Enduring Communication REVIEWERS (SEMI FINAL) PDF

(English 101) Enduring Communication What is cultural ignorance? Communication who fail to realize that persons from different cultures may not look, think, or act as they themselves do run the risk of having those with whom they interact judge them to be insensitive,...

(English 101) Enduring Communication What is cultural ignorance? Communication who fail to realize that persons from different cultures may not look, think, or act as they themselves do run the risk of having those with whom they interact judge them to be insensitive, ignorant or culturally confused. The following examples demonstrate the cultural ignorance affects communication: Showing the sole of a shoe means nothing observes in the United States or Europe. As a result, when visiting Saudi Arabia, the American and European delegates to a conference thought nothing about crossing their legs and pointing their shoes toward the speaker while listening to his presentation. In Muslim cultures, the gesture is perceived as insulting and similarly, while crossing the legs in the US indicates you are relaxed, in Korea it is a social faux pas. McDonalds fast food chain unintentionally offended thousands of Muslims when it printed an excerpt from the Koran on its throw away hamburger bags. Muslims saw this as sacrilegious. The mistake could have been avoided if McDonalds had displayed greater sensitivity and awareness. The Japanese view the business card as an extension of a person, while Americans view it as a business formality and a convenience, Consequently, while Japanese handle business cards with greater care, making certain to put them in safe places , Americans typically are quick to put them away and thus often end up insulting the Japanese. Arabs typically adopt a direct body orientation when communicating. Americans employ a stance that is somewhat less direct and thus often find the communication of Arabs aggressive and unnerving. Arabs and  South Americans also tend to gesture vigorously when speaking to others, causing the less physical Americans to construe their behavior as inappropriate and unmannerly. It is common in Middle Eastern cultures for both males and females to physically exaggerate responses, while in the United States emotions are more likely to be suppressed. In Japan, individuals may try to hide or mask certain emotions. It is common among Asian cultures to exhibit reserve and emotional restraint. Eye contact preferences also differ across cultures. Americans place a high value on eye to eye communication and tend to distrust those who fail to look at them directly. The Japanese, in contrast, believe eye contact over a sustained period of time shows disrespect. Among Asian cultures, too much eye contact is deemed intrusive. Arabs on the other hand, maintain direct eye contact with those they interact with for prolonged periods. Americans tend to value personal achievement and individualism. In contrast, Asian and Native American cultures stress group cohesion and loyalty, placing greater emphasis on group rather individual achievement. What is culturally sensitive? Is the awareness and acceptance of cultural differences and similarities between people without assigning them a value—positive or negative, better or worse, right or wrong. It is the ability to understand and appreciate the differences between cultures. There are some of the cross cultural blunders that could have been avoided if we are culturally sensitive. (some serious, others comical) An American oil rig supervisor in Indonesia shouted at an employee to take a boat to shore. Since no one berates Indonesian in public, a mob of outraged workers chased the supervisor with axes.  Pepsodent tried to sell its toothpaste in Southeast Asia by emphasizing that it “whitens your teeth”. They found out that local natives chew betel nuts to blacken their teeth which they find attractive. A company advertised eyeglasses in Thailand by featuring a variety of cute animals wearing glasses. The ad was a poor choice since animals are considered to be a form of low life and no self respecting Thai would wear anything worn by animals. The soft drink Fresca was being promoted by a saleswoman in Mexico. She was surprised that her sales pitch was greeted with laughter, and later embarrassed when she learned that fresca is slang for “lesbian”. When former President George Bush went to Japan with Lee Iacocca and other American business magnates, and directly made explicit and direct demands on Japanese leaders, they violated Japanese etiquette. To the Japanese (who use high context language), it is considered rude and a sign of ignorance or desparation to lower oneself to make direct demands. Some analysts believe it severely damaged the negotiations and confirmed to the Japanese that Americans are barbarians. A soft drink was introduced into Arab countries with an attractive label that had stars on it six pointed stars. The Arabs interpreted this as pro-Israeli and refused to buy it. Another label was printed in ten languages, one of which was Hebrew, again, the Arabs did not buy it. Terms, Expressions and Images Reflecting Different Cultures Gestures and Body Stance Refers to the body movements you use to send a message. This tells your receiver what your intention is, how you are feeling at the moment, and what message are you trying to convey. Examples: In America, pointing with the index finger is acceptable while in some Asian countries it is considered impolite or rude.  