Test 3 Review PDF

Test 3 Review 25 Questions: multiple choice = 25 points 3 Questions: matching terms = 15 points  Epidemiology Week 9: Chapter14 Terminology Identify a medical sign as a sign or symptom. Symptom is subjective condition, mainly apparent to a patient Sign is evidence...

Test 3 Review 25 Questions: multiple choice = 25 points 3 Questions: matching terms = 15 points  Epidemiology Week 9: Chapter14 Terminology Identify a medical sign as a sign or symptom. Symptom is subjective condition, mainly apparent to a patient Sign is evidence of a disease. Examples: coughing sign knee pain symptom Other terms: secondary infection, isolation vs quarantine, convalescence, propagated infection. Focal infection – infection site that serves as a source of pathogens to spread to other parts in the body Morbidity – any change from a state of health Incidence - the number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time Pandemic, mortality, epidemic, endemic Immunodeficiency by types and examples: Agammaglobulinemia – primary immunodeficiency (low concentration of antibody) low lymphs AIDS: secondary immunodeficiency Atopy: type I hypersensitivity –sensitivity to an allergen latex allergy: rash type IV hypersensitivity Graves hypothyroidism: autoimmunity A = Acme – period of greatest intensity F = Fulminating – period of pronounced development of a disease C = Line for clinical signs and symptoms SC = Line for subclinical signs and symptoms Prodrome = highlighted area between C and SC lines X = point at which hallmark characteristic is usually noted Associations Between Organisms  Innate immunity Week 9: Chapter15 Colonization : Microbes that remain after initial contact with immune system and have developed a complex relationship with the human host in which they can survive and not be harmful to the host. Infection: When microbes get past the host defenses and are able to grow and reproduce in the host Disease: Any adverse internal condition severe enough to interfere with normal body functioning. Disease process Classification of host defenses Humoral Immunity: Primary and Secondary Immune Response Cell Mediated Immunity: Activation of a Clone of Cytotoxic T (T c) Cells Components of the first line of defense Skin Mucus/tears/sweat Ciliated epithelia Resident microbiota The Body’s First Line of Defense Internal organs including serous membranes are sterile The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity Mucous membranes line all body cavities open to environment Contain all type of immune barriers: primary, secondary, tertiary Two distinct layers Epithelium Thin outer covering of the mucous membranes Epithelial cells are living Tightly packed to prevent entry of many pathogens Continual shedding of cells carries away microorganisms Dendritic cells below epithelium phagocytize pathogens Goblet and ciliated columnar cells help remove invaders Deeper connective layer that supports the epithelium Produce chemicals that defend against pathogens Figure 15.2 The Structure of the Respiratory System, Which Is Lined with a Mucous Membrane At the epithelium of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium function in primary immune defense system The Body’s First Line of Defense (6 of 8) The Role of the Microbiome in Innate Immunity Microbial antagonism Microbiome competes with potential pathogens Members of the microbiome make it hard for pathogens to compete Consumption of nutrients Create environment unfavorable to other microbes Prevent pathogens from attaching to host cells Help stimulate the body’s second line of defense Generate antimicrobial compounds Promote overall health by providing vitamins to host Generate compounds that modulate immunity Granules of granulocytes contain cytokines Release of cytokines can stimulate positive chemotaxis for other white blood cells Figure 15.5a White Blood Cells as Seen in Stained Blood Smears The Body’s Second Line of Defense (7 of 22) Defense Components of Blood Defensive blood cells: Leukocytes Lab analysis of leukocytes Differential white blood cell count can signal disease Increased eosinophils indicate allergies or parasitic worm infection Bacterial diseases often show increase in leukocytes and neutrophils Viral infections show increase in lymphocytes The Role of Inflammatory Mediators Cytokines: - Hundreds of small active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and otherwise control many aspects of cell development, inflammation, and immunity - Produced by monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, platelets, and endothelial cells - Effects may be local or systemic, short term or long lasting, specific or nonspecific, protective or pathologic Figure 15.7 The Actions of Alpha and Beta Interferons Adaptive immunity Week 10: Chapter16  Four stages of lymphocyte development Development & differentiation Antigen presentation B & T-cells activation B & T-cells response Elements of Adaptive Immunity (21 of 25) B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies Classes of antibodies IgM—first antibody produced IgG—most common and longest-lasting antibody IgA—associated with body secretions IgE—involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies IgD—exact function is not known