Immunology Workbook PDF

**Example** [Worksheet 1)] Notate and review the **[terminology associated with immunology]**: Continue to add to this when you encounter new terminology. You may use details from resources given/conduct own research +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ |...

**Example** [Worksheet 1)] Notate and review the **[terminology associated with immunology]**: Continue to add to this when you encounter new terminology. You may use details from resources given/conduct own research +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Bacteria, fungi, | | | | algae, protozoa, | | | | | | | | Viruses, parasites | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | | bacteria, chemicals, | | | | toxins, viruses, | | | | pollen | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Interleukins, | | | | Lymphokines, | | | | Monokines, | | | | Interferons (IFN), | | | | colony stimulating | | | | factors (CSF), | | | | Chemokines and a | | | | variety of other | | | | proteins. Type-1 | | | | cytokines are | | | | cytokines produced by | | | | Th1 T-helper cells; | | | | Type-2 cytokines are | | | | those produced by Th2 | | | | T-helper cells. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | **IgA (immunoglobulin | | | | A**) 2 forms: | | | | Secretory IgA is | | | | found in the linings | | | | of the respiratory | | | | tract & digestive | | | | system, saliva, | | | | tears, and breast | | | | milk (colostrum). | | | | Known as the | | | | antiseptic paint of | | | | mucous membranes. Can | | | | activate the | | | | complement system in | | | | the presence of | | | | lysosome to kill | | | | certain organisms. | | | | | | | | *Serum IgA* cannot | | | | activate complement | | | | system. | | | | | | | | **IgD (immunoglobulin | | | | D)** Found in blood | | | | in low levels; cannot | | | | activate the | | | | complement system. | | | | Approximately half of | | | | antigen specific | | | | receptors on | | | | | | | | B lymphocyte | | | | membranes are | | | | composed of IgD | | | | antibodies | | | | | | | | **IgE (immunoglobulin | | | | E)** Found in serum- | | | | small amounts. Most | | | | IgE is attached to | | | | mast cells & | | | | basophils | | | | (granulocytes). High | | | | levels of IgE found | | | | on those with | | | | allergies (e.g | | | | asthma/hayfever) | | | | | | | | **IgG | | | | (immunoglobulinG)** | | | | Most common antibody | | | | in blood/tissue fluid | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | (75%) of total serum | | | | immunoglobin level. | | | | Defends against | | | | diffusing toxins and | | | | spreading microbes, | | | | IgG response found | | | | mainly to occur in | | | | the secondary immune | | | | response. Effective | | | | **opsonins.** | | | | | | | | Maternal IgG is | | | | transferred across | | | | placenta, giving | | | | passive protection to | | | | new borns for 4-6/12) | | | | | | | | **IgM (immunoglobulin | | | | M)** Largest of the | | | | immunoglobulin | | | | molecules; usually | | | | earliest antibody | | | | response in a primary | | | | immune response; | | | | short lived. | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | | Monocytes, | | | | macrophages, | | | | granulocytes, | | | | dendritic cells | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Antibodies | | | | | | | | Signalling proteins- | | | | cytokines | | | | | | | | Complement proteins | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | IgG antibody | | | | | | | | C3b molecule of the | | | | complement system | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Neutrophil | | | | phagocytosing a | | | | bacterium | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Also called | | | | programmed cell | | | | death. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Macrophages, | | | | dendritic cells and B | | | | cells | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | 3 different pathways: | | | | | | | | - Classical pathway | | | | | | | | - Alternative | | | | pathway | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Examples: | | | | neutrophils, | | | | eosinophils, | | | | basophils, and mast | | | | cells.(also known as | | | | granulocytes) | | | | | | | | Function: They play a | | | | major role in the | | | | innate immune system- | | | | protect the body from | | | | infectious organisms | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ [Worksheet 2)] **[Cells of the Immune System:]** +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | **Type | | **Deri | **Diff | **Inna | **Func | **Main | | | ** | | ved | erenti | te | tions* | target | | | | | from** | ate | or** | * | s** | | | | | | into/ | | | | | | | | | also | **Adap | | | | | | | | known | tive | | | | | | | | as:** | immune | | | | | | | | | system | | | | | | | | | ** | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Mononu | | Monocy | -Kupff | Innate | -Phago | Variou | | | clear | | tes- | er | | cytosi | s | | | | | turn | cells- | | s | | | | leukoc | | into | liver | | | -Destr | | | ytes | | macrop | -Histi | | -Antig | oy | | | | | hages | ocytes | | en | old, | | | Phagoc | | when | -- | | presen | damage | | | yte | | they | connec | | tation | d | | | | | exit | tive | | to T | and | | | | | | tissue | | cells | dead | | | | | the | | | | cells | | | | | bloods | Larges | | -Recru | in the | | | | | tream | t | | it | body | | | | | | of the | | other | | | | | | | WBC's | | phagoc | | | | | | | | | ytic | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | releas | | | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | cytoki | | | | | | | | | nes | | | | | | | | | (there | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | initia | | | | | | | | | ting | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | inflam | | | | | | | | | mation | | | | | | | | | ) | | +========+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+ | | Granul | | myelob | Most | innate | -Phago | -Bacte | | | ocyte | | last | common | | cytosi | ria | | | | | | white | | s | | | | Phagoc | | | blood | | | -Fungi | | | yte | | | cell. | | -Degra | | | | | | | | | nulati | | | | | | | Also | | on | | | | | | | called | | | | | | | | | | | (disch | | | | | | | polymo | | arge | | | | | | | rphonu | | of | | | | | | | clear | | conten | | | | | | | | | ts | | | | | | | (PMN) | | of a | | | | | | | | | cell) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Also | | | | | | | | | releas | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | burst | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | super | | | | | | | | | oxides | | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | | have | | | | | | | | | abilit | | | | | | | | | y | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | kill | | | | | | | | | many | | | | | | | | | bacter | | | | | | | | | ia | | | | | | | | | at | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | same | | | | | | | | | time | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Granul | | myelob | | innate | -Degra | -Paras | | | ocyte | | last | | | nulati | ites | | | | | | | | on | -Vario | | | | | | | | -Relea | us | | | | | | | | se | allerg | | | | | | | | of | ic | | | | | | | | enzyme | reacti | | | | | | | | s, | ons | | | | | | | | growth | | | | | | | | | factor | | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | cytoki | | | | | | | | | nes | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Granul | | myelob | | innate | -Degra | -Vario | | | ocyte | | last | | | nulati | us | | | | | | | | on | allerg | | | | | | | | | ic | | | | | | | | -Relea | reacti | | | | | | | | se | ons | | | | | | | | of | -Secre | | | | | | | | histam | te | | | | | | | | ine, | antico | | | | | | | | enzyme | agulan | | | | | | | | s, | ts | | | | | | | | and | (hepar | | | | | | | | cytoki | in) | | | | | | | | nes | thus | | | | | | | | | promot | | | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | mobili | | | | | | | | | ty | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | other | | | | | | | | | WBCs | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | preven | | | | | | | | | ting | | | | | | | | | clotti | | | | | | | | | ng. | | | | | | | | | -secre | | | | | | | | | te | | | | | | | | | antibo | | | | | | | | | dies | | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | | have | | | | | | | | | functi | | | | | | | | | on | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | agains | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | | hypers | | | | | | | | | ensiti | | | | | | | | | vity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | reacti | | | | | | | | | ons | | | | | | | | | in the | | | | | | | | | bloods | | | | | | | | | tream | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -hista | | | | | | | | | mine | | | | | | | | | releas | | | | | | | | | ed | | | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | se | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | antibo | | | | | | | | | dies | | | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | | | dilate | | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | blood | | | | | | | | | vessel | | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | bringi | | | | | | | | | ng | | | | | | | | | more | | | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | area | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | injury | +========+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+ | | Granul | | Derive | Releas | Innate | Once | -Host | | | ocyte | | d | ed | | activa | defenc | | | | | from | in the | Locate | ted- | e | | | (Granu | | bone | blood | d | releas | to | | | les | | marrow | and | at | e | | | | are | | | only | bounda | wide | parasi | | | rich | | myeloi | mature | ries | variet | tic | | | in | | d | once | betwee | y | infect | | | histam | | stem | recrui | n | of | ion | | | ine | | | ted | the | inflam | | | | and | | cell | into | tissue | matory | -Aller | | | hepari | | | the | and | mediat | gic | | | n) | | | tissue | extern | ors | reacti | | | | | | where | al | (cytok | on | | | | | | final | enviro | ines) | | | | | | | differ | nment | from | | | | | | | entiat | | variou | | | | | | | ion | | s | | | | | | | takes | | antige | | | | | | | place | | ns: | | | | | | | (speci | | allerg | | | | | | | fic | | ens, | | | | | | | to | | pathog | | | | | | | destin | | ens | | | | | | | ation | | and | | | | | | | site) | | physio | | | | | | | | | logica | | | | | | | | | l | | | | | | | | | mediat | | | | | | | | | ors | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Mononu | | Derive | | **Link | -Most | -Captu | | | clear | | d | | ** | potent | re | | | leukoc | | from | | innate | type | and | | | ytes | | monocy | | and | of | proces | | | | | tes. | | adapti | | s | | | | | | | ve | antige | antige | | | | | Found | | immuni | n-pres | ns | | | | | in | | ty- | enting | | | | | | nodes | | act as | cells | | | | | | and | | messen | | | | | | | spleen | | gers | -key | | | | | |. | | betwee | regula | | | | | | | | n | tor | | | | | | | | the | of | | | | | | | | two. | immune | | | | | | | | | system | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Switc | | | | | | | | | h | | | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | cell | | | | | | | | | surfac | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | recept | | | | | | | | | ors | | | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | | | activa | | | | | | | | | te | | | | | | | | | immatu | | | | | | | | | re | | | | | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | stimul | | | | | | | | | ate | | | | | | | | | growth | | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | differ | | | | | | | | | entiat | | | | | | | | | ion | | | | | | | | | of B | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | kick | | | | | | | | | start | | | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | | | adapti | | | | | | | | | ve | | | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | se. | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | **Type | | **Deri | **Diff | **Inna | **Func | **Main | | | ** | | ved | erenti | te | tions* | target | | | | | from** | ate | or** | * | s** | | | | | | into/* | | | | | | | | | * | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | **also | **Adap | | | | | | | | known | tive | | | | | | | | as:** | immune | | | | | | | | | system | | | | | | | | | ** | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Mononu | | Lympho | Differ | Innate | -T | -Th | | | clear | | blast | entiat | | Helper | cells: | | | leukoc | | | e | & | cells | intrac | | | ytes | | Mature | into | | (Th) | ellula | | | | | in the | antige | Most | | r | | | | | **t**h | n-spec | adapti | (CD4+) | bacter | | | | | ymus | ific | ve | immune | ia | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | | effect | | respon | -Cytot | | | | | | or | respon | se | oxic | | | | | | cell | ses | mediat | T | | | | | | | are | ors | cells: | | | | | | T | trigge | | virus | | | | | | Helper | red | -Cytot | | | | | | | cells | when a | oxic | infect | | | | | | (Th) | recirc | T | ed | | | | | | | ulatin | cells | and | | | | | | Cytoto | g | (CD8+) | tumour | | | | | | xic | T cell | cell | cells | | | | | | T | recogn | destru | | | | | | | cells | izes | ction | -Natur | | | | | | | its | | al | | | | | | | specif | Mainly | Killer | | | | | | | ic | involv | cells: | | | | | | | antige | ed | virus | | | | | | | n | with | infect | | | | | | | on the | cell-m | ed | | | | | | | surfac | ediate | and | | | | | | | e | d | | | | | | | | of a | immuni | tumour | | | | | | | dendri | ty | cells | | | | | | | tic | | | | | | | | | cell. | (indep | | | | | | | | | endent | | | | | | | | | of B | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | cells) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | essent | | | | | | | | | ial | | | | | | | | | for | | | | | | | | | helpin | | | | | | | | | g | | | | | | | | | B | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | antige | | | | | | | | | n. | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Mononu | | Lympho | Differ | Adapti | -Produ | -Forei | | | clear | | blast | entiat | ve, | ction | gn | | | leukoc | | | e | humora | of | antige | | | ytes | | Mature | into: | l/anti | antibo | ns | | | | | in the | | body | dies | | | | | | **b**o | -Plasm | mediat | -Memor | | | | | | ne | a | ed | y | | | | | | marrow | cells: | respon | cells | | | | | | | | se. | Involv | | | | | | | antibo | | ed | | | | | | | dy-sec | | with | | | | | | | reting | | second | | | | | | | cells | | ary | | | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | -Memor | | respon | | | | | | | y | | se | | | | | | | (effec | | | | | | | | | tor) | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ **[Task: Distinctions between innate and acquired immunity]** **[Innate immunity]** **[Adaptive immunity]** -- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------- **Non-specific** **Specific** **Immediate/hours** **Days/weeks** **Non-antigen dependant** **Antigen dependant** **No** **Yes** [Worksheet 3)] **Describe the [barriers of the innate immune system]. Give the mechanism for each example.** **Which barriers are associated with the oral cavity?** -- -- -------- -------- ----- -- -- -- Skin  Mucous membr ane Temper ature -- -- -------- -------- ----- -- -- -- Low pH -- -- ------------ ----------------- --- -- -- -- -- Chemical mediators  e.g. macrophages  dendritic cells  neutrophils  e.g. recruitment o f blood leucocytes  release of cytokines and chemokines histamine 17