Review Material For IEE 401 Cad/Cam Manufacturing Systems PDF

REVIEW MATERIAL FOR IEE 401 CAD/CAM MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS WHAT IS PRODUCTION? Production is the making of something new—either tangible (‘products’) or intangible (‘services’ that disappear in the very act of their creation). WHAT ARE PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING? - In a narrow sense production is...

REVIEW MATERIAL FOR IEE 401 CAD/CAM MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS WHAT IS PRODUCTION? Production is the making of something new—either tangible (‘products’) or intangible (‘services’ that disappear in the very act of their creation). WHAT ARE PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING? - In a narrow sense production is understood to be ‘the transformation of raw materials into products by a series of energy applications, each of which affects well defined changes in the physical or chemical characteristics of the materials’ (Dan0, 1966). - ‘Manufacturing’ is ‘the conversion of a design into a finished product’, and ‘production’ has a narrower sense, namely the physical act of making the product (Young and Mayer, 1984). - In 1983 CIRP (International Conference on Production Research) defined manufacturing as ‘a series of interrelated activities and operations involving the design, materials selection, planning, manufacturing production, quality assurance, management and marketing of the products of the manufacturing industries’. - ‘Manufacturing’ should be recognized as a series of productive activities: planning, design, procurement, production, inventory, marketing, distribution, sales, management. WHY IS MANUFACTURING IMPORTANT? Providing basic means of human existence. Without the manufacture or production of goods a human being is unable to live, and this is increasingly so in modem society. Creation of wealth of nations. The wealth of a country MARKETING or a nation is created by manufacturing. A country Marketing is defined by the American Marketing where manufacturing has been exhausted becomes Association as ‘a process to plan and implement concept poor and weakened. building of ideas, commodities and services, pricing, Steps toward human happiness and the world’s peace. sales promotion and distribution so as to create the An affluent and prosperous country can provide “exchange value” of an individual/ organization. security, welfare and happiness to its people; such a country no longer needs to invade other countries/ PRODUCTIVITY nations, or to make war, so the manufacture of weapons A measure of the effectiveness of this transformation (public ‘bads’) stops, resulting in world peace process is normally termed productivity, which is abstractly defined as the ratio between input and THREE FLOWS IN MANUFACTURING output: productivity = -output/input. (1) flow of materials (or material flow) Kinds of productivity (2) flow of information (or information flow) (1) physical productivity, where the outputs are (3) flow of cost (or cost flow) measured in units; (2) value productivity, where the outputs are measured in monetary values; (3) factor productivity, such as labor productivity, capital productivity, land productivity, raw- material productivity, etc., which are related to each of the resources of production;  (4) total productivity, concerned with the total of PROCESS ENGINEERS the resources of production— an overall Designs, optimizes, and oversee production processes in measure expressing the contribution of the manufacturing or chemical plants. They ensure that resources of production to the efficiency equipment and workflows maximize efficiency, minimize attained by a firm. waste, and meet safety and quality standards. DECISION-MAKING PROCEDURES PRODUCT PLANNING Decision-making is the process of selecting one best -This is a decision-making process, which involves plan from among several possible alternatives. researching and developing new products that meet the markets need. THREE PHASES/TEN STEPS FOR THE DECISION-MAKING - It is a continuous function in the dynamic environment PROCEDURE of a competitive situation, since any single product generally possesses a finite life cycle. -Helps in staying competitive by adapting to changing market conditions and managing the finite life cycles of products PLANNING SYSTEMS FOR NEW PRODUCT -Planning starts with market needs identified through research and sales data. -The decision to move forward with production depends on whether the design compromises are acceptable to DESIGN SPECIFICATION the market. Design Specification typically outlines the objectives, PRODUCT DESIGN performance criteria, and design elements that must be -is the function of creating drawings or other graphical met in order to reach the desired result. representations of products/parts which performs It provides clear direction while minimizing ambiguity. necessary functions based on the ‘technical This paper contains technical details, design diagrams, specification’, which has been established in the product performance objectives, and limitations. It describes planning stage. how the system will be created. PRODUCT QUALITY -Quality to perform the functions and have those Detailed documents - outline essential requirements, features which the customer requires and for which the constraints and specifications for products to adhere to. product is designed. A guide - from the conception of a product idea through to the finished product’s final design PROCESS PLANNING Clear boundary - Creates precise parameters within is the decision-making activity that determines the which the designer must work. sequence of operations needed to convert raw materials into finished products, following aggregate production WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? planning and product design completion. It considers Clarity and Consistency factors such as product types, quantities, raw materials, Effective Design Implementation parts, available production facilities, and technology. Enhance Product Quality Basic Functions of Process Planning Smooth