Epidemiology Test 3 Review for Chapters 14-16

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines a symptom?

A subjective condition mainly apparent to a patient (correct)

A measurable indicator of health

A sign that can only be confirmed through laboratory tests

An evidence of a disease detectable by a healthcare provider

What is the primary difference between isolation and quarantine?

Isolation is for healthy individuals, whereas quarantine is for the sick

Isolation separates those known to be sick, while quarantine restricts movement of those who may have been exposed (correct)

Quarantine applies to non-infectious diseases, while isolation is for infectious diseases

Isolation is temporary, while quarantine lasts indefinitely

Which immunodeficiency type is associated with a low concentration of antibodies?

Agammaglobulinemia (correct)

Atopy

AIDS

Graves hypothyroidism

What does the term morbidity refer to in epidemiology?

Any change from a state of health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes colonization by microbes?

Microbes that remain after initial contact and do not harm the host Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epithelial layer in mucous membranes?

To prevent entry of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes of antibodies is most commonly associated with body secretions?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?

They phagocytize pathogens beneath the epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

What is microbial antagonism in the context of innate immunity?

The competition between microbiota and potential pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of cytokines in immune response?

To regulate and stimulate various immune functions. Signup and view all the answers

In what type of infections would you expect an increase in eosinophils?

Parasitic infections and allergies Signup and view all the answers

What are the two distinct layers of mucous membranes?

Epithelial and connective Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the microbiome in innate immunity?

Creating an environment unfavorable to pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first antibody produced in response to an infection?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are responsible for the adaptive immune response?

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Test Information

Test 3 review
25 multiple choice questions (25 points)
3 matching terms questions (15 points)
Topics covered: Epidemiology(Week 9, Chapter 14, Innate immunity(Week 9, Chapter 15), Adaptive immunity(Week 10, Chapter 16)

Epidemiology (Week 9, Chapter 14)

Terminology:
- Symptom: Subjective medical condition, noticeable to the patient
- Sign: Objective medical evidence of a disease
- Examples: Coughing (sign), knee pain (symptom)
- Secondary infection: Infection following another infection
- Isolation vs. quarantine: Isolation separates infected from healthy; quarantine separates potentially exposed from healthy
- Convalescence: Period of recovery after illness
- Propagated infection: Spread of infection
- Focal infection: Infection originating from a specific site impacting other parts
- Morbidity: Change from a healthy state
- Incidence: Number of new cases in a population over a period
- Pandemic/Mortality/Epidemic/Endemic: Related to disease prevalence and geographic distribution

Immunodeficiency (Page 4)

Agammaglobulinemia: Primary immunodeficiency, low antibody concentration, low lymphocytes
AIDS: Secondary immunodeficiency
Atopy: Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reaction), sensitivity to an allergen, e.g., latex allergy; Rash type IV hypersensitivity
Graves hypothyroidism: Autoimmune disease

Illness Progression (Page 5)

A (Acme): Period of greatest intensity in the disease
F (Fulminating): Rapid development of disease
C: Line representing onset of clinical signs and symptoms
SC: Subclinical signs/symptoms line
Prodrome: Period before significant/obvious symptoms occur
X: Point where a hallmark characteristic of the disease is noted

Associations Between Organisms (Page 6)

Symbiotic: Organisms live in close nutritional relationships, essential for one or both members to survive
- Mutualism: Both members benefit
- Commensalism: One member benefits, the other is not harmed or benefited
- Parasitism: One member (parasite) benefits, the other (host) is harmed
Nonsymbiotic: Organisms live independently, not relying on close relationships for survival
- Synergism: Members cooperate to benefit all
- Antagonism: Members inhibit or destroy each other

Innate Immunity(Week 9, Chapter 15)

Colonization: Microbes remain after initial contact, establish relationship with the human host, and are not harmful.
Infection: Microbes overcome host defenses and grow/reproduce in the host.
Disease: Adverse internal condition severely impacting normal body function

Classification of Host Defenses (Page 9)

First line of defense: Surface protection (physical and chemical barriers); keeps microbes out of sterile compartments.
Second line of defense: Cellular and chemical systems activated when pathogens bypass the first line.
Third line of defense: Acquired specific host defenses that target each specific microbe and is developed uniquely per microbe

Humoral Immunity (Page 10)

Primary Response: Initial immune response to an antigen, characterized by a delayed response with a gradual increase in antibody concentration.
Secondary Response: Subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in a more rapid and stronger response, with higher concentrations of antibodies especially IgG, that takes place in days

Cell-Mediated Immunity (Page 11)

Antigen presentation: Presentation of foreign antigens by cells(dendritic cells)
Th differentiation: Differentiation of Th cells
Clonal expansion: Expansion of Tc cells
Self-stimulation: Stimulating Tc cell production

Components of the First Line of Defense (Page 12)

Skin, mucous/tears/sweat, ciliated epithelium, resident microbiota (normal flora)

The Body's First Line of Defense (Page 13)

Internal organs: Sterile, devoid of microbes.
Mucous membranes: Line body cavities open to the environment, protecting from pathogens, have two layers (Epithelium, Deeper connective layer)
Epithelium: protective outer layer of mucous membrane cells, tightly packed preventing pathogen entry
Goblet cells, Ciliated cells: Remove unwanted microbes by secretions and movement
Dendritic cells: Phagocytize pathogens below the epithelium

Respiratory System (Page 14)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium essential for immune defense in respiratory system

The Role of the Microbiome (Page 15)

Microbial antagonism: Microbiome competes with potential pathogens, making it harder for pathogens to compete
Microbial activities affect host health, immunity, overall health and environment.

Sites Harboring Normal Microbiota (Page 16)

Sites known in the past, and additionally known to potentially harbor microbes now.

White Blood Cells (Page 17)

Granulocytes (phagocytic): neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes (phagocytic): monocytes, lymphocytes
Cytokines: Granules hold cytokines for chemotaxis and stimulation of other white blood cells
Function and characteristics depend on the type

White Blood Cells (Page 18)

Visual/Lab presentation/identification of white blood cells (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)

The Body's Second Line of Defense (Page 19)

Leukocytes: Defensive blood cells
Differential white blood cell count: Assess types of disease
- Higher eosinophils indicate allergies or parasitic infections
- Higher leukocytes indicates bacterial infection.
- Higher lymphocytes indicate viral infection

Inflammatory Mediators (Page 20)

Cytokines: Small molecules regulating inflammation, cell development, and immunity.
Produced by cells like monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, and platelets.
Effects can be local or systemic, short-term or long-term, specific or non-specific.

Interferons (Page 21)

Interferons (IFN): Proteins released by infected cells to protect neighboring cells from viral infection.

Adaptive Immunity(Week 10, Chapter 16)

Stages of Lymphocyte Development
Antigen Presentation
B & T-cells Activation
B & T-cells Response (Antibodies, Cell-mediated)

Adaptive Immunity(Page 24)

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies:
- IgM: First antibody produced
- IgG: Most common, longest-lasting
- IgA: Associated with body secretions
- IgE: Involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies
- IgD: Exact function unknown

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Description

Prepare for your Test 3 with this comprehensive review covering key concepts from chapters on epidemiology, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. The quiz consists of multiple-choice and matching questions to reinforce your understanding of important terminology and infection processes. Test your knowledge and ensure you're ready for your exam!