Political Science Question Bank Class XII 2022-2023 PDF

Political Science Question Bank Class XII (Session 2022-2023)  Lesson-2 End of Bi-Polarity Soviet Union VV IMP ✓ The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (U.S.S.R.) formed after the Russia...

Political Science Question Bank Class XII (Session 2022-2023)  Lesson-2 End of Bi-Polarity Soviet Union VV IMP ✓ The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (U.S.S.R.) formed after the Russian Revolution of 1917. ✓ The Berlin Wall, a symbol of the Cold War, was broken by the public in 1989. ✓ On 25 December 1991, Bi-polarity ended with disintegration of Soviet Union. Causes of dis-integration of the Soviet Union- VV IMP Backwardness of the Soviet Union Shortage of consumer goods Non-fulfilment of people's aspirations Communist Party dictatorship Gorbachev's reform actions opposed Spending more on weapons Negating political democracy Economic Failure Military Reasons Comparison of The Soviet Union with Western Nations Mikhail Gorbachev's Policies Support of Western countries (Supporting Materials Page No. 15) Consequences of dis-integration of the Soviet Union- VV IMP Arms race ends End of the Cold War The superiority of capitalist ideology Bi-polar worlds transform into a uni-polar world End of Soviet bloc and rise of 15 new countries Russia becomes successor to Soviet Union (Supporting Materials Page No. 15) Gorbachev's Economic Reform Policies- VV IMP 1) Peres troika - It emphasized political, economic and administrative reforms. 2) Glasnost (openness)-citizens were empowered to discuss their public subjects openly. Uni-Polar World The post-Cold War period in which America was the lone superpower. Afghanistan crisis of 1979 From 1979 to 1989, when the Soviet Union army fought against Afghan Mujahidins, on behalf of the Government of Afghanistan. First Gulf War / Operation Desert Storm / Computer War / Video Game War In 1990, with the permission of the United Nations, the US-led army fought war on Iraq and freed Kuwait. Second Gulf War / Operation Iraqi Freedom VV IMP In 2003, more than 40 countries led by the United States, without the permission of the United Nations, attacked Iraq to prevent it from making weapons of mass destruction. The real motive of the attack was control over Iraq's oil reserves. Saddam Hussein's government ended, but the US attack proved unsuccessful. US Military Operations (Support Material Page No. 26) VV IMP CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States An international organization created in 1991 between the former countries of the Soviet Union. Conflict and Tension Tajikistan in Central Asia was in the grip of a civil war for 10 years, Czechoslovakia fell into two parts, Yugoslavia broke down in several provinces and violent separatist movements in Chechnya and Dagigistan. Arab Spring VV IMP In the 21st century, protests and mass movements for democracy began in West Asian countries. One such movement is known as the Arab Spring. It started with the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouzizi in Tunisia in 2010. Methods of protest- 1. Strike 2. Dharna 3. March 4. Rally Reason for protest- 1. Dictatorship 2. Human Rights Violations 3. Public discontent 4. Poverty 5. Corruption 6. Unemployment 7. There was resentment and economic inequality of the general public from the governments there. 8. Bad local conditions was a major causes unrest. 9. Authoritarian regimes in the Middle East The Arab Spring indicated that it is possible to transform the whole world from the power of social media and peaceful protest. Questions Question-1. Type the full name of CIS? Question-2. Write four differences between the Communist Soviet Economy and the Capitalist American Economy. VV IMP Question-3. Why did Gorbachev want to reform the Soviet system ? Question-4. Do you believe that after the dis-integration of the Soviet Union, India should change its foreign policy and pay more attention to friendship with the United States than a traditional friend like Russia Question-5. Explain any six reasons why the Soviet Union became a world power after World War II. Question-6. Who led the military operation called ' Operation Desert Storm '? VV IMP Question-7. Which war was known as Video Game War? VV IMP Question-8. Against whom, was 'Operation Infinite Reach' launched? VV IMP Question-9. What was the real motive of the attack on Iraq in the form of 'Operation Iraqi Freedom'? Question-10. What steps were taken under ' Operation Enduring Freedom '? Question-14. What are the three barriers in the way of American domination?IMP Lesson-3 New Center of Power Regional Organisations European Union ASEAN SAARC BRICS [Nations- China, Russia, India and Israel] Objectives of Regional/International Organizations Economic development Resolving disputes through dialogue  Maintaining the balance of power in the world Promoting co-operation European Union VV IMP Organization of 27 Nations In 1992 the countries of Western Europe formed the European Union Economic & Political Union European Union an effective organization- VV IMP World's second largest army The European Union's currency named EURO was adopted in 1999. EU currency Euro, is a threat to domination of U.S. dollar EU contributes 3 times more share in world trade than USA EU member France is a permanent member of Security Council and nuclear power also It allows free trade and free movement among member countries. European Union Objectives- VV IMP Economic integration Developing the agricultural system of member countries and their industries Common foreign and security policy that keeps peace Reducing the gap between rich and poor nations. European Union Goals and Values- VV IMP Promote peace, human values and the well-being of its citizens. To provide freedom, security and justice without internal borders. Promoting scientific and technological progress. Respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity. Economic, social and territorial cohesion between EU countries. Uniform foreign and security policy Cooperation on matters relating to internal affairs and justice Practice of a uniform currency Visa-Free Traffic Features of the European Union- (Supporting Materials Page No. 40) VV IMP Factors or features that make the European Union stronger- (Supporting Materials Page No. 40) Weaknesses of the European Union- (Supporting Materials Page No. 41) VV IMP Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) VV IMP 1967 Bangkok Declaration was signed by 5 countries in the region and established ASEAN. Headquarters- Jakarta, Indonesia Five founding countries- Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. (Supporting Materials Page No. 41)  Flag of ASEAN- ▪ Ten Earrings (baliyan) of Paddy ▪ That embodies the friendship and unity of the Member States. Main Objectives of ASEAN- (Supporting Materials Page No. 41) ASEAN Way - (Supporting Materials Page No. 41) ASEAN (Relevance) as the new centre of power- ▪ Focus on creating free trade zones in terms of investment, labour and services. ▪ Asean Way - Non-confrontational dialogue and consultation policy is its greatest strength. ▪ The only organization that provides a platform for all Asian countries and world powers, including India. ▪ Showed interest in this sector for trade in the US and China. ▪ Asean has also focused on creating a free trade area in terms of investment, labour and