Immunology Workbook PDF

**Immunology Workbook** **Student name:** **Introduction -- ensure to access and read through pdf slides associated with this session** This workbook is to be used in conjunction with your sessions on Immunology. - The premise of the first session (Introduction to Immunology) is for you to...

**Immunology Workbook** **Student name:** **Introduction -- ensure to access and read through pdf slides associated with this session** This workbook is to be used in conjunction with your sessions on Immunology. - The premise of the first session (Introduction to Immunology) is for you to complete the tasks in a self-directed way - Work through each PowerPoint slide and follow the instructions - There are links to documents and research articles which will enable you to gain knowledge of this subject and to complete the tasks as you proceed - You are encouraged to use various methods of notetaking such as spider diagrams/pictures/tables to help you build up your Immunology notes - It is important that you complete and have your notes in preparation for the next session in order that knowledge of the subject matter is consolidated. You will need to complete the workbook to meet the **intended learning outcomes:** - Define immunology and recognise the terminology associated with it - Describe the natural defence systems of the body - Identify the components and functions of the non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immune systems - Differentiate between non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immunity - Recognise and list the cells of the non-specific immune system and the adaptive immune system Any queries, please contact Ms P Lazarou: lazaroup\@lsbu.ac.uk 1. **Read the following article up to (10 of 14) 'Antibody-mediated vs. cell-mediated immunity'** (15 minutes) An introduction to immunology and immunopathology Jean S. Marshall, Richard Warrington, Wade Watson and Harold L. Kim (2018) [An introduction to immunology and immunopathology (biomedcentral.com)](https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13223-018-0278-1.pdf) 2\. **Research and make own notes/spider diagram/memory map on the organs and tissues of the Immune System** (15 minutes) [What are the organs of the immune system? - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279395/)  **[Worksheet 1)]** Notate and review the **[terminology associated with immunology]**: Continue to add to this when you encounter new terminology. You may use details from resources given/conduct own research +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Term** | **Meaning/definition* | **Example (some | | | * | given- add to these | | | | if relevant)** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Microbe | Microorganism | The bacteria E. coil\ | | | (bacteria, viruses, | The virus Influenza | | | fungi and protozoa) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Antigen | Induces an immune | Pathogens or toxins | | | response due to being | | | | recognised by | | | | antibodies or T cells | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cytokine | Proteins involved in | Interleukins, | | | cell signalling in | interferons | | | the immune response. | | | | Modulate balance | | | | between humoral and | | | | cell-mediated immune | | | | response. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Antibody | Proteins (Y-shaped) | *List the 5 classes | | | produced by B cells | of antibodies with | | Also referred to as | and can identify and | details of where they | | Immunoglobulin (Ig) | neutralise antigens.\ | are found and their | | | \ | function:* | | | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, | | | | IgD | **IgA (immunoglobulin | | | | A**) 2 forms: | | | | Secretory IgA is | | | | found in the linings | | | | of the respiratory | | | | tract & digestive | | | | system, saliva, | | | | tears, and breast | | | | milk (colostrum). | | | | Known as the | | | | antiseptic paint of | | | | mucous membranes. Can | | | | activate the | | | | complement system in | | | | the presence of | | | | lysosome to kill | | | | certain organisms. | | | | | | | | *Serum IgA* cannot | | | | activate complement | | | | system. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Phagocyte | Immune cells that are | Macrophages and | | | able to engulf and | neutrophils | | | digest pathogens and | | | | debris. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Proteins (in the | Large **molecules** | **Antibodies** | | immune system) | composed of one or | | | | more chains of | Signalling proteins- | | | **amino acids** in a | **cytokines** | | | specific order | | | | determined by the | **Complement** | | | base sequence of | proteins | | | nucleotides in the | | | | DNA coding for | | | | the **protein**. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Opsonins | A molecule that can | IgG antibody | | | enhance phagocytosis. | | | (Opsonize/ | It marks the antigen | C3b molecule of the | | opsonisation) | for immune | complement system | | | recognition. