: - Rizal must be immediately sent to trial - He must be held in prison under necessary security - His properties must be issued with order of attachment, and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million pesos - Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is allowed to defend Rizal Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lt. of the Spanish Artillery to be his defense lawyer. Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was the brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade who worked as Rizal\'s personal body guard in Calamba in 1887. On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his Spanish counsel, charges against Rizal were read: - Rebellion -- punishable by death - Sedition -- also punishable with death - Illegal Association -- punishable with reclusion perpetua or lower He was accused of being the principal organizer and the living soul of Filipino insurrection. The founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of rebellion. When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the charges, Rizal replied that: - He does not question the jurisdiction of the court - He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political matters; - He has nothing to admit on the charges against him - He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the witnesses, he had not met nor knew, against him. Two days after, Rizal\'s case was endorsed to Blanco\'s successor, Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the authority to command that the case be court martialed. On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote a controversial letter, *The Manifesto* addressed to his countrymen. The Manifesto was a letter denouncing bloody struggle, and promoting education and industry as the best means to acquire independence.  Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña requested to Gov. Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be prohibited. D. **THE TRIAL OF DR. JOSE RIZAL** The Spanish colonial government accused Rizal of three crimes: a. The founding of La Liga Filipina, an "illegal organization," whose single aim was to "Perpetrate the crime of rebellion". b. Rebellion which he promoted through his previous activities. c. Illegal association. The penalty for those accusations is life imprisonment to death. The prosecution drew information from the dossier on Rizal which detailed his "subversive activities" some of which are the following: - The writing and publication of *"Noli me Tangere"*, the Annotations to Morga's History of the Philippines, *"El Filibusterismo*", and the various articles which criticized the friars and suggested their expulsion in order to win independence. The El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the three martyr priests who were executed as traitors to the Fatherland in 1872 because they were the moving spirit of the uprising of that year. - The establishment of masonic lodges which became the propaganda and fund raising center to support subversive activities and the establishment of centers in Madrid, Hong Kong and Manila to propagate his ideas. After finishing as much evidence as possible on November 20, 1896 the preliminary on Rizal began. During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against him before Judge advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. Two kinds of evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to Governor Ramon Blanco: - Documentary evidences-fifteen exhibits - Testimonial evidences-provided by Martin Constantino, Aguedo del Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, Pio Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez. The Judge Advocate Rafael Dominguez was assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding action should be done. After a brief review, he transmitted the records to Don Nicolas de la Pena. Pena's recommendations were as follows: - Rizal must be immediately sent to trial - He must be held in prison under necessary security - His properties must be issued with order of attachment - And as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million pesos - Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is allowed to defend Rizal. E. **THE EXECUTION OF DR. JOSE RIZAL** Despite all valid pleadings, the military court, vindictive as it was, unanimously voted for the sentence of death. Governor Polavieja affirmed the decision of the court martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 in the morning of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan field. A Jesuit priest now came running and asked Rizal to kiss the crucifix that he held. Rizal turned his back on the crucifix and thus, against the firing squad. He was ready for the execution. **Dr. Jose Rizal's Last Hours** Rizal spent his 24 hours in his death cell where he received members of his family and writes his letter, the first one to his "second brother" Ferdinand Blumentritt. He gave his sister Trinidad and old petroleum lamp and whispered to her in English that there is something inside the lamp. Thus is Rizal's famous Farewell poem, "Mi Ultimo Adios", ("My Last Farewell") was found. On December 29, 1896, 6 AM: Capt. Rafael Rodriguez was assigned by Gov. Gen. Camilo Polavieja to read Rizal's death sentence, - to be shot at Bagumbayan by a firing squad at 7am the next day. At 7AM: Rizal moved to the prison chapel, where he spent his last moments At 7:15AM: Rizal reminded Fr. Luis Viza the statuette of the Sacred Heart of Jesus whom he carved as a student in Ateneo. By 9AM: Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him that he said that (Rizal) would someday lose his head for writing the Noli. "Father, you are indeed a prophet." At 10AM: Fr. Jose Villaclara and Fr. Vicente Balaguer visited Rizal then