problems. ▪ The US and China have also shown interest in creating a free trade area. ▪ After 1991, India has adopted a policy of ' Look East '. (Supporting Materials Page No. 42) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) VV IMP Economic and Political Organization of 8 Nations Names of 8 Nations- India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Afghanistan SAARC is headquarter is in Kathmandu (Nepal). Secretary General- Isla Veeraku (in 2020) There is a forum where all countries in South Asia work in a spirit of trust and friendship. (SAFTA) South Asian Free Trade Zone agreed upon. Has strategic importance in Indian Ocean's trading waterways 17% of the world's population resides here. Objectives and Goals of SAARC- VV IMP To increase economic cooperation so as to raise the standard of living of the people of the region. Accelerating the pace of socio eco-economic development Challenges faced by SAARC- VV IMP Involvement of Pakistan in terrorist activities Pakistan campaigning against India throughout the region Raising of bilateral issues, rather than multi-faceted issues Misconceptions about India by some member countries Some members believe that India wants to dominate this region. SAARC- (Supporting Materials Page No. 57) VV IMP Achievements of SAARC - (Supporting Materials Page No. 58) VV IMP SAFTA- (Supporting Materials Page No. 58) BRICS (BRICS) VV IMP BRICS- (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) Establishment- 2006 (Russia) BRICS- 25% world GDP 30% earth area 45% of the world's population Objectives of BRICS- VV IMP Sharing economic benefits into the Member States and not interfering in internal affairs of each other. Cooperation of each other on mutual interests, business, health, education, technology. Achieving regional development. To overcome trade barriers. Economic development of member countries Optimum utilization of resources To make good relationship Creating a platform for peace and security To improve technology Achievements of BRICS- VV IMP Development of BRICS Bank Reducing rural and urban gaps Maintaining macroeconomic stability Management of supply chain Contribute to manufacturing, services, agriculture Mining Reform and Health Care Services. Challenges of BRICS- Speed down in last 2 years The prospects for trade disputes are high. The difficulty in bringing conflicting interests on same platform. Different approaches and influences in the international arena. Disputes among member countries like India China China VV IMP China has made very rapid economic progress that made it a superpower. Build relations with the United States in 1972. In 1973, China modernized agriculture, industry, military and science. In 1978, the open door policy was adopted and foreign investment increased. Joined the World Trade Organization in 2001. China's controlled economy Beginning of Reforms in China (Supporting Materials Page No. 43) India's relations with China (Supporting Materials Page No. 44) Russia Nuclear-rich country and large stock of weapons A permanent member of the UN Security Council Developed country with huge area. Located in Eastern Europe and North Asia Russia's GDP ranks 11th in the world There are abundant reserves of natural resources and gas The world's second largest powerful army India VV IMP World's largest democracy Military power and nuclear technology make it self-sufficient The economic, political and cultural condition strengthened 135 crore population, with young population highest India is claiming for permanent membership of Security Council Israel A technically educated country Most powerful countries in defense, intelligence, science and technology. Israel ranked fifth in 2019 Balumberg Innovation Index Economy electronics & communication technology based industry Latest Technology Development for Alternative Energy Sources (Solar Energy) Questions Question-1. Which leader in China adopted 'Open Door Policy' and when? (Supporting Materials Page. 45) Question-2. Which two countries ended the confrontation by ASEAN way? (Supporting Materials Page No. 45) Question-3. When and by which treaty did the European Union came in being? (Supporting Materials Page 45) Question-4. Write the name of the European Union currency? (Supporting Materials Page No. 46) Question-5. When did China invade India? (Supporting Materials Page No. 46) Question-6. Explain China's ambitious OBOR plan? (Supporting Materials Page No. 46) Question-7. Write the names of the two founding member countries of ASEAN? (Supporting Materials Page 46) Question-8. What was open door policy of China? (Supporting Materials Page No. 46) VV IMP Question-9. What are the main objectives of creating regional organisations? (Supporting Materials Page 47) Question-10. Describe four aspects of tension in India-China relations? (Supporting Materials Page No. 47) Question-11. Explain how, India's relations with China are improving? (Supporting Materials Page No. 47) Question-12. What are the highlights of ASEAN Vision 2020? (Supporting Materials Page No. 47) VV IMP Question 13. Cartoons (Supporting Materials Page No. 47) Question 14. Picture (Supporting Materials Page No. 48) Question 15. Cartoons (Supporting Materials Page No. 49) Question 16. Critically evaluate the growth of the Chinese economy? (Supporting Materials Page No.49) Question 17. "China and India are emerging as big economic powers? 'Do you agree with that? Confirm your reply by giving three arguments?(Supporting Materials PageNo.49) VV IMP Lesson 4 South Asia and the Contemporary World South Asia includes India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Maldives. Now Afghanistan is also a member of this organisation. Political system in South Asia countries VV IMP India and Sri Lanka -Democracy Pakistan and Bangladesh-Sometime Democracy and sometime Military Rule Maldives - Sultanate till 1968 and now democracy Bhutan -Constitutional Monarchy Nepal - Constitutional Monarchy till 2006 and Democracy after that Difficulties in path of democracy in Pakistan Influence of army, religious leaders and big landowners U.S. & Western countries encourages military rule India-Pakistan relations strained Mutual tug of war of political parties India-Pakistan disputes VV IMP Kashmir problem Indus River Water-Dispute Arms Race Promoting terrorism. India-Bangladesh disputes The problem of illegal migrants Conflict over sharing of water of River Ganga and Brahmaputra Peace and Co-operation among South Asian countries Establishes SAARC Importance to friendly relations Cooperation in spite of some conflicting issues Free trade allowed at borders (SAFTA) Trade charges have been reduced. Questions Question-1. Write the names of two countries with successful democracy in South Asia. (Supporting Materials Page No. 59) VV IMP Question-2. Write the names of two countries with which India has dispute of river water sharing? (Supporting Materials Page No. 59) VV IMP Question-3. Write down the reasons that undermine democracy in Pakistan. (Supporting Content Page No. 60) Question-4. Write a comment on the establishment of democracy in Nepal. (Supporting Content Page No. 60) Question-5. Name two issues of cooperation & conflict each between India and Bangladesh? (Supporting Materials Page No. 60) Question-6. Map (Supporting Materials Page No. 61) Question-7. Cartoons (Supporting Materials Page No. 62) Question-8. Critically evaluate the