Intellectual Revolutions and Science Technology: Reviewer PDF

***Intellectual Revolutions*** Geocentric Theory A famous philosopher and astronomer, **Claudius** **Ptolemy**, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in circular motion around the Earth. He believed that the Earth was at the center a concept known as geocentrism. Ptolemy\'...

***Intellectual Revolutions*** Geocentric Theory A famous philosopher and astronomer, **Claudius** **Ptolemy**, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in circular motion around the Earth. He believed that the Earth was at the center a concept known as geocentrism. Ptolemy\'s geocentric model was widely accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time. **Copernican** **Revolution** In the 16th century, **Nicolaus** **Copernicus**, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the Earth but the sun. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before all other things. Kepler's Law Johannes Keplerformulated three laws of planetary motion, which accurately described the motion of comets as well. 1\. **Kepler's first law**: The planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun, with the sun at one of the two foci of the elliptical orbit. 2\. **Kepler's** **second** **law**: Each planet intervals of time. revolves around the sun in such a way that the line joining the planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal 3\. **Kepler's** **third** **law**: The cube of the mean distance of a planet from the sun is directly proportional to the square of time it takes to move around the sun. **Darwinian Revolution** Considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist and geologist, published his book, On the Origin of Species. In this book, Darwin survive introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. Freudian Revolution In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people\'s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis study that explains human behavior. In this theory, he explained that many conscious and unconscious factors can influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego. Id, Ego, and Superego The id is the impulsive part of your personality that is driven by pleasure and repulsed by pain, the superego is the judgmental and morally correct part of your personality, and the ego is the conscious part of your personality that mediates between the id and the superego and makes decisions The id: I want to skip my workout because I feel lazy and just want to relax. The superego: I shouldn't skip the workout because it's essential for my health and discipline. The ego: I can do a shorter workout today and make up for it with a longer session tomorrow. The id: I want this luxury bag now because it's stylish and will make me feel good The superego: I shouldn't spend so much on a bag when I could save or use that money for more essential things. The ego: I'll save a portion of my salary for a few months, and if I still want it, I'll buy the bag as a reward. The id: I'm upset and want to snap back immediately because they hurt my feelings. The superego: I should remain calm and composed, taking criticism professionally and not personally. The ego: I'll consider the feedback, see if there's any truth to it, and respond diplomatically, asking for clarification if needed ***Science** **Technology and Nation Building*** **Pre-colonial Period** Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicine. Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented. Moreover, Filipinos developed modes of transportation **Pre-colonial Period** A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountaintops to achieve an elaborate farming system **Pre-colonial Period** Extraction of iron ores until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and China. Learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, cultivate lowland rice dike fields and in terraced fields and to build boats**.** **Colonial Period** Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of construction. Walls, roads, bridges and other large infrastructures were built using some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the Spanish government developed health and education systems that were enjoyed by the principalia class. Some schools and hospitals were also established Schools: Colegio de San Ildefonso (Cebu 1595): Colegio de San Ignacio (Manila 1595): Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (Manila 1597): Colegio de San Jose (Manila 1601): University of Santo Tomas (Manila 1611) Hospitals: San Lazaro Hospital (1578) and Hospital de Los Banos (1590) specializes in Infectious Diseases: San Juan de Dios (1596): Chinese General Hospital (1891) The bridge is a five-span 445 The bridge is a five-span 445 ft (136 m) long stone arch bridge built during the Spanish colonial period in Tayabas, Quezon, Philippines. The bridge is known as one of the oldest bridges as well as the longest bridge made during the Spanish era. **Colonial** **Period** The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. They established a government agency, the **Bureau of Science** for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and technology. Promotion of Science and Technology in the Philippines was intensified. The establishment of schools, universities, boards and bureaus: **Bureau of Science (1905), University of the Philippines (1908).** The growth of higher education, rise of professional organization of scientists and engineers **Post-Colonial Period** After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different administrations, continue to pursue programs in science and technology. Each leadership had its own science and technology agenda. However, it is important to note than some Philippine presidents posted more developments in the field than others. There was a deterioration of science in the Philippines that led to the creation of National Science Development Board (NSDB). The reasons are lack of government support, lack of scientist, and lack of public awareness of science. **Post-Colonial Period** The formulated policies for the development of science and to coordinate the work of science agencies like: Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST): The Philippine Inventors Commission (1964) The Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964) The Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967) The Forest Products Research (1969) One of the presidents who ushered advancements was Ferdinand Marcos. The agencies under him were. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) and National Science and Technology Authority which is now the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)