In Western countries, doing the hand shake to say thank you, hello, or goodbye is acceptable while in some Asian countries, they do not do the handshake but they bow their heads instead. In Costa Rica, you should give the drivers the thumbs up if they allow you to walk by. In the United States, thumbs up means “okay”. In some countries, it is considered vulgar. Sitting with crossed legs is accepted in the Philippines but in Ghana and Turkey, It is considered offensive. Snapping your fingers to get the attention of a waiter maybe accepted in most cultures but in some cultures, this is taken as disrespect and is considered offensive. In Middle Eastern countries, it is considered an offensive act if you show your feet in public while in Western countries and some Asian countries, showing off your feet is fine. In most countries, sticking your tongue out is taken as a sign of mockery while in Polynesia, this gesture is used to greet people.ù In Taiwan, slouching when listening to a speaker or in a conversation is considered disrespectful, while in other countries it may not have the same interpretation. In the United States, standing with hands on the hips may be interpreted as suggesting power or being proud but in Argentina, it is interpreted as being angry or inviting a challenge. In Arab countries, sitting with your foot resting on the opposite knee is not accepted. The bottom of your shoe is considered dirty. Therefore, showing it to a person you are communicating with is not correct. Evaluating Messages and/or Images Multimodal Text Strategic use of 2 or more communication modes (image, gestures, music, spoken language, written language). Multimodal text can be: Paper such as books, posters comics, business card Digital such as ebooks, blogs, web pages, social media, film, powerpoint presentation. Live - such as performance or events. Transmedia - the combination of paper and digital of multimodal text. Examples of Multimodal Text VAC (Video Advocacy Campaign) - video for a reason, not about something. Advocacy - process of bringing out change in policies, laws, or peoples behaviour and attitudes. Video Advocacy - using visual media as a strategy tool to engage people to create change. Remember: Video is the medium, advocacy is the purpose, and change is the goal. PSA (Public Service Announcement) - promotes programs, services, activities, for local or national governments or any non-profit organizations. Where can you see it? In the form of live commercial and print ads (e.g, billboard ads) Remember: Through a PSA, you can bring your community together with a subject that is important to you. MC (Media Campaign) - such as newspaper articles, television interviews Why are you doing it? (Purpose) Who is your target audience? (Audience) What is your message? (Idea) How will you deliver the message? When will you do it? Advocacy video requires: Setting specific objectives Identifying target audiences Developing a strategic plan for production and distribution.  Communication in the Workplace Business Letters Memo is a formal communication are short, formal internal used by a company for communication of an internal or external organization. purposes. used to convey information Written for following regarding problems or purposes: solutions to problems (e.g, Introducing a product to changes in policy, price prospective customers; increases, etc) call for showing gestures of action (e.g, attending a appreciation; thanking meeting , change a business partners or clients; current production providing incentives; procedure, etc) making a complaint; announcements (e.g, suggesting solutions; employee promotion, applying for a position; and upcoming seminars, etc) etc. Education Industry Is the industry that molds and prepares students to be competitive in their chosen fields. Technology contributes a lot in improving communication such as e-mailing, using school websites, mobile phones texting, phone blasting or using social media to communicate are some of the ways you can send your messages, but in an educational setting. Examples of different communication methods you utilize in an educational setting: Personal - As a practitioner in the education industry, your demeanour can relay strong messages to your audience. A teacher without confidence cannot assert herself well in class. Phone Calls and E-mails – When you answer the phone or an e-mail at work, remember that you are not representing yourself but the school,  so try to show interest in your voice or your responses to e-mails. Make every conversation or response warm and neutral. Face to Face - Be a good listener when communicating, if you are discussing with parents about concerns regarding their child, avoid being defensive. Instead, listen and emphathize. Websites - If you are in charge of communication, be sure to supervise the school's digital footprint. Be mindful of the data protection law when posting anything on the schools websites. Always be clear, concise, professional and safe in your content. Newsletters - The school has a choice to make newsletters digital or on paper. Whatever the school choice is, make sure that your school newsletters serve as a means to inform, promote, gather, and educate. Effective Communication and Oral Presentation in the Workplace When I write, I When I speak, I Use formal language in workplace Make sure