discussed with him his retraction letter. Santiago Mataix, a Spanish journalist, followed for the newspaper, El Heraldo de Madrid. From 11AM- 3PM: Rizal stayed in his cell. He was busy writing poems and letters. He hid his farewell poem in an alcohol cooking stove. He also wrote his last letter to Professor Blumentritt. At 4PM: Teodora Alonzo visited him. They had a very emotional encounter. Rizal gave the alcohol cooking stove to Trinidad which contains his farewell poem. Several priests have visited him afterwards. At 6PM: Don Silvino Tuňon, the Dean of the Manila Cathedral visited Rizal. At 8PM: Rizal had his last supper. He told Captain Dominguez that he forgave his enemies including the military judges. At 9:30PM: Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaňo, fiscal of the Royal Audience de Manila. At 10PM: The draft of the retraction letter sent by the anti- Filipino Archbishop Bernardo Nozaleda was given by Fr. Balaguer to Rizal for his signature. He had rejected It. Upon Rizal's death, his supposedly Retraction Letter became of one of the most controversial documents in our history. This Retraction Letter allegedly contains his renunciation of the Masonry and his 'anti-Catholic Religious Ideas' Depending on whose side you are on, some Rizalists claim that it is fake while some believe it to be genuine. There had been some evidences but so far these had only heated up the debate between two factions. On December 30, 1896, 3AM: Rizal heard Mass, confessed his sins and took Holy Communion. By 5:30AM: He took his last breakfast. After which he wrote his last letters for his family and his brother, Paciano. Rizal said, "Now I am about to die, and it is to you I dedicate my last lines, to tell you how sad I am to leave you alone in life, burdened with the weight of the family and our old parents." At 5:30AM: Josephine Bracken arrived together with Rizal's sisters, Josefa, with tears in her eyes, bade him farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time, and before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift, a religious book, "Imitation of Christ" by Father Thomas Kempis. By 6AM: As the soldiers were getting ready for the death march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to his beloved parents. "My beloved Father, pardon me for the pain with which I repay you, for sorrows and sacrifices for my education. I did not want it nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father, goodbye!" At 6:30 AM: a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago to signal the death march to Bagumbayan. Rizal walked calmly with his defense counsel and two Jesuit priest at his sides. He was dressed elegantly in a black suit, black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt and black tie. His arms were tied behind from elbow to elbow. There's a lot of spectators lining the street from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan. As he was going through the narrow Postigo Gate, Rizal looked at the sky and said to one of the priests: "How beautiful it is today, Father. What morning could be more serene! How clear is Corregidor and the mountains of Cavite! On mornings like this, I used to take a walk with my sweetheart." While he was passing in front of Ateneo, he saw the college towers above the walls. He asked: "Is that Ateneo, Father?" Yes", replied the priest. Rizal bade farewell to his Fathers March and Villaclara and to his defender, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. Although his arms were tied, he had firmly clasped their hands in parting. One of the priests blessed him and offered him a crucifix to kiss. He requested the commander of firing squad that he be shot facing them. His request was denied for the captain had implicit orders to shoot him at his back. A Spanish military physician, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, asked his permission to feel his pulse. He was amazed to find it normal, showing that Jose Rizal was not afraid to die. The death ruffles of the drums filled the air. Above the drum beats, the sharp command "fire" was heard, and the guns of the firing squad barked. Rizal, with supreme effort, turned his bullet- riddled body to the right, and fell on the ground dead, with face upward facing the morning sun. At exactly 7:03 am, Rizal shouted "*consummatum es*" before the shot rang out. The hero's life ended. In the background could be heard, "*Viva Espaňa*!"; "Morir es traidores!" On that fateful day, Rizal was 35 years, 5 months and 11 days old. "I die just when I see the dawn break, through the gloom of night, the herald the day; and if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take, poured out at need for thy sake, to dye with its crimson the waking ray..." It is interesting to note that 14 years before his execution, Rizal predicted that he would die on December 30th. He was then a medical student in Madrid, Spain. Martyrs are rare stars in the vast firmament of humanity. Every instance of martyrdom is distinct in magnitude and direction. Indeed, martyrs are the meteors of history, they flash across the sky and light the world and in the process consume themselves. They are the person who is put to death or made suffer greatly or other beliefs because of religion. Other elements of martyrdom are usefulness of life and dedication to a high purpose. Rizal's death was an emotional event in our history as it produced A "martyr" and resulted in some form of social change or transformation in our lives as a people. Rizal was put to death for "subversion" by the dominant political forces. He presented a sector of society which had begun to trouble and therefore constituted a real threat to the existing social order. ***Source: https://www.slideshare.net/yazmin9457/martyrdom-at-bagumbayan-jose-rizals-life***