role and limitations of SAARC in formulating the path of economic cooperation between the countries of South Asia? What would you suggest to the SAARC to play a greater role in the betterment of South Asia? (Supporting Materials Page No. 63) VV IMP Lesson-5 United Nations and its organizations United Nations VV IMP  Establishment- 24 October 1945 HEADQUARTERS- New York Total Member Countries- 193 Six Main Organs of United Nations- 1) General Assembly 2) Security Council 3) International Court of Justice 4) Trustship Council 5) Economic and Social Council 6) Secretariat (Supporting Materials Page No. 70) Secretary General - The most important post of UNO Office - 5 Years Appointment -General Secretary is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. Current Secretary General of UNO - Antonio Guterres (Portugal) Security Council- 5 permanent members, 10 temporary members Five permanent members- USA, Russia, France, Britain, China Objectives of UNO- ▪ International Economic Cooperation ▪ Maintaining international peace and security ▪ Stopping the arbitrariness of the U.S. and its allies ▪ Promoting Sustainable Development ▪ Upholding international law ▪ Protecting human rights (Supporting Materials Page No. 70,72) Various agencies of UNO- 1) International Monetary Fund - IMF ▪ Formation - December 1945 ▪ Headquarters - Washington DC, USA. ▪ Member States- 189 ▪ Objectives of IMF ✓ Promoting International Monetary Cooperation. ✓ Promoting international trade. ✓ Sustainable Economic Development ✓ To provide loans to developing countries. 2) International Labour Organisation - ILO ▪ Formation- 29 October 1919 ▪ Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland ▪ Member States- 187 ▪ Functions of ILO- ✓ Promoting efficient conditions of social justice. ✓ Encouraging good employment opportunities. ✓ Enhancing social security. 3) World Health Organization – WHO ▪ Formation- 7 April 1948 ▪ Headquarters- Geneva, Switzerland  ▪ WHO's Functions- ✓ Prevention and control of all communicable diseases ✓ Bio-medical Research ✓ Collaboration with other organizations ✓ Development of comprehensive health services ✓ Eradication of epidemics ✓ Family Health ✓ To collect general information and health statistics. 4) World Trade Organisation-WTO ▪ Formation- 1 January 1995 ▪ Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland ▪ Member States- 164 ▪ Objectives of WTO- ✓ To set and enforce rules of international trade ✓ To provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further trade liberalisation ✓ To resolve trade disputes ✓ To increase transparency of decision making processes ✓ To co-operate with other international economic institutions involved in global economic management ✓ To help developing countries to benefit from the global trading system 5) United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF ▪ Formation - 1946 ▪ Headquarter - New York, USA ▪ Member States - 190 ▪ UNICEF Objectives - ✓ Collecting emergency funds for children ✓ Providing educational infrastructure ✓ Gender equality through education ✓ Protection of children from violence and abuse ✓ Vaccination of infants from various diseases ✓ Adequate nutrition to children ✓ Provision of safe drinking water 6) United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization - UNESCO ▪ Formation- 1945 ▪ Headquarters- Paris, France ▪ Member States- 193 ▪ Objectives of UNESCO- ✓ Promoting education, science, culture and communication. ✓ Promoting cultural diversity. ✓ A culture of interaction and peace. Veto power- The right to veto power is given to permanent member of the Security Council. If a single permanent member refuses any work, then that work cannot be done.  Some of the necessary reforms needed in the Security Council- ▪ Peace Founding Commission to be formed ▪ Veto power to be eliminated ▪ The number of permanent and temporary members should increase ▪ Formation of a democracy fund for spread of Democracy India's stand for permanent membership of the Security Council of the United Nations- ▪ Big country in terms of population ▪ Stable democracy and do respect for human rights ▪ Rising economic power ▪ Contributing in UN budget regularly ▪ Participating in peace missions of UN ▪ Military power (Supporting Materials Page No.71) Questions Question-1. When was the United Nations founded? (Supporting Materials Page No. 74) VV IMP Question-2. Where is the International Court of State? (Supporting Materials Page No. 74) Question-3. Write the main objective of the United Nations? (Supporting Materials Page No. 74) Question-4. What are the functions of the International Monetary Fund? (Supporting Materials Page No. 74) VV IMP Question-5. What is the Veto Power? (Supporting Materials Page No. 75) VV IMP Question-6. Write the names of the permanent members of the Security Council? (Supporting Materials Page No. 75) Question-7. Write two functions of WTO? (Supporting Materials Page No. 75) VV IMP Question-8. Mention any two benefits an international organization ? (Supporting Materials Page No. 75) Question-9. What are the proposals suggested to improve the process and structure of the United Nations, so that it work more effectively and smoothly in changing circumstances? (Supporting Materials Page No. 75) Question-10. How do you support India's claim for permanent membership of the Security Council as a citizen of India? Justify your proposal? (Supporting Materials Page No. 76) VV IMP Question 11. Cartoons (Supporting Materials Page No. 76) Question 12. Describe the main objective of the United Nations. How can these objectives be achieved ? (Supporting Materials Page No. 77) VV IMP Question-13. To what extent are international institutions and organizations like UNO are democratic and accountable in global politics? (Supporting Materials Page No. 77) Lesson-6 Globalization Globalization VV IMP - Free flow/movement of ideas, capital, goods and individuals in different parts of the world. -Globalization means connecting the economy of our country with the world economy. Globalization begins in India- 1991 The beginning of globalization in China- 1978 Causes of globalization- ▪ Natural Disasters ▪ Economic Events ▪ People-to-People co-operation and interactions ▪ Industrialisation leading to movement of people and goods across world (Supporting Content Page No. 109) Effects of globalization- ▪ Political (Supporting Materials Page No. 110) ▪ Economic (Supporting Materials Page No. 110) ▪ Cultural (Supporting Materials Page No. 111) Positive aspects - 1) Cultural exchanges between countries of the world increased. 2) People's choice and scope of choice increased 3) Free flow of capital 4) Foreign investment increased Negative aspects- 1) Domination of MNC companies 2) Local/Desi culture is fading. 3) Richer getting richer and poorer are becoming more poorer 4) Western culture is being forced or cultural invasion is going on (jeans culture, promoting MACDI culture). 