to introduce myself communication. Take into consideration my personal Make a good first impression relationship with the recipient. Identidy the purpose of the Take into consideration the cultural communication. differences of my audience. Check and follow the rules of writing Practice eye contact. formally and informally. Usually decipher if I need to send a Am mindful of my body language. letter or e-mail. Am mindful of my style and Use visual aids to augment my grammar. presentation. Take time to research about the Use proper facial expressions. readers. Make sure I use proper tone in my Pay attention to the non-verbal writing. signals I receive from my audience. Do not use jargons if my readers are Practice active listening. heterogenous. Refrain from using slangs. Show confirmation that I understand their feedback. Ensure the neatness of the Encourage my audience to ask presentation of the document. questions. Avoid being too personal. Use positive language. Research the complete name and Am aware of my speaking style. position of the recipient. Take into consideration my Use assertiveness versus aggression. audience. Gambatte love, do ur very best and aim for that score of yours as well as trust yourself and believe in the best guider! :))  (History 101) Basis and Definition of Taxation Taxation refers to the fees and monetary obligations required by the government on its residents. Is the process or means by which the sovereign, through its lawmaking body, raises income to defray the necessary expenses of the government. Taxes are the lifeblood of the government, and their prompt and certain availability are an imperious need (Commissioner vs Pineda, 21 SCRA 105). This inherent power gives the government the right to tax citizens and properties within jurisdiction. Without taxes, the government will be paralyzed (Commissioner vs Algue, Inc.., L-2889, Feb 17, 1988,158 SCRA 9). One of the primary undertakings of any government in order to provide sufficient funds with which a nation's economy may be sustained and developed. The ultimate beneficiaries in the process are both the government and the citizens. Objectives of Taxation It is one of the major means by which the national government's attempts to achieve various economic and social objectives. Including the shifting wealth from rich to the poor, maintaining price stability, stimulating economic growth, and encouraging full employment. Tax Provisions in two different ways: Some tax rules are enacted for the Other taxes provide incentives for purpose of mitigating certain certain desirable activities. For undesirable economic and social instance, businesses can claim deductions for depreciation of conditioning. For instance, low productive assets much faster than income individuals often pay little or the assets wear out. This incentives no national income taxes because for businesses to invest in these assets, leading to increased of the elaborate system of employment of low and middle exclusions, deductions and credits of income workers. All too often, the current law. incentive and mitigating aspects of various tax provisions work at cross purposes. When an incentive provision is enacted, numerous limitations and restrictions will usually prevent its application in many circumstances. And will create a maze or statutory law under which tax savings are possible, but only if transactions are carefully planned to fit within statutory requirements. Limitations on the Power of Taxation subject to constitutional and inherent limitations. Constitutional limitations are those provided for the constitution or implied from the provisions. Inherent Limitations are restrictions to the power to tax at nature.  Purpose - taxes can be imposed solely for public use. Territorial Principle - the government has the right to tax individuals and assets within its jurisdiction. International Comity - property belonging to a foreign country cannot be subjected to taxation by another entity for exemption purposes. Exemption - the government agencies carrying out official functions are not liable to be taxed. Non-Delegation - the power to to tax is legislative in nature, it cannot be delegated through treaties or other means. National Internal Revenue Code of 1997 of the Philippines the following individuals and corporations are required to pay taxes in the Philippines: ✓ Filipino citizens living in the Philippines and earning income from sources within and outside the country. ✓ Filipino immigrants (OFW), and other non-resident citizens with income from sources within the Philippines. ✓ Residents and non-resident foreigners earning income from sources within and outside the Philippines. ✓ Foreign corporations with income from sources within the Philippines. Kinds of Taxes Personal Tax Property Tax Privilege Tax Direct Tax tax of a fixed tax imposed any tax which taxes for amount on property, does not fall which the imposed on real, or within the taxpayer is persons personal. classification directly or residing within of the primarily a specific previous two. liable, or territory. which he Also known as cannot shift to capitation tax. another.  