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Phagocytosis | The process of | Neutrophils ingesting | | | phagocytes engulfing | bacteria | | | and digesting | | | | pathogens and other | | | | particles | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Apoptosis | Programmed cell | Also known as...\ | | | death, a process to | Elimination of virus | | | eliminate infected or | infected cells | | | damaged cells. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Antigen Presenting | Cells that process | Dendritic cells, | | cell | and present antigens | macrophages and B | | | on their surface for | cells | | | recognition by T | | | | cells. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Complement system | Part of innate immune | 3 different pathways: | | | system response, | | | | playing an important | - Classical pathway | | | role in host defence | | | | and inflammation. | - Alternative | | | | pathway | | | | | | | | - Lectin pathway | | | | | | | | (*we will go into | | | | more detail in | | | | following sessions)* | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PMNs | A type of white blood | Examples: | | | cell (WBC)\ | | | Polymorphonuclear | \ | Function: They play a | | leukocytes | Neutrophils, | major role in the | | | eosinophils and | innate immune system | | | basophils | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[Worksheet 2)]** **[Cells of the Immune System:]** (fill in areas with ? and those which are highlighted) +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | **Cell | **Type | **Whit | **Deri | **Diff | **Inna | **Func | **Main | | ** | ** | e | ved | erenti | te | tions* | target | | | | blood | from** | ate | or | * | s** | | | | cell | | into/ | Adapti | | | | | | (Y/N)* | | also | ve | | | | | | * | | known | immune | | | | | | | | as:** | system | | | | | | | | | ** | | | +========+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+ | Macrop | Mononu | Yes | Monocy | -Kupff | Innate | -Phago | Variou | | hage | clear | | tes- | er | | cytosi | s | | | leukoc | | | cells- | | s | | | | ytes | | turn | liver | | | -Destr | | | | | into | | | -Antig | oy | | | Phagoc | | macrop | -Histi | | en | old, | | | yte | | hages | ocytes | | presen | damage | | | | | when | --conn | | tation | d | | | | | they | ective | | to T | and | | | | | exit | tissue | | cells | dead | | | | | the | | | | \_red | | | | | bloods | Larges | | -Recru | blood | | | | | tream | t | | it | cells\ | | | | | | of the | | other | _\_ | | | | | | phagoc | | phagoc | in the | | | | | | ytes | | ytic | body | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | releas | | | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | cytoki | | | | | | | | | nes | | | | | | | | | (there | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | initia | | | | | | | | | ting | | | | | | | | | inflam | | | | | | | | | mation | | | | | | | | | ) | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Neutro | Granul | yes | myelob | Most | Innate | -Phago | Bacter | | phils | ocyte | | last | common | | cytosi | ia | | | | | | white | | s | and | | | Phagoc | | | blood | | | Fungi | | | yte | | | cell. | | -Degra | | | | | | | | | nulati | | | | | | | Also | | on | | | | | | | called | | (disch | | | | | | | polymo | | arge | | | | | | | rphonu | | of | | | | | | | clear | | conten | | | | | | | leukoc | | ts | | | | | | | ytes | | of a | | | | | | | (PMNs) | | cell) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Also | | | | | | | | | releas | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | burst | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | super | | | | | | | | | oxides | | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | | have | | | | | | | | | abilit | | | | | | | | | y | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | kill | | | | | | | | | many | | | | | | | | | bacter | | | | | | | | | ia | | | | | | | | | at | | | | | | | | | same | | | | | | | | | time | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Eosino | Granul | yes | myelob | Do not | Innate | -Degra | -Paras | | phils | ocyte | | last | differ | | nulati | ites | | | | | | entiat | | on | | | | | | | e | | | -Vario | | | | | | furthe | | -Relea | us | | | | | | r | | se | allerg | | | | | | but | | of | ic | | | | | | are | | enzyme | reacti | | | | | | part | | s, | ons | | | | | | of the | | growth | | | | | | | granul | | factor | | | | | | | ocyte | | and | | | | | | | group | | cytoki | | | | | | | - | | nes | | | | | | | Eosino | | | | | | | | | philic | | | | | | | | | granul | | | | | | | | | ocytes | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Basoph | Granul | Yes | myelob | Do not | Innate | -Degra | -Vario | | ils | ocyte | | last | furthe | | nulati | us | | | | | | r | | on | hypers | | | | | | differ | | | ensiti | | | | | | entiat | | -Relea | vity/a | | | | | | e | | se | llergi | | | | | | but | | of | c | | | | | | are | | histam | | | | | | | part | | ine, | reacti | | | | | | of the | | enzyme | ons | | | | | | granul | | s, | | | | | | | ocyte | | and | -Secre | | | | | | group | | cytoki | te | | | | | | -- | | nes | antico | | | | | | Basoph | | | agulan | | | | | | ilic | | | ts | | | | | | granul | | | (hepar | | | | | | ocyte | | | in) | | | | | | | | | thus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | promot | | | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | mobili | | | | | | | | | ty | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | other | | | | | | | | | WBCs | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | preven | | | | | | | | | ting | | | | | | | | | clotti | | | | | | | | | ng. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -secre | | | | | | | | | te | | | | | | | | | antibo | | | | | | | | | dies | | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | | have | | | | | | | | | functi | | | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | agains | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | | hypers | | | | | | | | | ensiti | | | | | | | | | vity | | | | | | | | | reacti | | | | | | | | | ons | | | | | | | | | in the | | | | | | | | | bloods | | | | | | | | | tream | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -hista | | | | | | | | | mine | | | | | | | | | releas | | | | | | | | | ed | | | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | se | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | antibo | | | | | | | | | dies | | | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | | | dilate | | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | blood | | | | | | | | | vessel | | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | bringi | | | | | | | | | ng | | | | | | | | | more | | | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | area | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | injury | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Mast | Granul | yes | Derive | Releas | Innate | Once | -Host | | Cells | ocytes | | d | ed | | activa | defenc | | | | | from | in the | Locate | ted- | e | | | (Granu | | bone | blood | d | releas | to | | | les | | marrow | and | at | e | parasi | | | are | | myeloi | only | bounda | wide | tic | | | rich | | d | mature | ries | variet | | | | in | | stem | once | betwee | y | \_ \_ | | | histam | | cell | recrui | n | of | infect | | | ine | | | ted | the | inflam | ions\_ | | | and | | | into | tissue | matory | \_ | | | hepari | | | the | and | mediat | \_ | | | n) | | | tissue | extern | ors | | | | | | | where | al | (\_cyt | -Aller | | | | | | final | enviro | okines | gic | | | | | | differ | nment | \_) | reacti | | | | | | entiat | (e.g. | from | on | | | | | | ion | skin, | variou | | | | | | | takes | mucosa | s | | | | | | | place | ) | antige | | | | | | | (speci | | ns: | | | | | | | fic | | allerg | | | | | | | to | | ens, | | | | | | | destin | | pathog | | | | | | | ation | | ens | | | | | | | site) | | and | | | | | | | | | physio | | | | | | | | | logica | | | | | | | | | l | | | | | | | | | mediat | | | | | | | | | ors | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Dendri | Mononu | yes | Derive | | **Link | -Most | -Captu | | tic | clear | | d | | ** | potent | re | | Cells | leukoc | | from | | innate | type | and | | | ytes | | monocy | | and | of | proces | | | | | tes. | | adapti | antige | s | | | | | | | ve | n-pres | antige | | | | | Found | | immuni | enting | ns | | | | | in | | ty- | cells | | | | | | | | act as | | | | | | | \_skin | | | -key | | | | | | and | | \_ | regula | | | | | | mucous | | \_\_br | tor | | | | | | membra | | idge | of | | | | | | nes | | \_ \_ | immune | | | | | | | | betwee | system | | | | | | | | n | | | | | | | | | the | -Switc | | | | | | | | two. | h | | | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | cell | | | | | | | | | surfac | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | recept | | | | | | | | | ors | | | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | | | activa | | | | | | | | | te | | | | | | | | | immatu | | | | | | | | | re | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \_ T | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | \_ and | | | | | | | | | stimul | | | | | | | | | ate | | | | | | | | | growth | | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | differ | | | | | | | | | entiat | | | | | | | | | ion | | | | | | | | | of B | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | kick | | | | | | | | | start | | | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \_ | | | | | | | | | adapti | | | | | | | | | ve | | | | | | | | | \_ | | | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | se. | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Lympho | Mononu | Yes | Lympho | Differ |  Most | -T | -Th | | cytes | clear | | blast | entiat | adapti | Helper | cells: | | | leukoc | | | e | ve | cells | intrac | | (**T** | ytes | | Mature | into | immune | (Th) | ellula | | Cells) | | | in the | antige | respon | | r | | | | | | n-spec | ses | (CD4+) | bacter | | | | | \_ | ific | are | immune | ia | | | | | thymus | effect | trigge | respon | | | | | | \_ | or | red | se | -Cytot | | | | | | cell | when a | mediat | oxic | | | | | | | recirc | ors | T | | | | | | T | ulatin | | cells: | | | | | | Helper | g | -Cytot | virus | | | | | | cells | T cell | oxic | infect | | | | | | (Th) | recogn | T | ed | | | | | | | izes | cells | and | | | | | | Cytoto | its | (CD8+) | tumour | | | | | | xic | specif | cell | cells | | | | | | T | ic | destru | | | | | | | cells | antige | ction | -Natur | | | | | | | n | | al | | | | | | | on the | Mainly | Killer | | | | | | | surfac | involv | cells: | | | | | | | e | ed | virus | | | | | | | of a | with | infect | | | | | | | dendri | | ed | | | | | | | tic | \_ | and | | | | | | | cell. | cell | tumour | | | | | | | | \_-med | cells | | | | | | | | iated | | | | | | | | | immuni | | | | | | | | | ty | | | | | | | | | (indep | | | | | | | | | endent | | | | | | | | | of B | | | | | | | | | cells) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | essent | | | | | | | | | ial | | | | | | | | | for | | | | | | | | | helpin | | | | | | | | | g | | | | | | | | | \_B | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | \_ | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | antige | | | | | | | | | n. | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Lympho | Mononu | Yes | Lympho | Differ | Adapti | -Plasm | -Forei | | cytes | clear | | blast | entiat | ve, | a | gn | | | leukoc | | | e | humora | cells: | antige | | (**B** | ytes | | Mature | into: | l/anti | produc | ns | | cells) | | | in the | | body | tion | | | | | | bone | \_ | mediat | of | | | | | | marroe | plasma | ed | antibo | | | | | | | \_ | respon | dies | | | | | | | cells: | se. | | | | | | | | antibo | | -Memor | | | | | | | dy-sec | | y | | | | | | | reting | | cells: | | | | | | | cells | | second | | | | | | | and, | | ary | | | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | \_Memo | | respon | | | | | | | ry | | se | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | \_ | | | | | | | | | (effec | | | | | | | | | tor) | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ **[Task: Distinctions between innate and acquired immunity]** **[Characteristic]** **[Innate immunity]** **[Adaptive immunity]** ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- **[Specific/non specific]** **[Non-Specific]** **[Specific to antigens]** **[Time]** **[Immediate/ hours ]** **[Delayed (days to weeks)]** **[Antigen dependant]** **[No]** **[Yes ]** **[Memory]** **[No ]** **[Yes ]** **[Worksheet 3)]** **Describe the [barriers of the innate immune system]. Give the mechanism and example for each barrier.** **Which barriers are associated with the [oral cavity]?** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Description | **Barrier** | **Mechanism** | **Example** | | of barrier** | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Anatomic:** | - Skin | Initial | All over the | | | | mechanical | body- | | | | barrier- stops | externally | | | | influx of | | | | | pathogens | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Mucous | Secretes mucus | Lining the | | | membrane | trapping | respiratory, | | | | pathogens and | digestive and | | | | therefore able | urogenital | | | | to prevent them | tracts. | | | | from reaching | | | | | the underlying | | | | | tissues. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Physiological | - Temperature | Elevates body | Fever when | | :** | | temperature | infection is | | | | which can stop | present | | | | the growth of | | | | | some pathogens. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Low pH | Can create a | Stomach acid | | | | more acidic | can kill | | | | environments to | pathogens which | | | | stop microbial | are ingested. | | | | growth. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Chemical | Some chemicals | \- Lysosomes in | | | mediators | can disrupt the | saliva | | | | functions of | | | | | pathogens or | \- Tears | | | | mark them for | destroy | | | | destruction. | bacterial cell | | | | | walls. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Phagocytic/en | - e.g. | Through the | - Macrophages | | docytic** | macrophages | process of | in tissues | | | | phagocytosis | | | | - dendritic | pathogens can | - Neutrophils | | | cells | be engulfed and | in the | | | | digested. | blood | | | - neutrophils | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Inflammatory* | - e.g. | Chemicals can | Histamine | | * | recruitment | be released by | release | | | of blood | immune cells | increases blood | | | leucocytes | recreating | flow and immune | | | | other immune | cell | | | - release of | cells to the | infiltration at | | | cytokines | site of | infection site. | | | and | infection. | | | | chemokines | | | | | | | | | | - histamine | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+