Review Sheet 4 (2024 Fall) PDF

# Review for final exam test ## Extra points: mRNA Codon Chart ### Chapter 10: Patterns of Inheritance 1. **What is DNA made of? Where is DNA located?** DNA is made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base). It is located in the nucleus of cells. 2. **What is a gene? Where are g...

# Review for final exam test ## Extra points: mRNA Codon Chart ### Chapter 10: Patterns of Inheritance 1. **What is DNA made of? Where is DNA located?** DNA is made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base). It is located in the nucleus of cells. 2. **What is a gene? Where are genes found?** A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. Genes are found on chromosomes. 3. **What is an allele? How are alleles and genes related?** An allele is a variant form of a gene. Different alleles of a gene determine variations in a trait. 4. **What is a genotype? What is a phenotype? How is the genotype related to the phenotype?** - **Genotype:** The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., AA, Aa). - **Phenotype:** The physical expression of a trait (e.g., brown eyes). - Genotype determines the phenotype. 5. **What does homozygous mean? Homozygous recessive? Homozygous dominant?** - **Homozygous:** Having two identical alleles (AA or aa). - **Homozygous recessive:** Two recessive alleles (aa). - **Homozygous dominant:** Two dominant alleles (AA). 6. **What does heterozygous mean? If a trait is heterozygous, which phenotype is displayed?** - **Heterozygous:** Having two different alleles (Aa). - The dominant phenotype is displayed. 7. **Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he do? Why did he use peas?** Gregor Mendel is the father of genetics. He studied inheritance patterns using pea plants because they reproduce quickly and have distinct traits. 8. **What are P, F1, and F2 generations in genetic crosses?** - **P:** Parental generation. - **F1:** First filial generation (offspring of P). - **F2:** Second filial generation (offspring of F1). 9. **How does a pedigree chart help with genetic traits?** It tracks inheritance patterns across generations. 10. **What is incomplete dominance and codominance?** - **Incomplete dominance:** Blended phenotype (e.g., red + white = pink). - **Codominance:** Both alleles are expressed equally (e.g., AB blood type). 11. **What are polygenic traits? Examples?** Traits are controlled by multiple genes, such as height and eye color. 12. **What are sex-linked genes? Why are males more likely to display recessive traits on X chromosomes?** - Genes located on sex chromosomes. - Males have only one X chromosome, so recessive traits are expressed without a second allele. 13. **Why is my mother a carrier for color blindness, but I display it?** She carries the recessive allele on one X chromosome, while you inherited it and lack a second X chromosome to mask it. ### Chapter 11: DNA and RNA 1. **Differences between DNA and RNA:** - **DNA:** Double-stranded, thymine, deoxyribose sugar. - **RNA:** Single-stranded, uracil, ribose sugar. 2. **Three types of RNA and their functions:** - **mRNA:** Carries genetic code. - **tRNA:** Transfers amino acids. - **rRNA:** Part of ribosomes. 3. **Difference between transcription and translation:** - **Transcription:** DNA → mRNA. - **Translation:** mRNA → protein. 4. **Gene to protein process:** DNA → mRNA (transcription) → amino acid chain (translation) → protein. 5. **The scientist who proposed the double helix model of DNA?** ### Chapter 14: Darwin and Evolution 1. **Fossil record's importance:** Shows similarities and differences between extinct and living species. 2. **Lamarck's belief:** Species evolve through acquired traits passed to offspring (disproven). 3. **Charles Darwin's belief:** Evolution occurs through natural selection. 4. **Process of natural selection:** Organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce. 5. **Speciation and fitness:** - **Speciation:** Formation of new species. - **Fitness:** Ability to survive and reproduce. 6. **Adaptive radiation:** One species evolves into many to fill ecological niches. 7. **Mutation's effect on genotype and phenotype:** Changes in DNA can alter proteins, affecting traits. ### Chapter 15: Microevolution 1. **Antibiotic resistance as microevolution:** Bacteria evolve to survive antibiotics. 2. **Stabilizing, directional, disruptive selection:** - **Stabilizing:** Favors average traits. - **Directional:** Favors one extreme. - **Disruptive:** Favors both extremes. 3. **Industrial melanism:** Moths evolved darker colors due to pollution (directional selection). 4. **Selection pressure leading to new species:** Disruptive selection. 5. **Genetic mutation to phenotype change:** Mutations alter proteins, impacting traits. 6. **Gene flow and nonrandom mating:** - **Gene flow:** Movement of genes between populations. - **Nonrandom mating:** Choosing mates based on traits. 7. **Genetic drift:** - **Bottleneck effect:** Population size reduces drastically. - **Founder effect:** New population started by a few individuals. 8. **Artificial vs. natural selection:** - **Artificial:** Human-driven. - **Natural:** Environment-driven. ### Chapter 16: Macroevolution 1. **Allopatric vs. sympatric speciation:** - **Allopatric:** Geographic isolation. - **Sympatric:** New species in the same area. 2. **Polyploidy and hybrids creating species:** - **Polyploidy:** Extra chromosome sets. - **Hybrids:** Cross-species breeding. 3. **Biological species concept:** Species are groups that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 4. **Macroevolution vs. microevolution:** - **Macro:** Large-scale changes (new species). - **Micro:** Small-scale changes within a species. ### Chapter 30-31: Ecology 1. **Definition of ecology:** Study of interactions between organisms and their environment. 2. **Ecology levels:** Organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, biosphere. 3. **Invasive species and coevolution:** - **Invasive:** Non-native species harming ecosystems. - **Coevolution:** Mutual evolutionary influence. 4. **Niche vs. habitat:** - **Niche:** Role in ecosystem. - **Habitat:** Physical environment. 5. **Abiotic and biotic factors:** - **Abiotic:** Non-living (sunlight). - **Biotic:** Living (predators). 6. **Population concepts:** - Geographic range, abundance, density, dispersion, dispersal. - **Endemic:** Found in one place. - **Cosmopolitan:** Found everywhere. 7. **Growth curves:** - **Exponential:** Unlimited growth (unsustainable). - **Logistic:** Growth limited by resources. 8. **Community concepts:** - **Richness:** Number of species. - **Evenness:** Distribution of species. 9. **Types of interactions:** - **Competition:** Resource struggle. - **Mutualism:** Both benefits. - **Parasitism:** One benefits, one harmed. 10. **Trophic cascade and keystone species:** Keystone species regulate ecosystems (e.g., wolves in Yellowstone). 11. **Climate change:** - Caused by greenhouse gases. - Evidence: Rising temperatures, melting ice.