Indirect Tax Specific Tax Ad valorem Tax General Tax taxes which a tax of a a tax fixed levied for the are demanded fixed amount proportion of general which from one imposed by the value of imposed of person in the the head or the property the expectation standard which tax is government and intention measuremen assessed. to raise that he shall t of taxes (i.e, revenue for indemify wines, liquor, governmental himself at the cigarettes) needs and expense as a project. consumer. Features of the Philippines Income Tax System 1. Direct Tax - the tax burden is borne by the income recipient upon whom the tax is imposed. 2. Progressive - the tax rate increases as the tax base increases. It is founded on the ability to pay principle and is consistent with Sec. 28, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution. 3. Comprehensive - the Philippines has adopted the most comprehensive system of imposing income tax by adopting the citizenship principle, and the source principle. Any of the three principles is enough to justify the imposition of income tax on the income of a resident citizen and a domestic corporation that are taxed on a worldwide income. 4. Semi-schedular or semi-global Tax System - the philippines follow the semi schedular or semi-global system of income taxation, although certain passive investment incomes and capital gains from sale of capital assets (shares of stock of domestic corporation, real property) are subject to final taxes at preferential tax rates. 5. National Tax - it is imposed and collected by the National Government throughout the country. 6. Exercise Tax - It is imposed on the right or privilege of a person to receive or earn income. It is not a personal tax or a property tax. The Tax Reform for the Acceleration and Inclusion of RA No. 10963 (TRAIN LAW) President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed into Law Republic Act No. 10963/ Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Act, the first package of the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP, on December 19, 2017, Malacanang. TRAIN provides hefty income tax cuts for the majority of Filipino taxpayers while raising additional funds to help support the government's accelerated spending on its “Build, Build, Build” and social services programs. This tax reforms package corrects a longstanding inequity of the tax system by reducing personal income tax for 99 percent of taxpayers, thereby giving them the much needed relief after 20 years of non-adjustment of the tax rates and brackets. This is the biggest Christmas and New Year gift the government is giving for the people. For the poorest 10 million households, the government is giving them targeted cash transfers of PHP 200 per month in 2018 and P300 per month in 2019 and 2020, sourced from higher consumption taxes that the rich will contribute, as well as better social services, healthcare, and education for better job opportunities. President Duterte vetoed certain provisions of the TRAIN. The vetoed five-line items are the following provisions: Reduced income tax rate of employees of Regional Headquarters (RHQs), Regional Operating Headquarters (ROHQs), Offshore Banking Units (OBU’s) and Petroleum Service Contractors and SUbcontractors. Zero-rating of sales of goods and services to separate customs territory and tourism enterprise zones. Exemption from percentage tax of gross sales/recipients not exceeding five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00).  Exemption of various petroleum products from exercise tax when used as input,feedstock, or as raw material in the manufacturing of petrochemical products, or in the refining of petroleum products, or as replacement fuel for natural gas fired combined cycle power plants; and Earmarking of incremental tobacco taxes. The TRAIN raises significant revenues to support the President’s priority social and infrastructure programs, which will help his administration's goal of reducing the poverty rate from 21.6 to 14 percent by 2022. Some 70 percent of the incremental revenue will help fund the government's infrastructure modernization program, while the balance will go to social services. Starting 2018, the government expects to raise funds equivalent to about two-thirds of the incremental revenues targeted under this tax reform law. The Congress has committed to pass the rest of the TRAINS’s provisions representing the remaining one-third of the targeted revenues in early 2018 to help us achieve our revenue and deficit targets. With the people’s support and understanding, all these reforms will result in more and better jobs, lower prices, and a brighter future for every Filipino.  (Mathematics 101) Problem Solving Reasoning is the fundamental part of daily life. Mathematics Reasoning is the ability to draw logical conclusions based on evidence or stated assumptions. – using logical thinking (facts and evidence). Types of Reasoning Inductive reasoning - based on observation, gathered by direct or indirect group relation; and usually specific to general. Deductive reasoning - general to specific. Inductive Reasoning 1. Determine the next number 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 Example: 1. Every test in this class is difficult, therefore the next test will be difficult. 2. Peter has forgotten his umbrella, therefore it has rain. Peter forgets his umbrella which he suspects to rain. 3. The child took a bath everyday, passed a test, and the child got a perfect score. Deductive Reasoning 1. Filipinos are religious, Jayver is a Filipino. Therefore, we can conclude that Jayver is religious. 