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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RIZAL The Philippines in the 19th Century as Rizal’s Context Senate Bill 438 The Philippines of Rizal’s Time "An act to make...

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RIZAL The Philippines in the 19th Century as Rizal’s Context Senate Bill 438 The Philippines of Rizal’s Time "An act to make Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo compulsory reading matter in all - Instability of the Colonial Administration public and private colleges and universities and for - Corrupt Officials other purposes" - Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes - Denied Human Rights First authored by Claro Recto - No Equality before the Law Sponsored by Jose Laurel Sr., the Chairman of the - Maladministration of Justice Committee on Education - Racial Discrimination - Frailocracy Considered as one of the most controversial bills in - Forced Labor the Philippines - Haciendas Owned by Friars Inclusion of compulsory reading of Rizal’s novels - The Guardia Civil in which according to them, catholic dogmas are Instability of the Colonial Administration humiliated. - Instability of Spanish politics marked the beginning Opposition from the CBCP of political chaos in Spain Argued that the bill would go against freedom of - This, of course, affected the Philippines since we conscience and religion were a colony of Spain - The frequent changes hampered political and The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines economic development. submitted a pastoral letter to which according, "Rizal violated Canon Law 1399" Corrupt Officials Argued that among the 333 pages of Noli Me  Rafael de Izquierdo – unjust execution of Tangere, only 25 passages are nationalistic while GomBurZa 120 passages are anti- Catholic; 50 passages in El  Jose Malcampo – a good Moro fighter but a weak Filibusterismo are against catholic faith. and inept administrator  Primo de Rivera - enriched himself by accepting Suggested a reading material for students as to what bribes they called Rizalian Anthology, a collection of Rizal’s literary works that contain the patriotic  Valeriano Weyler – arrived in Manila poor, philosophy excluding the two novels. returned to Spain a millionaire Rizal Law  Camilo de Polavieja – good militarist but heartless governor. He ordered the execution of Jose Rizal Senator Laurel proposed an amendment. Other than Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, works written Most colonial officials in the Philippines were either by Rizal and works written by others about Rizal would relatives or proteges of those already in power be included and reading of the unexpurgated version of Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes the two novels would no longer be compulsory to elementary and secondary levels but would be strictly - The Philippines was granted representation in the observed to college level. Spanish Cortes. This was done in order to win support of the overseas colonies during the After the revised amendments, the bill was finally Napoleonic Invasion passed on May 17, 1956. ◦ 1810 – 1813 was the Philippines first Signed into law as Republic Act 1425 by President period of representation Ramon Magsaysay on June 12 (Philippines Independence Day) of the same year. - Ventura de los Reyes was the first Philippine delegate. He took active part in the framing of the Cadiz Constitution Denied Human Rights to Filipinos Haciendas Owned by Friars - Since the adoption of the Cadiz Constitution and - The religious orders owned the best agricultural other succeeding constitutions, the people of Spain lands in the Philippines enjoyed the - The friar haciendas became hotbed of agrarian rebellion following: - The Filipino tenants saw the friars as usurpers of ◦ Freedom of the Press their land ◦ Freedom of Speech The Guardia Civil ◦ Freedom of association - One of the most hated symbol of Spanish tyranny - They became infamous for their rampant abuses ◦ And other human rights such as maltreatment of innocents, looting - Strangely, rights enjoyed by Spanish citizens were livestock, and raping denied to the Filipinos. This inconsistency was lamented by Sinibaldo de Mas, a spanish diplomat and economist "Why do we fall into an anomaly such as combining our claim for liberty for ourselves, and our wish to impose our law on remote peoples?” No Equality Before the Law - The Spaniards, who introduced Christianity to the Philippines in the 16th century, taught that all men, regardless of