5) Loss of domestic industries 6) Transfer of Natural Resources 7) Reducing the social security apparatus  MacDonaldisation- Process of domination by Western culture in developing countries. India and Globalization- (Supporting Materials Page No. 111) Opposition to Globalization- (Supporting Materials Page No. 112) Questions Question-1. What is Globalization? (Supporting Materials Page No. 113) VV IMP Question-2. "The market is replacing the welfare state”. Explain the reason for this change? (Supporting Materials Page No. 114) Question-3. What does McDonaldisation mean? (Supporting Materials Page No. 114) Question-4. What was the impact of science and technology on globalization? (Supporting Materials Page No. 114) Question-5. Explain the capacity of the state due to Globalisation? (Supporting Materials Page No. 114) Question-6. What are the components of ‘Worldwide inter connections'? (Supporting Materials Page No. 114) Question-7. Cartoons (Supporting Materials Page No. 115) Question-8. What is McDonaldisation? Write down its one positive and one negative impact on developing and under-developed countries. (Supporting Materials Page No. 116) VV IMP Question-9. How did Globalization affect India and how India is affecting Globalization? (Supporting Materials Page No. 116) VV IMP Question-10. Do you agree with the argument that the cultural diversity is increasing because of globalization? (Supporting Materials Page No. 116) VV IMP  Class-XII Part-2 - (Politics in Independent India) Question Bank (Session 2022-2023) Subject: Political science Lesson7 Challenges of Nation Building Important Points to Remember Nation Building To create national consciousness and national identity using the power of the State. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and his contribution to nation building VV IMP A major leader of the freedom struggle after Kheda Satyagraha (1918) and Bardoli Satyagraha (1928). First Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India. Also known as Iron Man of India. Senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the Indian Republic. Played important role as Home Minister during India's political integration and India- Pakistan division of 1947. Appointed as 49th President of Indian National Congress. Gave major contribution in solving the problem of integration of princely states after independence. Indian Army led by Sardar Patel merges Hyderabad and Junagadh into India. Sardar Patel was opposed to giving sections 370 and 35A to Jammu and Kashmir. The world tallest statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, named as Statue of Unity, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government in Gujrat. The statue is about 182 meters high. Kashmir Issue Before independence, Kashmir was a princely state in the north western corner of India. Raja Hari Singh decided to keep Kashmir, an independent state. Pakistan regular army personnel in the form of Qabailies, invaded Kashmir and threatened the existence of Kashmir. India provides military help to Raja Hari Singh. The infiltrators were driven out of the Kashmir valley by the Indian Army. Kashmir was given special status through articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution. There was an increase in the state people isolationism and terrorism. On August 05, 2019, by Articles 370 and 35A, the special status of Jammu and Kashmir was removed. EK VIDHAN, EK NISHAN, EK PRADHAN VV IMP Effects of division and resettlement of refugees The tragedy of division based on religion is quite painful and difficult. Problems in geographical sharing of states like Punjab, Bengal, Assam, North Western Border Province (NEFA), North Eastern Frontier Agency etc.  The problem of solving the hardships caused to the common people from the tragedy. Problem of rehabilitation of minorities living in both the countries. The problem of displacement. Administrative and economic difficulties. Nehru's thinking towards nation building Nehru's thinking towards nation building was show cased by him in his midnight speech of August 14-15, named as "Tryst with Destiny". India will no longer be under the monarchy. The main goal of all the leaders involved in the national movement is to establish the power of the people. To enhance Gandhian ideology. The democratic polity must take care of the interests of the poor, backward and vulnerable people. Pandit Nehru wanted to make India a modern and developed nation by intellectual development of the country. Were in favour of industrialization. Were in favour of keeping political and economic development away from communalism. Emphasis on humanistic synergy of science and industrialization. To adopt a scientific and modern approach to nation building. Three major challenges after independence VV IMP The challenge of unity and integrity. To establish and strengthen democracy. To give economic social justice to all sections. Political conflict over language and formation of states on the basis of language. State Re-organisation Commission and its recommendations VV IMP With the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1953, the Government constituted the State Reorganisation Commission under the Chairmanship of Fazal Ali, former Supreme Court Judge, in 1953. The report was submitted by the Commission in 1955 and implemented by the Government of India in 1956. 14 States and 6 Union Territories to be formed:- The three tier State system should be abolished. Except three Union Territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Delhi, Manipur, all other Union Territories should be merged into their nearest states. The boundary of the States should be determined on the basis of the language spoken there. Very Important Questions Question 1. What is the two-nation theory given by given by Mohammad Ali Jinnah? (Supporting Materials Page No.128, Q-5) Question 2. What does 'Instrument of Accession' mean in relation to the kings of provinces? (Supporting Materials Page No.128, P-2) Question 3. What were the difficulties in division of country on the basis of religious majority? Question 4. Write briefly about the Statue of Unity made by government in Gujrat? Question 5. Which leader of the freedom movement is called Frontier Gandhi? (Supporting Content Page No.127) Question 6. Who was Potti Sriramulu? Question 7. Which new state was created on the basis of language in recent years? Question 8. Describe the four problems faced in the process of partition of India? (Memorable Points Supporting Material Page No. 123) VV IMP Question 9. What were the challenges of nation building after independence? (Memorable Points Supporting Material Page No.122) VV IMP Question 10.How was Hyderabad merged with India? (Memorable Points Supporting Material Page No.125) Question 11.What was the State Re-organisation Commission? What were its recommendations? (Memorable Points Supporting Material Page No.125) VV IMP Question 12. Write two reasons and two results of the partition of India in 1947? (Supporting Material Page No.131) Question 13.Describe the process of integration of Manipur in India? (Memorable Points Supporting Material Page No.125) Question 14. Write down Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s efforts in National integration? (Important Points to Remember) VV IMP Lesson-8 Planned Development Important Points to Remember National Development Council VV IMP The apex body for deciding and discussing development related matters. Founded on August 06, 1952. Not constitutional. A forum to discuss problems and issues related to development. A apex body deciding matters relating to approval of Five Year Plans. Prime Minister of India ex-officio Chairman of National Development Council. Chief Ministers of States, Administrators of all Union Territories, all Cabinet Ministers, Members of NITI Aayog. Instead, it was the Planning Commission. The first meeting was chaired by the then Prime Minister late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 8th November 1952.  