Media and Information Literacy PDF

REVIEWER IN MIL (3RD QUARTER) Dibao is the earliest and oldest newspaper in the world. It is also called “Bamboo Inscriptions”. INTRODUCTION TO MIL Acta Diurna was carved o...

REVIEWER IN MIL (3RD QUARTER) Dibao is the earliest and oldest newspaper in the world. It is also called “Bamboo Inscriptions”. INTRODUCTION TO MIL Acta Diurna was carved on stone or metal and Communication is the act or process of using words, presented on message boards in public places like sounds, and signs, or behaviors to express or the Forum of Rome. exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else. Industrial Age (1700’s-1930’s) People used the power of steam, developed machine Two basic types of Communications tools, and established iron production and 1. Verbal communication involves the use of spoken manufacturing of various products. or written words to convey a message. Motion Picture Photography (Cinematography) Ex. Oral/Written involves such techniques as the general composition 2. Nonverbal communication refers to the of a scene and the integration of any special effects. transmission of messages without the use of words. The London Gazette is the Official journal of Ex. Signs, symbols, body language, facial expressions, record of the British Government, and the most gestures and colors. important among such official journals in the United Kingdom. Media and Information Literacy Printing Press was invented in the Holy Roman Combination of knowledge, attitudes, skills, Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around and practices required to access, analyze, evaluate, 1440, based on existing screw presses. use, produce, and communicate information and A telephone or phone, is a Telecommunications knowledge in creative, legal, and ethical ways that device that permits two or more users to conduct a respect human rights (Moscow Declaration on Media conversation when they are too far apart to be heard and Information Literacy, 2012). directly. Media Literacy Electrical Telegraph, or more commonly just - The ability to read, analyze, evaluate, and produce telegraph, superseded optical semaphore telegraph communication in a variety of media forms. MEDIA = systems, thus becoming the first form of electrical Text, Television, Visual Arts, Video, Audio Telecommunications. Morse Code was used by Information Literacy military men during this era to transfer data and - The ability to recognize when information is needed communicate to different territories as well as Punch and to locate, evaluate, effectively use, and cards where codes are punched into sheets of paper. communicate information in its various formats. Identify -> Find -> Evaluate -> Apply -> Acknowledge Electronic Age (1930’S -1980’S) Technology Literacy The invention of the transistor ushered in the - The ability to use digital technology, electronic age. People harnessed the power of communication tools or networks to locate, transistors that led to the Transistor Radio, Electronic evaluate, use, and create information. Circuits, and Early Computers. Transistor Radio -Radio is a small portable radio EVOLUTION OF MEDIA receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry. Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700’s) Television (1941) is a Telecommunication People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, medium used for transmitting moving images in and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze monochrome, or color. copper, and Iron. EDSAC 1949 (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Cave Paintings are also known as “Parietal Art”. Calculator) An Early British computer inspired by They have painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, John Von Neumann’s Seminal first draft of a report mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to some 40000 on the EDVAC. years ago in Eurasia. UNIVAC I 1951 (Universal Automatic Computer Clay Tablets were used as a writing medium, I) First Commercial Computer produced in the United especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age. Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that ENIAC. was used in Ancient Times as a writing surface. HP 9100A (1968) Hewlett-Packard 9100A is an Woodblock Printing is a technique for printing early computer or programmable calculator. First text, images, or patterns used widely throughout East appearing in 1968 it was called a Desktop Calculator. Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper. New Digital Age/ Information Age (1900’S – 2000’S) Mayan Codices (singular codex) are folding books The Internet paved the way for faster communication written by the pre-Columbian Maya Civilization in and the creation of Social Networks. People advanced Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican Bark the use of Microelectronics with the invention of Cloth. personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable Technology. Moreover, VOICE, IMAGE, SOUND AND d. Special Library are in specialized environments, DATA are digitized. such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the military, private business, and the government. TYPES OF MEDIA 3. Internet – A global computer network providing a 1. Print Media is a type of news media that used to be variety of information and communication facilities, the only way of delivering information to the public. consisting of interconnected networks using For the generations of the 80s and 90s, print media standardized communication protocols. was the only medium of entertainment. Print media includes: Newspaper, Banner, Books, Magazines, EVALUATING INFORMATION SOURCES Billboards, Flyers, and brochures. By Eastern Kentucky University