Biology Chapter 10: Patterns of Inheritance

Chapter 10: Patterns of Inheritance

• DNA is composed of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base)
• DNA is located in the cell nucleus
• A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein
• Genes are located on chromosomes
• An allele is a variant form of a gene
• Different alleles of a gene result in variations of a trait
• Genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., AA, Aa)
• Phenotype is the physical expression of a trait (e.g., brown eyes)
• Genotype determines phenotype
• Homozygous means having two identical alleles (AA or aa)
• Homozygous recessive means having two recessive alleles (aa)
• Homozygous dominant means having two dominant alleles (AA)
• Heterozygous means having two different alleles (Aa)
• The dominant phenotype is expressed in heterozygous traits
• Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics
• Mendel studied inheritance patterns using pea plants
• Pea plants reproduce quickly and have distinct traits
• P generation refers to the parental generation
• F1 generation refers to the first filial generation (offspring of P)
• F2 generation refers to the second filial generation (offspring of F1)

Chapter 11: DNA and RNA

• DNA is double-stranded, contains thymine, and deoxyribose sugar
• RNA is single-stranded, contains uracil, and ribose sugar
• mRNA carries the genetic code
• tRNA transfers amino acids
• rRNA is part of ribosomes
• Transcription is the process of DNA to mRNA
• Translation is the process of mRNA to protein
• DNA → mRNA (transcription) → amino acid chain (translation) → protein

Chapter 14: Darwin and Evolution

• Fossil records show similarities and differences between extinct and living species
• Lamarck's theory of acquired traits was disproven
• Darwin's theory of evolution is through natural selection
• Natural selection involves organisms with favorable traits surviving and reproducing
• Speciation is the formation of new species
• Fitness is the ability to survive and reproduce
• Adaptive radiation is one species evolving into many to fill ecological niches
• Mutations in DNA can alter proteins, influencing traits

Chapter 15: Microevolution

• Antibiotic resistance is a form of microevolution where bacteria evolve to survive antibiotics
• Stabilizing selection favors average traits
• Directional selection favors one extreme trait
• Disruptive selection favors both extreme traits
• Industrial melanism is a case of directional selection where moths evolved darker colors due to pollution
• Disruptive selection can lead to new species
• Mutations alter proteins, impacting traits

Chapter 16: Macroevolution

• Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are geographically isolated
• Sympatric speciation occurs when new species form in the same area
• Polyploidy involves having extra chromosome sets
• Hybrids are offspring of cross-species breeding
• Biological species are groups that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• Macroevolution refers to large-scale changes leading to new species
• Microevolution refers to small-scale changes within a species

Chapter 30-31: Ecology

• Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment
• Ecology levels include organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere
• Invasive species are non-native species that harm ecosystems
• Coevolution is the mutual evolutionary influence between species
• Niche is an organism's role in an ecosystem
• Habitat is the physical environment
• Abiotic factors are non-living factors (e.g., sunlight)
• Biotic factors are living factors (e.g., predators)
• Population concepts include geographic range, abundance, density, dispersion, dispersal, endemic, and cosmopolitan
• Growth curves include exponential and logistic growth
• Community concepts include richness and evenness
• Types of interactions include competition, mutualism, and parasitism
• Trophic cascade involves keystone species that regulate ecosystems
• Climate change is caused by greenhouse gases, resulting in rising temperatures and melting ice

This quiz covers key concepts from Chapter 10 on Patterns of Inheritance, including DNA structure, genes, alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes. Learn about the foundational work of Gregor Mendel and how traits are inherited through generations. Test your understanding of genetic terminology and inheritance patterns based on Mendelian principles.