57 meetings have been held. Objectives of National Development Council To decide the cooperation of the States in the implementation of the scheme. Strengthening the efforts and resources of the nation. To bring dynamism in all economic activities. Promoting general economic policies in key areas. To ensure balanced and rapid growth of all parts of country. Functions of National Development Council Laying down guidelines for preparation of national development plan. To decide the plan. To consider the national development plan as per the determination of NITI Aayog To determine the resources required for the operation of the scheme. To evaluate resources so as to augment the necessary resources. To consider important questions of social and economic policy affecting development. To periodically review the works. To recommend necessary measures to achieve the objective and goal set out in the national development plan. In 2014, the government abolished the Planning Commission. NITI Ayog (National Institution for Transforming India) VV IMP NITI Aayog is a statutory body constituted by the Government of India. Made in place of Planning Commission. On August 15, 2014, the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, spoke about replacing Planning Commission. This institution constituted after consulting state governments, Members of Parliament, subject matter experts. Headquarters in New Delhi. Institute as The Chief Think Tank of the government. Will provide dynamism in directional and policy dynamics. To provide important and technical advice to the Central and State Governments on the major factors of development. To advise the Government on social and economic issues. To better economic and political development and management of the country. Objectives of NITI Aayog To develop a vision of national development priorities with active participation of States. To provide a draft national agenda to the Prime Minister and the Board of Ministers. To build a strong nation. Enhancing the initiative and cooperation of continuous structural cooperation. Preparation of credible plan at village level. To accelerate the work of the development agenda. To pay special attention to the deprived sections of the society through economic progress. Enhancing knowledge innovation and enterprise through national and international experts and others.  Dr. Rajiv Kumar Shastri, vice-chairman, NITI Aayog and its chief executive officer Amitabh Kant and ex-officio chairman is Prime Minister Narendra Damodardas Modi. Very Important Questions Question 1. What does planning mean? (Supporting Materials Page No. 149) Question 2. What was Bombay plan? (Supporting Materials Page No. 153) Question 3. What are the five-year plans? Question 4. What was the main objective of the First & Second Five Year Plan? (Memorable Points Supporting Material Page No. 150) Question 5. Write the name of the chief planner of the Second Five Year Plan? (Supporting Materials Page No. 152) Question 6. What was the theme of the first five-year plan? Question 7. What was development policy India adopted after independence? Question 8. When was the first Five Year Plan implemented in India? Question 9. The advice given by the National Development Council is - (binding/Non- Binding/ Only can be rejected by the Cabinet/ Only can be rejected by Parliament) Question 10. Which Commission was replaced by NITI Ayog? (Supporting Materials Page No. 149) Question 11.Explain the difference between the key objectives of the First and Second Five Year Plans? (Supporting Content Page No. 150) VV IMP Question 11. Write a brief explaination of the National Development Council ? (Important Points to Remember) VV IMP Question 12. Write the objectives of the NITI Ayog? V IMP Question 13. Write achievements and failures of planning in India? Question 14. Describe the NITI Ayog in detail? (Important Points to Remember) VV IMP Question 15. What are the features of the growth model of India's economy? (Supporting Materials Page No. 155)  Lesson 9 India's Foreign Policy Important Points to Remember Foreign Policy The policy adopted by any country to make relations/dealings with other countries is called foreign policy. Pandit Nehru, the first Prime Minister, made a special contribution to the formulation of India's foreign policy after independence. Main Objectives and Principles of India's Foreign Affairs VV IMP ▪ Non-Alignment ▪ Vasudhev Kutumbakam (Complete world is family) ▪ Independence and active participation in international affairs ▪ Opposition to expansionism/collonialism ▪ Peaceful resolution of international disputes ▪ Disarmament ▪ Panchsheel's Policy:- The Panchsheel Agreement was signed between Prime Minister Nehru and Chinese Premier Chow Ann Lai on April 29, 1954 between India and China:- Mutual respect for each other’s sovereignty. Not to attack each other. Not interfering in each other's matters. To respect each other's territorial integrity. Peaceful co-existence. India and US Relations VV IMP Negative point ✓ The US did not accept India's foreign policy of Non-Alignment. ✓ The US viewed India's better relations with the Soviet Union with suspicion. ✓ The US supported Portugal with regard to the liberation of Goa. ✓ There are lot of difference of opinion between India and the United States in the negotiations on the World Trade Organization (WTO), visa policy and climate change. ✓ The United States is not happy about India's Non-signing of the NPT-Nuclear Non Proliferation and CTBT-Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Positive Point:- (Memorable Points Supporting Material Page No. 28) India-Russia Relations (Memorable Points Supporting Material Page No.17) India-China Relations (Memorable Points Support Material Page No.163) India Israel Relations VV IMP Both India and Israel always have friendly relations with each other. On September 17, 1950, India recognised Israel as a nation. In 1953, India allowed Israel to open its embassy in Mumbai. Israel helped India by giving sophisticated weapons. Israel is an important strategic and trading partner of India. Both countries has agreement to exchange information on terrorism.  