Libraries based on 2. Broadcasting Media includes videos, audio, or the work of Paul and Elder written content that provides important or entertaining information shared by different ACCURACY methods: Television, Radio, and Movies. - Content is grammatically correct, verifiable, 3. New Media are relying on the Internet to get the and cited when necessary. news a lot more often than traditional news sources. Is the content grammatically correct? Websites provide information in the form of video, Is the information accurate and text, and audio. We can even choose the way we verifiable? want to receive the news. Types of Internet media Are sources and references cited? include: Does the tone and style imply accuracy? Social networks or websites – including Facebook, AUTHOR Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Tumblr, LinkedIn, - Defines who created the content, and the Snapchat, Quora, Reddit, Pinterest, etc. individual or group’s credentials/expertise Online forums - an online place where we can and provides contact information. comment, message, or discuss a particular topic. Do you know who published the source? Podcast – a series of audio focused on a particular Is the author’s name easily visible? topic or theme. What are the author’s credentials and are they appropriate for the information MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES provided? 1. Indigenous Knowledge (IK) - It refers to Can you find the contact information? understandings, skills, and philosophies developed by Is the source produced by a reputable local communities with long histories and experiences organization? of interaction with their natural surroundings CURRENCY according to the UNESCO’s program on Local and - Information is current and updated Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) (Hiwasaki et frequently. al., 2014a). Do you know when the information was Indigenous Media - It is defined as forms of originally published and is the date media expression conceptualized, produced, and acceptable? circulated by indigenous peoples around the globe as Are web links current and reliable? vehicles for communication. Do charts and graphs have dates? FAIRNESS 2. Library - A place in which literary, musical, artistic, - Content is balanced, presenting all sides of an or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, issue and multiple points of view. recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale. Are various points-of-view presented? (Merriam Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary) Is the source free of bias towards one point of view? Four (4) Major Types of Libraries Is the objectivity of the source consistent a. Academic Library serves colleges and universities. with its purpose? A library that is attached to a higher education Is the source free of advertising? institution serves two complementary purposes to RELEVANCE support the school’s curriculum, and to support the - Content is relevant to your topic or research. research of the university faculty and students. Does the purpose of the source (e.g. b. Public Library serves cities and towns of all types. research, statistical, organizational) meet A library that is accessible by the general public and your needs? is usually funded from public sources, such as taxes. Who is the intended audience? Will c. School Library serves students from kindergarten information directed to this audience to Grade 12. A library within a school where meet your needs? students, staff, and often, parents of a public or Is the information relevant to your private school have access to a variety of resources. research topic?  High Angle camera looks down, the subject MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES appears small; usually creating a feeling of inferiority. Media Languages are codes, conventions, formats, Eye Level this views a subject from the level of a symbols, and narrative structures that indicate the person’s eye. When your subject is at eye level, meaning of media messages to an audience. they’re in a neutral perspective (not superior or Codes are systems of signs that when put together inferior). create meaning. They sometimes give extra meaning Low Angle subject looks large; creating an to the idea or concept. impression of power. Worm’s Eye View this makes all subjects look very TYPES OF CODES large, even if they are very small in reality. 1. Technical Codes ways in which equipment is used Canted/Slanted also known as the Dutch angle, the to tell the story. In media, these include camera is slanted to one side. With the horizon camerawork, editing, audio, and lighting. lines tilted in this way, you can create a sense of Camerawork refers to how the camera is operated, disorientation. positioned, and moved for specific effects. Basic Camera Shots 2. Symbolic Codes are used to show the deep Extreme Wide Shots (EWS) – also known as meanings of what we see. These include: extreme long shots. This act is used to establish a Objects – convey meaning scene in terms of time and place, as well as the Setting – shows time and place character’s physical or emotional relationship to Color – suggests a mood the environment and elements within it. Costume – clothing, hair, make-up Wide Shots (WS) – also known as long shots. This Body Language – emotion and movement shows the entire person or area. They’re great for establishing the scene and allowing for good 3. Written Codes are the formal written language action of the characters. and textual layout (headlines, captions, speech Medium Shots (MS) – frame the subject from the bubbles, language style, etc.) used in a media waist up. This is the most common shot and product. allows for hand gestures and motion. Medium Close-Ups (MCU) – Shots show the Conventions refer to a standard or norm that acts as subject in more detail and are often framed from a rule governing behavior. These are cultural just below the chest/shoulders to the top of the agreements about what a sign means, or how we head. should respond to it. Close Ups (CU) – show a particular part of your subject such as a person’s head/face LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND Extreme Close Ups (ECU) – are much tighter INFORMATION close-up shots in which you get detail greater Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, officially than the human eye might be able to normally recorded as Republic Act No. 10175, is a law in the perceive. Philippines approved on September 12, 2012. It aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions Advanced Camera Shots and the Internet in the Philippines. Two Shot is a shot of two people (or other Intellectual Property (IP) refers to creations of the individuals) together. mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; Cut Away (CA) interruption of a continuous shot designs; and symbols, names, and images used in by inserting a shot of something else. commerce. Over the Shoulder Shot (OSS) interruption of a continuous shot by inserting a shot of something Types of Intellectual Property else. 1. Copyright is a legal device that gives the creator Point of View (POV) is taken from near the eye of literary, artistic, musical, or other creative level of the actor and shows what he might see. work the sole right to publish and sell that work. Selective Focus this effectively leaves one part of 2. Patent an exclusive right granted for an the frame in focus while blurring others. invention. Rack Focus one subject in a scene (foreground or 3. Trademarks a sign capable of distinguishing the background) is in focus and gradually the focus goods or services of one enterprise from those of changes to another subject in the scene. other enterprises. Camera Angles 4. Industrial Design constitutes the ornamental or Bird’s Eye View an overhead shot is from way up aesthetic aspect of an article. high, looking down on your subject and a good 5. Geographical Origin / Indications and amount of the scenery surrounding him or her. Appellations of Origin it is signs used on goods that have specific geographical origin and  purpose qualities, essentially attributable to that appropriately. The catch? The paper contains place of origin. almost no original work. E. For the Perfect Crime the writer properly Fair Use It means you can use copyrighted material quotes and cites sources in some places, but without a license only for certain purposes. These goes on to paraphrase other arguments from include: Commentary, Criticism, Reporting, Research, those sources without citation. Teaching Republic Act No. 8293 or the Intellectual Property Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place online, or Code of the Philippines states that: using electronic technology such as cell phones, SECTION 185. Fair Use of Copyrighted computers, and tablets over communication tools Work. 185.1. The fair use of a copyrighted work for including social media sites, text messages, chat, and criticism, comment, news reporting, and teaching, websites. including a limited number of copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes, is Computer Addiction is the excessive use of not an infringement of copyright. (Section 185.1, computers to the extent that it interferes with daily Intellectual Property Code). life. This excessive use may for example interfere with your work or sleep, result in problems with Plagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely social interaction, or affect mood, relationship, and imitating the language and thoughts of another thought process. author without authorization; the representation of that author’s work as one’s own, as by not crediting Digital Divide An economic inequality between the original author. groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT. The divide within countries (such as the digital Types of Plagiarism divide in the United States) can refer to inequalities 1) Sources Not Cited between individuals, households, businesses, and A. The Ghost Writer the writer turns in another’s geographic areas at different socioeconomic (and other demographic) levels. The Global digital device work, word-for-word, as his or her own. designates countries as the units of analysis and B. The Photocopy the writer copies significant examines the divide between developing and portions of text straight from a single source, developed countries on an international scale. without alteration. C. The Potluck Paper the writer copies from Virtual Self is the identity we create in virtual worlds, several different sources, tweaking the our avatar, our unique and quite probably very sentences to make them fit together while different mannerisms skills and abilities assumed for retaining most of the original phrasing. that particular virtual world. D. The Poor Disguise the writer has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases. E. The Labor of Laziness the writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together. F. The Self-stealer the writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work. 2) Sources Cited A. The Forgotten Footnote the writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. B. Misinformer the writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. C. The Too-perfect Paraphrase the writer properly cites a source but neglects to put in quotation marks on text that has been copied word-for- word, or close to it. D. The Resourceful Citer the writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations