Geocentric vs Heliocentric Theories

• Intellectual Revolutions

Geocentric Theory

• Claudius Ptolemy, a famous philosopher and astronomer, theorized that the planets, sun, and moon moved in circular motion around the Earth.
• Ptolemy believed the Earth was the center, also known as geocentrism.
• Ptolemy's geocentric model was widely accepted and considered a major discovery.

Copernican Revolution

• Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model in the 16th century.
• Copernicus introduced heliocentrism, which suggested that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System.
• Heliocentrism was initially rejected, conflicting with religious beliefs about the Earth's creation.

Kepler's Laws

• Johannes Kepler formulated three laws of planetary motion.
• Kepler's laws accurately describe the motion of comets.
• Kepler's first law: Planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun, with the sun at one of the ellipse's two foci.
• Kepler's second law: A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps over equal areas during equal intervals of time.
• Kepler's third law: The cube of a planet's mean distance from the sun is proportional to the square of the time it takes to orbit.

Darwinian Revolution

• Charles Darwin, published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859.
• Darwin introduced the theory of evolution.
• Populations pass through natural selection, where the fittest survive.

Freudian Revolution

• Sigmund Freud changed psychology with his psychoanalysis theory in the late 19th century.
• Conscious and unconscious factors influence behavior and emotions.
• Personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego.
• The id is impulsive, driven by pleasure, and repulsed by pain.
• The superego is judgmental and morally correct.
• The ego mediates between the id and superego, making decisions.

Science Technology and Nation Building in the Philippines (Pre-Colonial Period)

• Scientific and technological development began in the pre-colonial Philippines.
• Early Filipinos used plants and herbs as medicine.
• Farming and animal-raising systems existed.
• Filipinos developed methods of transportation.
• Rice terraces were built by hand in the Cordilleras with a complicated irrigation system.
• Iron ores were extracted.
• Filipinos learned to weave cotton and make glass ornaments.
• Lowland rice dike fields and terraced fields were cultivated, and boats were built.

Science Technology and Nation Building in the Philippines (Colonial Period)

• Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern construction methods.
• Walls, roads, and bridges were built using engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards.
• The Spanish government developed health and education systems mainly for the principalia class.
• Schools and hospitals were established during this period, including:
  • Colegio de San Ildefonso (Cebu, 1595)
  • Colegio de San Ignacio (Manila, 1595)
  • Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (Manila, 1597)
  • Colegio de San Jose (Manila, 1601)
  • University of Santo Tomas (Manila, 1611)
• Hospitals established include:
  • San Lazaro Hospital (1578)
  • Hospital de Los Banos (1590)
  • San Juan de Dios (1596)
  • Chinese General Hospital (1891)
• The bridge in Tayabas, Quezon, is a five-span, 445 ft (136 m) long stone arch bridge built during the Spanish colonial period and is one of the oldest and longest bridges from that era.
• American occupation modernized the Philippines.
• The Bureau of Science was established in 1905 to develop science and technology.
• Schools, universities, boards and bureaus were established, including:
  • Bureau of Science (1905)
  • University of the Philippines (1908)
• The growth of higher education increased the number of scientists and engineers.

Science Technology and Nation Building in the Philippines (Post-Colonial Period)

• The Philippines continued pursuing science and technology programs after independence.
• The National Science Development Board (NSDB) was created because of a deterioration of science, lack of government support, lack of scientists, and lack of public awareness.
• Policies were formulated to develop science and coordinate the work of science agencies, such as:
  • Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
  • National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)
  • The Philippine Inventors Commission (1964)
  • The Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
  • The Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
  • The Forest Products Research (1969)
• Ferdinand Marcos ushered in advancements with agencies like:
  • Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
  • National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
  • National Science and Technology Authority (now the Department of Science and Technology (DOST))

Explore the shift from the geocentric theory, proposed by Ptolemy, to the heliocentric theory introduced by Copernicus. Learn about Kepler's laws of planetary motion and the impact of these intellectual revolutions on science and society.