Indian Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's first visit to Israel has promised a number of agreements between both countries on defense, space, technology, agriculture, water, security and terrorism. India has successfully completed 25 years of good political relations with Isreal. After Russia and the United States, Israel is India's largest exporter. India-Pakistan Relations (Memorable Point Supporting Material Page No. 165) India's Nuclear Programme (Memorable Point Supporting Material Page No. 167) India's Nuclear Policy (Memorable Point Supporting Materials Page No. 167) Very Important Questions Question 1. What is the main reason behind adoption of Non-Alignment policy by India? (Supporting Materials Page No. 167) Question 2. Which major religious leader was given political asylum by India in 1959? Question 3. Which two nations signed Indus River Water Agreement and when? (Supporting Materials Page No. 168) Question 4. What is No First Use Policy of India related to nuclear weapons? Question 5. Write the expanded form of CTBT? Question 6.In which year did the Arab Israel War took place? And who won it? Question 7. In which state, did the Dalai Lama make his place of residence in 1998? Question 8. Which two countries are related to the disputes of Siachen Glacier and Sarcreek? Question 9. Who is known by the surname Bang Bandhu? (Supporting Materials Page No. 168) Question 10. Why did India refuse to sign the NPT ? Question11. Write two issues of dispute and two issues of cooperation between India and China? (Supporting Materials Page No. 168) Question 12.Why did the Dalai Lama, the religious guru of Tibet, sought refuge in India? Which country objected to it? Question 13. Describe about Nathu La Pass? Or Name an ancient route between India and China, which was opened for trade? Question 14. Why India and Pakistan do not have good relations? Question 15. Describe India-US relations in detail? (Important Points to Remember)VV IMP Question 16. Describe India's nuclear programme and India's nuclear policy in detail? (Supporting Materials Page No. 168) VV IMP Lesson 10 Party and Party Systems in India Important Points to Remember Political parties have a very important role to play in making democracy a success. Since independence, India has adopted the party system. Election Commission set up under the Chairmanship of Sukumar Sen to conduct free and fair elections. The first general election in India was held in 1951-52. Political Party according to Gilkarist, "A political party is a group of citizens who have the same political views and try to control the government like a political entity. Examples: Bharatiya Janata Party, Congress Party, Janata Dal, Aam Aadmi Party etc. Objectives of Political Party VV IMP ✓ Consensus on basic principles ✓ These try to achieve its objectives through peaceful and constitutional means. ✓ Participate in elections to get political power ✓ To give practical form to your principles and policies after gaining power ✓ To try to achieve national interests Three types of party system:- One party system, Two party system and Multi-party system One party system:- If there is only one political party in a political system, it is called a one-party system. For Example:- China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam etc. Two Party system:- If there are only two effective political parties in the political system in a country, then the political system is called as two party system. For example:- US and UK. Multi-party system:- If more than one political party is influential in a country, it is called a multi-party system. For example:- India and France etc. Merits of one party system  ❖ Political stability and rapid economic development are possible in a one-party system. ❖ This system has a strong governance. ❖ No opposition is accepted in the one-party system. Merits of Two party system VV IMP ▪ This system has a stable and strong governance. ▪ The Government does not have to worry about stability. ▪ The two party system has a powerful opposition. ▪ This system prevents the government from being tyrannical. De-merits of Two party system ▪ In two party system, the choice to the voter is very limited. ▪ The system also jeopardizes national unity. ▪ Two party system likely to establish cabinet autocracy. ▪ Discipline is strict in this system. Merits of Multi party system VV IMP The multi-party system exists in India and France. Though the system has been since independence, the era of the multi-party system in real sense, started after 1977. More options exist in front of voters in the multi party system. The country does not grow into two opposite groups. De-merits of multiparty system ▪ The possibility of unstability in governance remains in multi party system. ▪ Policies that are formed in a multiparty system are uncertain. ▪ Multiparty system not profitable in terms of economic development or lead to wastage of economic resources ▪ Lack of strong opposing is there in multi-party system. Non-Congressism:- Many political parties and leaders voiced their opposition to the Congress system that lasted from 1952 to 1967 in India. There was an agitation by these political parties against the Congress. This rise of this anti congress sentiments called as Non-Congressism. The nature of single party rule in India was incorporeal as compared single party rules of other countries of the world.. Very Important Questions Question 1. When did first general election in India took place? Question 2. Which two countries did the Tashkent agreement? (Supporting Materials Page No.178) Question 3. When was the division in the Congress? (Supporting Materials Page No.178) Question 4. What are defections? Question 5. What is Non-Congressism? (Supporting Materials Page No. 179) Question 6. What is the Political alliance and when did it start in India? Question 7. Write an expanded form of SVD? (Supporting Materials Page No. 180) Question 8. Which decade is known as the dangerous decade? (Supporting Materials Page No. 179) Question 9. When and who gave the slogan 'Garibi Hatao'? (Supporting Materials Page No. 196) Question 10. Write name of the leader who gave the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan? (Supporting Materials Page No. 178) Question 11. When multi-party coalition governments started in India? Question 12. The idiom of "Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram" began from which state? Question 13. Who was the Prime Minister of UPA-II? Question 14. Which opposition alliance gave the slogan "Indira Hatao"? Question15. Write features of India's party system? VV IMP Question 16. What is a two party system? Write its merits and demerits? (Important Points to Remember) VV IMP Question17. What are the multi-party system? What are its merits and demerits? Describe multi-party system of India? (Important Points to Remember) VV IMP Lesson 11 Democratic Resurgence Important Points to Remember Democratic resurgence or upsurge Growing participation of people in India's politics resulting in strengthening of Indian democracy is known as the democratic resurgence. Three Stages of Democratic Resurgence VV IMP Features the First Democratic Resurgence (1950 to 1970) ❖ Increasing participation of Indian young voters. ❖ Successfully held first general election for Lok Sabha and state Assemblies held in 1951-52. ❖ The west's imagination was proved wrong, that modernisation, urbanization, education and access to the media are essentials for success of democracy. ❖ The principles of parliamentary democracy were adhered to. ❖ Many important thoughts/ideas, such as Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia's Socialism, the idea of Total Revolution by Loknayak JP Narayan, and Pandit Deen Dayal  Upadhyay's Integral Humanism came to emerge and strengthened democratic process. ❖ The five-year development plans, which were run by India on the lines of the Soviet Union, also strengthened the democratic resurgence. Features the Second Democratic Resurgence (1980 to 1990) VV IMP ❖ Upliftment of lower sections of the society like SC, ST and backward classes. ❖ Increased participation of OBC’s people in democratic politics of India. ❖ Jobs for these classes and reservation in educational institutions. ❖ Increase in participation of these categories in all activities of the country. ❖ The country's development intensified. ❖ Shri Yogendra Yadav, a previously AAP political party leader contributed to this democratic