2. George Polya’s Four Step Problem Solving Process Understand the Problem Devise a Plan Carry out the Plan Look Back Problem 1: A teacher has 120 pieces of candy to give to her students as reward. She wants to divide the candies equally among her 24 students. How many pieces of candy will each student receive? Solutions: Understand the Problem a. How many students will each student receive? b. What is given? 120 pieces of candy and 24 students Devise a Plan 120 ÷ 24 Carry out a Plan 120 ÷ 24 = 5 Look Back 5 x 24 = 120 Problem 2: A student chose a number, multiplied it by 2, then subtracted 138 from the result and get 102. What was the number he chose? Problem 3: An airplane flies from Manila to Davao with a stop over in Cebu. It changes a fare of P1,800 Manila to Cebu and a fare of P3,500 from Manila to Davao. In one flight, a total of 180 passengers boarded the plane in Manila and the collected fare totalled P494,000. How many passengers got off the plane to Cebu? Solution: Understand the Problem  a. How many passengers got off the plane in Cebu? b. What is given? Let x be the variable for Manila to Cebu Let y be the variable for Manila to Davao Devise a Plan 1800 x ﹢630,000 – 3500 x = 494,000 Carry out a Plan x﹢y = 180 ; y = 180 – x Look Back 1800 (x)﹢ 3500 (180 – x) = 494,000 1800 x C 630,000 – 3500 x = 494,00 630,000 – 494,000 = 3500 x – 1800 x 136,000 ÷ 1700 x = 1700 x ÷ 1700 (cancel out) x = 80 passengers 1800 (80)﹢3500 (100) = 494,000 144,000 ﹢ 350,000 =494,000  Understanding the Self (PSY 101) Setting Goals Goals is a desire that you envision and then plan and commit to achieve. Importance Provide direction Serve as motivation Serve as a sense of purpose in our lives 2 Categories of Goal Short term goals - are goals that can be achieved in a day, weeks, and year. Long term goals - are goals that are usually over a year and more. Setting Goal (Steps) Identify what you want Devise a plan of action Follow your plan Reset goal (SMART stands S - Specific, M - Measurable, A - Attainable, R - Realistic, T - Timebound/Time Related) Albert Bandura’s Self Efficacy Self Efficacy Defined as “people’s belief about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives.” High assurance in their capabilities: 1. Approach difficulty tasks as challenges to be mastered. 2. Set challenging goals and maintain strong commitment to them.  3. Heighten or sustain efforts in the face or failures or setbacks. 4. Attribute failure to insufficient effort or deficient knowledge and skills which are acquirable; and 5. Approach threatening situations with assurance that they can exercise control over them. People who doubt their capabilities: 1. Shy away from tasks they view as personal threats; 2. Have low aspirations and weak commitment to goals they chose to pursue. 3. Dwell on personal deficiencies, obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes, rather than concentration on how to perform successfully. 4. Stacken their efforts and give up quickly in the face of difficulties. 5. Are slow to recover their sense of self efficacy following failure or setbacks. 6. Fail easy victim to stress and depression. Four Main Sources of Influence which a person’s self efficacy is developed and maintained; Performance accomplishments or mastery experiences; Vicarious experiences Verbal or social persuasion; and Physiological (somatic and emotional) states. Edwin Locke Goal Setting Theory - “Toward a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives” Three factors that will make individuals highly motivated; these are Goals are challenging and specific to travel. They are strongly committed to their goals. They strongly believe in their ability to accomplish their goal. Edwin Locke and Gary Latham's Five Principles of Goal Setting 1. Clarity: goals should be clear and well-defined, it must be a source of motivation 2. Challenge: goals should be achievable but also challenging to you, and also interesting. 3. Commitment: you should fully commit to your goals to achieve them and also serve to gain recognition. 4. Feedback: you should regularly evaluate and reflect on your goals to stay on track which means that the opportunity to clarify expectations 5. Task complexity: you should give yourself time and space to reach complex goals. Be realistic and having the appropriate balances. Self Care Management Self Care is the practice of taking care of physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of your life to promote health and wellness. Physical Care Physical self-care include: Getting the proper amount of exercise Eating regular, well-balanced meals that are mostly whole foods and staying hydrated Engaging in relaxing activities that can help manage stress Getting enough sleep Getting regular medical and dental care Intellectual Social Economic Emotional/Mental Emotional self care include: Use relaxation programs or apps regularly to incorporate meditation, yoga, muscle relaxation, or breathing exercises. Practice gratitude by reminding yourself daily of things you are grateful for. Write them down at night or replay them in your mind. Participate in creative activities you enjoy. Read a book or do a puzzle. Play games such as Scrabble, crossword puzzles, or other brain teasers. Try a new hobby. Engage in exercise. Take adult education classes. Seek help from a professional as needed Spiritual Spiritual self-care practices might include: Meditating Hiking or spending time in nature Listening to inspirational music Going to church or attending virtual spiritual activities or groups Praying Talking with a spiritual advisor