color and race, are all children of God - In practice however, the Christian Spanish authorities did not implement this especially during the last decade of Spanish rule. - They regarded the brown-skinned Filipinos as inferior, not their Christian brothers. They may be equal to God, but not before the law and in practice Maladministration of Justice Frailorcracy - Spanish political philosophy of union of the church and state - Controlled religious and educational life, and later acquired tremendous political power, influence, and riches Forced Labor - Known as the polo, this is the compulsory labor imposed on all adult males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals; building and repair of bridges; building of ships; and other public works - The Filipinos hated forced labor Rizal’s Life: Family, Childhood, and Early Education Rizal’s Life: The Hero’s First Sorrow Rizal’s Life: Family - Concha (Concepcion) died of sickness in - 1865. - Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of - “When I was four years old, I lost my little sister his parents, Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Concha, and then for the first time, I shed tears caused Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother. by love and grief.” - Rizal were a descendants of Domingo Lam-co, a Chinese immigrants to Philippines during the Late 1600s. Rizal’s Life: The Story of the Moth Because of growing anti Chinese of the Spanish authorities in the 1700s, Lam- co changed their surnames - Rizal revealed that The Story of the Moth made the to “Mercado”. Lam-co moved his family to Biñan, and profoundest impression to him. became a landowners. Lolo ng tatay ni Rizal. - It was a story to teach him a very valuable life lesson - He was born on June 19l, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna - A moth disobeyed his mother and caught in flames Rizal’s Life: Artistic Talents - At age five, he started making sketches and clay figures. - He was also a banner-maker in town fiestas. - Rizal once said, “All right, laugh at me now! Someday, when I die, people will make monuments and images of me!” Rizal’s Life: His First Poem - He has a God-given gift for literature. - Sa Aking Mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children) was 1. Saturnina- married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanuan, written by Rizal when he was eight years old Batangas - This poem reveals Rizal’s earliest nationalist sentiment. 2. Paciano- A revolutionary general and retired to farming, Sa Aking Mga Kabata was influential in the formation of Rizal’s nationalists view. 3. Narcisa- married Antonio Lopez who was a teacher from Morong, Rizal. 4. Olympia- married Silvestre Ubaldo who was a telegraph operator. 5. Lucia- Married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba 6. Maria- Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan, Laguna 7. Jose- married Josephine Bracken 8. Concepcion- died at the age of three 9. Josefa- was the leader of the women’s Katipunan chapter Rizal’s Life: Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood leader. A. Hereditary Influence 10. Trinidad- a Katipunan leader Malayan Ancestors 11. Soledad- Married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba ◦ love for freedom Rizal’s Life: Early Childhood ◦ desire to travel - The childhood of Jose Rizal can be characterized by his desire to learn, even frequenting the church nearby his ◦ courage home to watch and observe people but not to be Chinese Ancestors religiously inclined. ◦ serious nature Rizal’s Life: Earliest Childhood Memory ◦ frugality - His first childhood memory was his happy days in their family garden because he was frail, sickly, and ◦ patience undersized, his parents gave him tons of attention. - Angelus prayer and praying of the rosary were part of his ◦ love for children daily routine Spanish Ancestors - He also got an “aya”- Aya- means nursemaid  ◦ elegance - In the Private School his Maestro is Justiniano Aquino Cruz school. ◦ sensitivity to insult - Jose met the bully, Pedro (the teacher’s son). He was ◦ gallantry to ladies angry at this bully for making fun of him during his conversation with the teacher in the morning. From his father Rizal’s Life: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo ◦ sense of self-respect - After four months after the martyrdom of GomBurZa and ◦ love for work with Dona Teodora still in prison, Jose was sent to Manila to study. ◦ independent thinking - Escuela Pia (Charity School) - Ateneo Municipal - From his mother Ateneo de Manila - Father Magin Fernando refused to admit Rizal because: ◦ religious nature He was late for registration ◦ spirit of sacrifice He was sickly and undersized for his age ◦ passion for arts and literature Rizal was accepted because of Manuel Xerez Burgos B. Environmental Influence He used the family name “Rizal” The scenic beauties of Calamba stimulated his inborn artistic and literary talents - Manuel Xerez Burgos- nephew of Fr. Jose Burgos - Riza– second surname; was advised by Paciano to use it Paciano, his brother, instilled the love for freedom as his precaution and justice - The class was divided in two groups 1. Romans His sisters taught him to be kind to women 2. Carthaginians Tio Jose Alberto - artistic ability - Rizal belonged in Carthaginians - Fr. Jose Bech became his first teacher. Tio Manuel - develop his frail body through - In his fourth-year, Fr. Francisco De Paula Sanches exercise, horse riding, walking, and wrestling inspired him to write poems. - Jesuits encourage competition. Tio Gregorio - intensified his voracious reading of - Romans- living inside the school border good books - Carthaginians- living outside the school border Father Leoncio Lopez - fostered his love for - They are competing for supremacy in the class. scholarship and intellectual honesty - Rizal’s poem: a. Mi Primera Inspiraciom C. Aid of Divine Providence b. In Memory of my Town c. A Farewell Dialogue of the Students God had endowed him with the versatile gifts of a d. Intimate Alliance between Religion and Good genius, the vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and the Education. valiant heart to sacrifice for a noble cause. - He attained B.A, with highest honors. He was 16 at that Rizal’s Life: Education time. - Jesuits encourage competition. Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Biñan. It was a - Romans- living inside the school border typical schooling that a son of an ilustrado family received - Carthaginians- living outside the school border during his time, characterized by the four R’s- reading, - They are competing for supremacy in the class. writing, arithmetic, and religion. - At 16 he was attracted to a fine young owman from Lipa, Batangas named Segunda Katigbak. Rizal’s Life: The Hero’s First Teacher - He had the chance to know more about Segunda as he - Rizal’s first teacher was his mother. often visit his siters at La Concordia College. - Her mother taught him the first alphabets and prayers at - Segunda married to other man. age three. Rizal’s Life: Medical Studies at UST - Maestro Celestino - Rizal’s first tutor - Maestro Lucas Padua - Rizal’s second tutor - The bachelor of arts course is equivalent to high school. - Leon Monroy - lived in Rizal’s residence to teach him - In April 1877, he entered UST, taking the course of Spanish and Latin Philosophy and Letters. - Two reasons why he took this course: Rizal’s Life: Jose Goes to Binan  his father liked it - In June 1869, Jose went to Binan with  he was still uncertain as to what career to pursue - His sightseeing with his cousin, Leandro, had no good effect on him. Rizal’s Life: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo - Rizal eventually earned a land surveyor’s and assessor’s degree from the Ateneo Municipal while taking Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas. Upon learning that his mother was going blind, Rizal opted to study ophthalmology at the UST Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. Rizal’s Life: Medical Studies at UST - He crafted his poem A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth - In 1878, he decided to study medicine to treat his mother’s growing blindness Rizal’s Life: Studied in Abroad - Without the knowledge of his parents, Rizal traveled to Europe in May 1882. According to his biographer, Austin Craig, Rizal, “in order to obtain a better education, had had to leave his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice, and his family, to save themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance of his plans and movements. - Rizal earned a Licentiate in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid, where he also took courses in philosophy and literature. It was in Madrid that he conceived of writing Noli Me Tangere. He also attended the University of Paris and, in 1887, completed his eye specialization course at the University of Heidelberg. It was also in that year that Rizal’s first novel was published (in Berlin). Rizal’s Life: In Sunny Spain (1882-1885) Before his departure, he wrote a farewell letter for his parents and his sweetheart, Leonor Rivera.  After finishing the 4th year in the Medical School in UST, he decided to go to Spain to continue his May 3, 1882 – He departed on board the studies Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore. Reasons why he left: Rizal’s Life: Secret Departure for Singapore - He is disgusted with the antiqued method of - He was the only Filipino passenger. instruction in this Dominican-owned university - Donato Lecha - the ship captain - He was described as an affable man. - He didn’t like the racial prejudice of Dominican - May 9 – The Salvadora docked at Singapore. professors against Filipino - He landed and registered at Hotel de la Paz students. Rizal’s Life: From Singapore to Colombo - Secret mission - He was transferred to a ship named, Djemnah. Rizal’s Life: Rizal’s Secret Mission - He left Singapore on May 11 - He discovered that he couldn’t converse well in To observe keenly the life and culture, languages, and French customs, industries and commerce, and governments - May 17 – Djemnah reacher Point Galle, Ceylon (Sri and laws of the European nations in order to prepare Lanka) himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed - May 18 – He reached Colombo people from Spanish tyranny. Rizal’s Life: Life in Madrid Rizal’s Life: Secret Departure for Spain - November 3, 1882 – he enrolled in Universidad - Rizal’s departure was kept secret to avoid Central de Madrid in two courses – Medicine and detection by the Spanish authorities Philosophy and Letters. People who knew about his departure: - He also studied painting and sculpture at Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando - Paciano (his brother - He also took French, German, and English lessons - He also learned fencing and shooting in Hall of - Antonio Rivera (his uncle and father of Leonor Rivera) Arms of Sanz y Carbonell - Neneng and Lucia (his sisters) - He lived a Spartan life. - He only spent his money on his basic necessities. - Capitan Juan, Capitana Sanday, and Orang (the - Lottery was his only pestas. Valenzuelan Family) - He visited Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey - Pedro A. Paterno Rizal’s Life: Romance with Consuel Ortiga y Perez - Mateo Evangelista (his compadre) - Consuelo is Don Pablo’s daughter - Ateneo Jesuit Fathers - He composed a poem entitled A La Senorita C. O.y P. - Jose M. Cecilio - He backed out from his relationship with Consuelo: He used the name Jose Mercado. He was still engaged with Leonor Rivera Rizal’s departure was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities His friend, Eduardo de Lete, was madly in love with Consuelo People who knew about his departure: Rizal’s Life: His First Visit in Paris - Paciano (his brother - He described Paris as the costliest capital in - Antonio Rivera (his uncle and father of Europe. Leonor Rivera) Rizal’s Life: Rizal as a Mason - Neneng and Lucia (his sisters) - In March 1883, he joined the Masonic lodge called - Capitan Juan, Capitana Sanday, and Orang (the Acacia in Madrid. Valenzuelan Family) - He became a mason to secure Freemasonry’s aid Rizal’s Life: First Homecoming and in his fight against the friars in the Philippines. - He transferred to Lodge Solidaridad  He went back home: Rizal’s Life: Financial Worries 1. To operate his mother’s eyes - He joined a contest about the Greek language and 2. To serve his people who Spanish tyrants had won a gold medal. long oppressed - He was able to eat dinner. 3. To find out for himself how Noli were affecting Rizal’s Life: Rizal’s Involvement in Student Filipinos and Spaniards Demonstration 4. To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent - He participated in some riots because he was  He had a pleasant voyage disgusted by Catholic bishops’bigotry.  Doctor Uliman Rizal’s Life: Studies Completed in Spain  He didn’t see Leonor Rivera  Governor General Emilio Terrero summoned Rizal - He completed his studies and was conferred the degree of Licentiate Medicine. Rizal’s Life: In Hong Kong and Macau - The following academic year, he studied for a - Hounded by powerful enemies, he had no choice Doctor of Medicine and passed all the subjects. but to leave the country. However, he still needs to submit his thesis and pay his fees so he was not granted this course. Rizal’s Life: Romantic Interlude in Japan Rizal’s Life: Studies Completed in Spain - Rizal arrived at Yokohama - Romance with O-Sei-San - At long last, Rizal completed his studies in Spain. - April 13, 1888 – he departed to Japan By obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters, he became qualified to be a professor Rizal’s Life: Visit to the United States of humanities in any Spanish university. And by receiving his degree of Licentiate in Medicine, he - Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888 became a full-fledged physician, qualified to - His arrival in this great country was married by practice medicine. He did not bother to secure the - racial prejudice. post-graduate degree of Doctor of Medicine - He saw the discriminatory treatment of the Chinese because it was, together with the licentiate in and Negros by the white Americans philosophy and letters, good only for teaching The good impressions were: purposes. 1. The material progress of the country as shown Rizal’s Life: Paris to Berlin in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing - He went to Paris and Berlin to specialize in industries, and busy factories ophthalmology. 2. The drive and energy of American - He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert 3. The natural beauty of the land - Five reasons why Rizal lived in Berlin: 4. The high standard of living To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology 5. The opportunities for better life offered to To further his studies of sciences and languages poor immigrants To observe the economic had political conditions of the German nation Rizal’s Life: Went to London To associate with German scientist and scholars - He went to London because it is safe for him to stay To publish Noli Me Tangere there. - During the day, he worked as an assistant to Dr. - He learned about Asociacion La Solidaridad Schweigger and studied at the University of Berlin Rizal’s Life: La Solidadridad Newspaper at night. - He starved and had a rough winter in Berlin. Their aims are to: 1. To work peacefully for political and social reforms 2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the Rizal’s Life: His Exile, Trial, and Death Philippines so that Spain can remedy them. Reasons of Rizal’s Arrest 3. To oppose evil forces - When Rizal returned to Manila on June 26, 1892,  His first article was the Los Agricultores Filipinos he was already declared an enemy of the state or The Filipino Farmers because of his novels. Rizal’s Life: In Paris Again - The La Liga Filipina, a social reformist group advocating social reforms through legal means, - Kidlat Club was founded by Rizal to bring together was considered a threat by the Spanish the young Filipinos in the French capital so that they authorities which led to Rizal's arrest on July 6, could enjoy their sojourn 1892. Rizal’s Life: In Belgium Brussels - Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol ordered the arrest as a political move to appease the friars. He published  He left Paris because: in Graceta de Manila that the grounds for Rizal's - The cost of living arrest were his anti Catholic and anti-friar stance - The gay social life hampered his works which manifested in his writings  He published lots of articles for La Solidaridad.  He wrote lots of books. Rizal’s Exile Life in Dapitan  He also planned to go home but was warned by his - On September 21, 1892, Rizal won the second friends. prize in a lottery together with Ricardo Carnicero  He also had a lot of misfortunes. and another Spaniard.  The Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry started. - His share amounted to 6,200 pesos. Rizal’s Life: Artistic Talents - Since august 1893, members of his family took turns in visiting him in order to assuage his - At age five, he started making sketches and clay figures. loneliness in the isolated outpost, among them - He was also a banner-maker in town fiestas. were his mother, sisters Trinidad, Maria, Narcissa, - Rizal once said, “All right, laugh at me now! and nephews Teodisio, Estanislao, Mauricio and Someday, when I die, people will make monuments Prudencio. and images of me!” - He built his house on the seashore of Talisay as well as a school and a hospital within the area. Rizal’s Life: His First Poem - Rizal practiced medicine in Dapitan. - He has a God-given gift for literature. - Rizal’s fame as a physician, particularly as an eye - Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children) specialist, pave the way for patients from was written by Rizal when he was eight years old different parts of the Philippines from Luzon - This poem reveals Rizal’s earliest nationalist Bohol, Cebu, Panay Negros, and Mindanao, and sentiment. even from Hong Kong. - He contributed his painting skills to the Sisters of Charity who were preparing the sanctuary of the Holy Virgin in