Epidemiology Test 3 Review for Chapters 14-16

Test Information

• Test 3 review
• 25 multiple choice questions (25 points)
• 3 matching terms questions (15 points)
• Topics covered: Epidemiology(Week 9, Chapter 14, Innate immunity(Week 9, Chapter 15), Adaptive immunity(Week 10, Chapter 16)

Epidemiology (Week 9, Chapter 14)

• Terminology:
  • Symptom: Subjective medical condition, noticeable to the patient
  • Sign: Objective medical evidence of a disease
  • Examples: Coughing (sign), knee pain (symptom)
  • Secondary infection: Infection following another infection
  • Isolation vs. quarantine: Isolation separates infected from healthy; quarantine separates potentially exposed from healthy
  • Convalescence: Period of recovery after illness
  • Propagated infection: Spread of infection
  • Focal infection: Infection originating from a specific site impacting other parts
  • Morbidity: Change from a healthy state
  • Incidence: Number of new cases in a population over a period
  • Pandemic/Mortality/Epidemic/Endemic: Related to disease prevalence and geographic distribution

Immunodeficiency (Page 4)

• Agammaglobulinemia: Primary immunodeficiency, low antibody concentration, low lymphocytes
• AIDS: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Atopy: Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reaction), sensitivity to an allergen, e.g., latex allergy; Rash type IV hypersensitivity
• Graves hypothyroidism: Autoimmune disease

Illness Progression (Page 5)

• A (Acme): Period of greatest intensity in the disease
• F (Fulminating): Rapid development of disease
• C: Line representing onset of clinical signs and symptoms
• SC: Subclinical signs/symptoms line
• Prodrome: Period before significant/obvious symptoms occur
• X: Point where a hallmark characteristic of the disease is noted

Associations Between Organisms (Page 6)

• Symbiotic: Organisms live in close nutritional relationships, essential for one or both members to survive
  • Mutualism: Both members benefit
  • Commensalism: One member benefits, the other is not harmed or benefited
  • Parasitism: One member (parasite) benefits, the other (host) is harmed
• Nonsymbiotic: Organisms live independently, not relying on close relationships for survival
  • Synergism: Members cooperate to benefit all
  • Antagonism: Members inhibit or destroy each other

Innate Immunity(Week 9, Chapter 15)

• Colonization: Microbes remain after initial contact, establish relationship with the human host, and are not harmful.
• Infection: Microbes overcome host defenses and grow/reproduce in the host.
• Disease: Adverse internal condition severely impacting normal body function

Classification of Host Defenses (Page 9)

• First line of defense: Surface protection (physical and chemical barriers); keeps microbes out of sterile compartments.
• Second line of defense: Cellular and chemical systems activated when pathogens bypass the first line.
• Third line of defense: Acquired specific host defenses that target each specific microbe and is developed uniquely per microbe

Humoral Immunity (Page 10)

• Primary Response: Initial immune response to an antigen, characterized by a delayed response with a gradual increase in antibody concentration.
• Secondary Response: Subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in a more rapid and stronger response, with higher concentrations of antibodies especially IgG, that takes place in days

Cell-Mediated Immunity (Page 11)

• Antigen presentation: Presentation of foreign antigens by cells(dendritic cells)
• Th differentiation: Differentiation of Th cells
• Clonal expansion: Expansion of Tc cells
• Self-stimulation: Stimulating Tc cell production

Components of the First Line of Defense (Page 12)

• Skin, mucous/tears/sweat, ciliated epithelium, resident microbiota (normal flora)

The Body's First Line of Defense (Page 13)

• Internal organs: Sterile, devoid of microbes.
• Mucous membranes: Line body cavities open to the environment, protecting from pathogens, have two layers (Epithelium, Deeper connective layer)
• Epithelium: protective outer layer of mucous membrane cells, tightly packed preventing pathogen entry
• Goblet cells, Ciliated cells: Remove unwanted microbes by secretions and movement
• Dendritic cells: Phagocytize pathogens below the epithelium

Respiratory System (Page 14)

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium essential for immune defense in respiratory system

The Role of the Microbiome (Page 15)

• Microbial antagonism: Microbiome competes with potential pathogens, making it harder for pathogens to compete
• Microbial activities affect host health, immunity, overall health and environment.

Sites Harboring Normal Microbiota (Page 16)

• Sites known in the past, and additionally known to potentially harbor microbes now.

White Blood Cells (Page 17)

• Granulocytes (phagocytic): neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
• Agranulocytes (phagocytic): monocytes, lymphocytes
• Cytokines: Granules hold cytokines for chemotaxis and stimulation of other white blood cells
• Function and characteristics depend on the type

White Blood Cells (Page 18)

• Visual/Lab presentation/identification of white blood cells (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)

The Body's Second Line of Defense (Page 19)

• Leukocytes: Defensive blood cells
• Differential white blood cell count: Assess types of disease
  • Higher eosinophils indicate allergies or parasitic infections
  • Higher leukocytes indicates bacterial infection.
  • Higher lymphocytes indicate viral infection

Inflammatory Mediators (Page 20)

• Cytokines: Small molecules regulating inflammation, cell development, and immunity.
• Produced by cells like monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, and platelets.
• Effects can be local or systemic, short-term or long-term, specific or non-specific.

Interferons (Page 21)

• Interferons (IFN): Proteins released by infected cells to protect neighboring cells from viral infection.

Adaptive Immunity(Week 10, Chapter 16)

• Stages of Lymphocyte Development
• Antigen Presentation
• B & T-cells Activation
• B & T-cells Response (Antibodies, Cell-mediated)

Adaptive Immunity(Page 24)

• B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies:
  • IgM: First antibody produced
  • IgG: Most common, longest-lasting
  • IgA: Associated with body secretions
  • IgE: Involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies
  • IgD: Exact function unknown