upsurge. Features the Third Democratic Resurgence (Starting from the 1990s) VV IMP ❖ This democratic Resurgence is also known as Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalization (LPG) model. ❖ This is start of competitive market and profit based society. ❖ Competitive market conditions arose in all important sectors of economy, society and polity. ❖ A system of moving from state to market" and "from government to government". ❖ State in the form of controller. Jai Prakash Narayan and his Total Revolution VV IMP ✓ Jai Prakash Narayan known as Lok Nayak has been a great freedom fighter, social reformer and politician and is also known as J. P. ✓ Actively participate in three popular movements (Freedom movement, Vinoba Bhave's Bhudan movement in the 1950s to 60s and the movement against corruption in the 70s). ✓ Followed Gandhian ideology as a social worker. ✓ J. P. Narayana included seven revolutions in his Total Revolution (Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Intellectual, Educational and Spiritual). ✓ In 1975, he called for a march to parliament against the government. As a result of which, the government imposed emergency in the country. Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia and his socialism VV IMP Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia has been freedom fighter and socialist thinker.  A major exponent of socialism and a supporter of democratic socialism. Their socialism is a kind of practical socialism, which can be easily applied in society. In his view, socialism is another name for equality and prosperity. If it is needed to impose some restrictions for development, one should go ahead alongwith maintainting democracy. Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia stressed on Chauburja politics with four pillars. He wanted to bring there four pillars (centre, state, district and village) for politics and socialism. The sovereignty should be divided on the basis of these four pillars. Only then, future of the public be bright. The state should be given subjects like police & government institutions & revenue to be given to district and village. One should exercise equality with everyone as far as possible. The standard of living should be same for all as far as possible. World Parliament should be made on the basis of adult voting rights. There should Rule of the World and also a World Army. Every citizen has the right to oppose government autocracy and tyranny and adopt disobedience. There can be no other way of saving the world apart from adopting socialism Supported forming a Party of Socialism by merging all political parties. Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay and Integral Humanism VV IMP Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay was a great philosopher, sociologist, economist and politician. Rich in multi-faceted talent. Gave the idea of Integral Humanism for to progressive ideology. Human being is at the center of development. Integral humanism is a notion, at the centre of which is a person, next circle family connected to a person, next circle is society associated with the family, then the nation, the world and finally the infinite universe. All of the above are complementary and natural partners of each other naturally co- operating with each other. There should be no conflict between all these. Integral Humanism is the only philosophy of the relationship of human, life and the whole world. The philosophy of integral humanism is based on the following three principles:- Priority is to totality, not to part. Supremacy of the religion. Self-government of society. Opposed Western capitalistic individualism and Marxist socialism and said that both of them focus only on the materialistic side of man. Whereas the spiritual development (the full human soul called Chiti) is very important for the full development of human beings. Emphasis on a classless, caste-free and dispute less social system. It also suggested a program for it. Various aspects of National Emergency VV IMP National Emergency was imposed in India on 25th June 1975. Indira Gandhi was as Prime Minister and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was as President, at that time. After 18 months, the emergency was withdrawn in 1977 due to widespread public protests. There were many reasons, effects and lessons learnt from this emergency. Aspects of Emergency:- Economic reasons for emergency Student Movement in Bihar and Gujarat Naxalite movement started from West Bengal in 1967 Countrywide rail strike for bonus and service demands Government clashes with judiciary due to dilution of fundamental rights and property rights Declaration of emergency & Consequences Debates in favour and against of emergency Public welfare work undertaken by the Government during emergency Post-emergency politics Shah Commission's findings on emergency (Memorable Point Supporting Materials Page No. 189 to 195) Very Important Questions Question1. What is the period of the first democratic resurgence? (Important Points to Remember) Question2. Which one of the following leaders called for a Total Revolution? Question3. The slogan "Indira is India-India is Indira" was given by which Congress leader? Question4. Magazines like 'Seminars and Main Streams' bowed down to censorship and did as per the will of government ( write true or false) Question 5. What do you mean by press censorship? (Supporting Material Page No. 195) Question 6. What was the goal of the Total Revolution? (Supporting Material Page No.195) Question 7. By which constitutional amendment, the tenure of the legislature was increased from five to six years? (Supporting Material Page No.192) Question 8. Who formed the political party named as 'Congress for Democracy' ? (Supporting Material Page No.196) Question 9. Which big leader, lead the rail strike in 1974? (Supporting Materials Page No. 196) Question 10. When and why was Shah Commission appointed? (Supporting Materials Page No.197) Question 11. Which revolutions were included in Total Revolution of JP? Question 12. What do you understand by preventive detention? (Supporting Materials Page No. 197) Question 13. What does democratic resurgence mean? (Important Points to Remember) Question 14. Who was elected as the Chief Justice of India in 1973? Question15. What were the views of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia's on his Socialism? (Important Points to Remember) VV IMP Question16. What are the features of the first, second and third democratic resurgence? Very Important Questions V IMP Question17. What was the impact of emergency on the following aspect of our polity:- On civil rights conditions On the executive and judiciary Question 18. Study the following lines carefully and answer the questions given below:- With the emergency, everyone is more conscious of civil rights. After the end of the emergency, the courts played an active role in protecting the civil rights of the individual. The judiciary had not been able to effectively protect civil rights at the time of the emergency. Question 1 Which fundamental right of citizens was the most affected during emergency of 1975? Question 2 Should there be no restriction on the rights of the citizen? Give the appropriate argument in favor or against your answer? Question 3 Why courts has started playing an active role in the civil rights of the individual, after the emergency?  