their private chapel. - SCULPTURAL WORKS OF RIZAL The Mothers Revenge The Dapitan Girl Woodcarving of Josephine Bracken bust of St. Paul which he gave to Father Pastells - He established a school for boys in 1983 which existed until the end of his exile in July 1896. - Rizal taught these boys reading, writing languages (Spanish and English), geography, mathematics arithmetic and geometry, industrial work nature study. Morals and gymnastics. - On April 5, 1896, his last year of exile in Dapitan, 3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato he wrote to Bluementritt: I know already Bisayan 4. A poem entitled Kundiman and speak it quite well. 5. A letter from Carlos Oliver to an unidentified - By this time, Rizal could rank with the worlds person great linguists he knew 22 languages 6. A Masonic document 7. A letter signed Dimasalang Rizal’s Life: Rizal and Bracken 8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified - Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other at committee first sight. 9. An anonymous and undated letter tö the Editor - After a whirlwind romance of one month, they of the Hongkong Telegraph agreed to marry. 10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal - In the early part of 1896 Rizal and Josephine was 11. A letter of Rizal Segundo expecting a baby but unfortunately she 12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A. prematurely gave birth to an eight month old Tenluz baby boy who lived only for three hours. 13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian 14. Transcript of speech of Tik-Tik 15..A poem by Loong Laan ("Himno ATalisay.) Rizal’s Life: Rizal and the Katipunero - On December 26, 1896, the trial began and - Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent as an emissary by ended. Andres Bonifacio, to seek Rizal's opinion and - On December 28, 1896, Governor- General Camilo approval of. de Polavieja signed the court decision. He later - Rizal was outrightly opposed to the idea of an decreed that Rizal be executed by firing squad at armed rebellion. 7:00 a.m. of December 30. Rizal’s Life: Trial - Capt. Rafael Dominguez at 6 o'clock in the morning of December 29, 1896 read before Rizal - Jose Rizal left Dapitan on midnight of July 31, the official notice of his execution, scheduled the 1896, boarding the steamer Espana. next day Rizal was immediately transferred to the - On August 6, 1896, he missed the mail boat to prison chapel where he spent his last hours on Spain. earth - On August 19, Katipunan was discovered by - Rizal, on his last remaining days, composed his Fr. Mariano Gil. longest poem, Mi Ultimo Adios. - On September 3, 1896, Jose Rizal departed for - At 3:30 in the morning of December 30, 1896 Fr. Barcelona on board the steamer Isla de Panay Balaguer lead a mass Rizal, once again made a - Immediate arrest of Jose Rizal and his return to confession and received communion. At 6:80 in manila for trial the morning of December 30, 1896, Rizal, in black - On November 3, 1896, reached manila and was suit with his arms tied behind his back, walked to locked in Fort Santiago. Bagumbayan At 5:00 am he ate his last breakfast - His brother Paciano was tortured to make him and autographed some memorabilia sign a statement that his brother Rizal had been - Rizal and Josephine bracken was canonically connected with the Katipunan. blessed as husband and wife by Fr. Balaguer - The preliminary investigation of Rizal's case began - For the last time, he wrote a letter to his parents, on November 20, 1896. Blumentritt and Paciano - It was headed by Francisco Olive. - At the last minute at Fort Santiago, Rizal defied - He was accused of being the main organizer of orders from his captors as he was instructed to the revolution face the sea and turn his back against the firing - Rizal was presented with two kinds of evidence, squad. But Rizal wanted to do otherwise. documentary evidence and testimonials, which he - Upon hearing the squad commander's shout of could not refute. The documentary evidence "Fuego (Fire) Rizal turned to face the firing squad. included but was not limited to the following The shot at the back allowed him to turn his body letters. sideways and fell on the ground with his face 1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce upward. Rizal's last word, as that of Jesus Christ, 2. A letter from Rizal to his family was "Consummatum Est" '- It is finished. - Rizal died offering his life for his country and its freedom. - The Philippine independence struggle turned more violent after Rizal's death.