Lesson10 Indian Polity: Trends and Development Important Points to Remember Coalition VV IMP If no political party receives the majority required to form a government, then some parties combine with each other to form a government by creating a common minimum programme. Such alliances are what is called alliance. The beginning of coalition era is considered to 1989. Advantages of Coalition Government VV IMP ✓ When no party has got an absolute majority to form a government, in that case the coalition offers a good choice. ✓ The country can be saved from holding re-elections. ✓ Political ideologies receive broad participation. ✓ Get an opportunity to express ideas. ✓ No one party can act arbitrarily. ✓ Regional parties join the alliance and undertake the development of their regions. ✓ Ideological differences are blurred as the national party and the regional party come closer. Disadvantages of Coalition Government VV IMP Parties demand money and office to save the government. Corruption politics gets promoted. Lack of coordination of ideas always poses a risk of a coalition government breakdown. The country becomes an atmosphere of political instability. Opportunistic politics is done to save the Government, rather than on ideology. Irresponsible efforts are made to get the demands agreed to. Political parties are forming alliances only to keep a particular party out of power and rather than making a coalition on the ideology. Political parties are building alliances to meet their personal interests. Political parties are building alliances, even without worrying about national interests, Major changes in Indian politics after 1989 ❖ End of the Congress system ❖ Janata Dal and Bharatiya Janata Party play an influential role in national politics ❖ Rise of the Mandal issue in national politics ❖ New Economic Policy launched in 1991 ❖ Ayodhya Dispute ❖ Rise of Coalition politics ❖ Shah Bano Case Bharatiya Janata Party's Rise VV IMP ❖ Bharatiya Janata Party roots lie in old Bharatiya Jana Sangh. ❖ Jan Sangh was an important part in the Janata Party in1977. ❖ Jan Sangh supporters formed the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1980. ❖ The BJP followed the objectives of the Jan Sangh. ❖ This party aims to build a modern and strong India that is inspired by ancient culture and social values  ❖ Gandhian socialism followed in its ideology. ❖ The BJP did not get much success in the 1980 and 1984 elections. ❖ After 1986, the BJP began to add Hindu nationalism, i.e., Hindutva, to its ideology. ❖ BJP opposed the government's reversal of the supreme court judgement in the Shah Bano case in 1986 and termed it as unnecessary exemption given to the minority community. ❖ BJP pursued the issue of Hindutva by taking up the programme in support of make Ram temple on Ram Janmabhoomi. ❖ The BJP's public support has increased sharply since 1989. ❖ The BJP is always in favour of possessing and making progress in nuclear weapons. ❖ The nuclear test was conducted in 1998 under the leadership of former prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. ❖ Formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) by alliance with several parties to gain power at the centre. ❖ Gained majority in 2014 elections and Hon'ble Narendra Modi became Prime Minister. Earlier, Atal Bihari Vajpayee was Prime Minister from 1996 and March 1998 to October 1999. ❖ This party favour Uniform Civil Code (UCC). ❖ The main slogan of Bharatiya Janata Party is Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas. Problems faced in achieving high growth ✓ Lack of economic resources. ✓ Funding required too much. ✓ Politics not done on principles and it create hurdle in the way of development. ✓ Lack of public participation in development work. ✓ Non availability of systematic administration. Some of the schemes run by Hon'ble PM Narendra Modi during NDA-III tenure VV IMP ▪ Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana - Subsidized LPG connections to women from poor families. ▪ Swachh Bharat Abhiyan- Cleanliness of infrastructure in the country. ▪ Jan Dhan – Financial inclusion of all through bank account with Zero Balances accounts in banks. ▪ Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana – Subsidized electricity to rural areas consumers ▪ Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana - Kisan Fasal Bima Yojana to compensate the loss in case of Natural Calamities. ▪ Beti Bachao Beti Padhao - Empowerment of girl/women and saving them from exploitation by giving them freedom, education and power. ▪ Ayushman Bharat Scheme - Health insurance up to 5 lakh to BPL card holders. Difference between NDA (National Democratic Alliance) and UPA (United Progressive Alliance) VV IMP NDA (National Democratic Alliance) ❖ Coalition formed in 1998 ❖ BJP and its coalition of partner parties ❖ This coalition ruled at the centre till 1999-2004, under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee ❖ Shri Sharad Yadav is the convener of this alliance.  ❖ Hon'ble Prime Minister Modi is leading this alliance since 2014 at the Central Government ❖ BJP has a national party in this alliance of 42 parties. UPA (United Progressive Alliance) The alliance was built after the 2004 election It is alliance of Congress and its allies parties Sonia Gandhi is leading this alliance Dr. Manmohan Singh has held the Prime Minister post when this alliance was in power in the centre government of this alliance was at the Centre Very important question Question1. Which coalition government was formed in the general elections of 2004? (Important Points to Remember) Question2. In which year, Bharatiya Janata Party was established? (Important Points to Remember) Question3. In which year, NDA was formed? Question 4. Write expanded form of UPA? (Important Points to Remember) Question 5. Which scheme of the Government of India is for the welfare of girl child? (Important Points to Remember) Question 6. In which year the, New Economic Policy came into force in India? (Supporting Material Page No. 237) Question 7. The Indian National Congress won 415 seats in the 1984 Lok Sabha general elections. (Mark the Wrong/Right) (Supporting Materials Page No. 237) Question 8. In which year did the second backward commission was constituted? Question 9. Mark right or wrong on the following sentence:- The Godhra massacre occurred in 2002 in the Sabarmati Express train at Godhra station in Gujarat. (Marks Right/Wrong) Question 8. What do you mean by the Uniform Civil Code? (Supporting Material Page No. 237) Question 9. When did the era of coalition governments begin in Indian politics? Question 10. Write expanded form of BAMCEF and the year, in which it came into being? (Supporting Material Page No. 238) Question11. What are the political issues on which all political parties have been agreed upon since 1990? VV IMP Question12. Describe Mandal issue detail? (Supporting Material Page No. 238) VV IMP Question13. What is the reason for the rise of coalition governments in India? (Memorable point Supporting Materials Page No. 234) Question 14. Write four issues that are related to the development of people's rights and their participation in democracy? (Supporting Materials Page No. 238) Question 15. Write big changes that came in India's politics after 1989? Explain any two changes? (Memorable point Supporting Materials Page No. 233) VV IMP