Development (1) Process design is macroscopic decision-making of an Avoid Costly Misunderstandings overall process route for converting the raw material Avoid Scope Creep into a product. (2) Operation design is microscopic decision-making of WHAT INFLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT OF individual operations contained in the process route. SPECIFICATION? Process Design Company (1) to analyze the work flow for converting raw material Product into a finished product—flow f-line) analysis. Project (2) to select the workstation for each operation included in the work flow. PROCESS ENGINEERING Operation Design Active studying of business/ industry processes and - Function of Operation Design creating an improved or completely new process After process design, the next step is operation design, Conceptualizing, designing, and providing the process which involves detailed planning of each production steps and specifications to produce a useful product or step. This includes deciding the specific types of material that is used domestically and/or industrially in operations, their content, and the methods to perform variety of applications. them. - Operation Analysis TYPES OF PRODUCTION The method of operation can be analyzed from the Continuous/Repetitive Manufacturing Systems viewpoints of a combination of machine elements and Process / Continuous-Flow Production human elements (man—machine system), operative - In this type of production process, operations run workers (who may have large differences in skill), and continuously, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, work simplification. throughout the entire year. - A continuous flow of identical products moves through FIXED AUTOMATION a linear process. Fixed automation, also known as hard automation, is - This production system is utilized by oil and gas designed for production systems that require high refineries, petroleum refineries, chemical processing efficiency in high-volume production. It involves facilities, and more. equipment dedicated to performing a specific set of - The majority of the tasks are performed by machines operations on a single part, making it ideal for repetitive instead of humans. tasks. Mass/Flow Production Fixed/hard automation refers to machinery which is - is an ongoing process where all team members work used in particular tasks, such as repetitive actions on a together to produce identical items simultaneously. The production line. shapes and sizes of the products stay consistent, and all The machines are pre-programmed to perform the tasks resources are focused on manufacturing the same with precision and consistency. variety. Intermittent/Non-Continuous Production Systems WHERE IS FIXED AUTOMATION USED? Batch Production Fixed automation is typically used for production - focuses on creating items continuously, batch systems with exclusively allocated equipment and high production operates by producing goods in specific production needs. batches. Job Shop Production APPLICATIONS OF FIXED AUTOMATION - A job production is one done in limited quantities. Automated Assembly Machines. - It can also be done in accordance with a customer’s Chemical Manufacturing Processes. specific preference. Material Handling Conveyor Systems. Project Production Machining Transfer Lines. - Team of people working over a period of time and then Paint And Coating Automation Processes. once the project is complete these people leave the Web Handling and Converting Systems. project. - This method of production involves rendering services ADVANTAGES OF FIXED AUTOMATION via an automated process, such as technical support for High Output and Efficiency. customers. Consistent Product Quality. Low Labor Costs Due to Automation. CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES - Conversion technologies refer to a wide array of state- DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED AUTOMATION of-the-art technologies capable of converting High Initial Setup Cost. unrecyclable solid waste into useful products, such as Lack of Flexibility. green fuels and renewable energy in an environmentally Difficulty in Adapting to New or Varied Products. beneficial way. - Conversion technologies are modern methods that take waste that can’t be recycled and turn it into useful PRODUCTION PROCESS – CAM things like clean fuels or energy. PRODUCTION PROCESS - Conversion technologies are an integral process in - The process of conversion of resources of production, achieving a zero-waste goal. These technologies not in particular that of raw materials into tangible goods or only create a beneficial product but also potentially products, is called the production processes}. reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other air - The production process is generally made up of pollutants. successive multiple production stages, on which a series of operations— the work of producing the output— are THREE TYPES OF CONVERSION PATHWAYS OR performed successively on workstations (centers) or PROCESSES production facilities. BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION - The production process is an essential part of any In biochemical process, the bacteria and business. It is a process of turning raw materials and microorganisms are used to transform raw biomass into ideas into products and services. useful energy like methane and ethane gas. - Anaerobic Digestion SEMI-AUTOMATED HANDLING a series of biological processes in which microorganisms which combines human labor with some level of break down biodegradable material in the absence of mechanization oxygen. FULLY AUTOMATED HANDLING - Anaerobic Fermentation relies entirely on automated machinery and systems a metabolic process done by bacteria and eukaryotes in without direct human intervention the absence of air to convert carbohydrates into the products like gases, alcohols, and acids. ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATED MATERIAL HANDLING Reduce the Risk of Accidents THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION Save Money Use heat as the dominant mechanism to convert Improve Efficiency biomass into another chemical form. Open up Space - Gasification Fulfill More Orders Conversion under high temperature and pressure in a Increase Property Value low-oxygen environment to produce fuel gasses. - Pyrolysis DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATED MATERIAL Similar conversion to gasification but in the absence of HANDLING oxygen. Expensive Up-Front - Thermal depolymerization Reduce Warehouse Flexibility Similar to pyrolysis, in the absence of oxygen, but in the Possible Malfunctions presence of water. Cost of Maintenance PHYSIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION EXAMPLES OF AUTOMATED MATERIAL HANDLING Physicochemical conversion processes transform fresh Conveyor systems or used vegetable oils, animal fats, and other feedstocks Carousel and vertical lift module systems into liquid fuels or biodiesel through physical and Automated guided vehicles (AGVS) chemical methods. Palletizing and de-palletizing robots - Transesterification This is a chemical process that converts vegetable oils or PROCESS CONTROL animal fats into biodiesel by reacting them with an It is a technique to control and monitor processes. It alcohol (usually methanol) and a catalyst (usually involves monitoring and adjusting the process variables sodium hydroxide). Transesterification also produces to maintain desired output. It ensures that the tasks glycerol as a by-product, which can be used for making maintain quality and performance for mission- critical soap or cosmetics. applications. AUTOMATED MATERIALS HANDLING ADVANTAGES OF PROCESS CONTROL - Refers to the use of automated systems and Increase Productivity equipment to transport, sort, organize, and store Improve Quality materials within manufacturing facilities, warehouses, Improve the Consistency of Product Dimension and distribution centers. Increase Stability - Automatic handling of materials is done mostly for Optimize the Performance mass production; it requires flexibility for varied Meet The Environmental Regulations production. Minimize the Influence of Internal Disturbance - Automated material handling systems are designed to perform tasks with high accuracy and consistency, BATCH PROCESS minimizing errors in order fulfillment and inventory A batch process is a type of manufacturing process management. where materials or products are processed in small, - Automated Material Handling systems represent a discrete quantities, or batches, rather than being significant advancement in industrial and logistics continuously processed. operations, offering improved efficiency, accuracy, and In a batch process, the equipment is charged with the safety. necessary raw materials, the process is carried out, and - AMH systems typically incorporate various then the equipment is cleaned and prepared for the technologies such as robotics, conveyor systems, next batch. automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and drones. CONTINUOUS PROCESS A process in which the materials or work flows more or THREE TYPES OF MATERIAL HANDLING less continuously through a plant apparatus while being MANUAL HANDLING manufactured or treated. here workers physically move materials The continuous process moves raw materials from the - A fault in an electric power system can be defined as , start of the process through each production step to a any abnormal condition of the system that involves the final product. electrical failure of the equipment, such as , Rather than waiting until the unit of product is transformers, generators, busbars, etc. complete, raw material is fed and processed - The faults in power system causes over current, under continuously to produce additional units of product. voltage, unbalance of the phases, reversed power and high voltage surges. This results in the interruption of the normal operation of the network, failure of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN equipment, electrical fires, etc. MANUFACTURING - The theory and development of computer systems TYPES OF FAULTS capable of performing tasks that historically required Open circuit faults (also called as Series Faults) human intelligence, such as recognizing speech, making - These faults occur due to the failure of one or more decisions, and identifying patterns. conductors. - An umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of Short circuit faults (also called as Shunt Faults) technologies, including machine learning, deep learning, - It can be defined as an abnormal connection of very and natural language processing. low of impedance between two points of differential - The ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot potential, whether made intentionally or accidentally. to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults intellectual process’s characteristic of humans. Symmetrical Faults - is also called a balanced fault. This fault occurs when all three phases are 4 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) simultaneously short-circuited. REACTIVE MACHINE Types of Symmetrical Fault: These are the simplest type of AI, which only react to Line-Line-Line Fault specific inputs and situations. L–L–L–G (Three-phase line to the ground fault) LIMITED MEMORY Unsymmetrical fault This type of AI can learn from historical data and make - The most common faults that occur in the power better decisions based on past experiences. system network are unsymmetrical faults. This kind of THEORY OF MIND fault gives rise to unsymmetrical fault currents (having This is a more advanced type of AI that is still under different magnitudes with unequal phase development. It refers to AI that can understand displacement). These faults are also called unbalanced emotions, thoughts, and intentions, allowing it to faults, as they cause unbalanced currents in the system. interact more naturally with humans. - Unsymmetrical faults include both open circuit faults SELF-AWARE AI (single and two phase open conditions) and short circuit This type of AI is purely theoretical at the moment and faults (excluding L-L-L-G and LL-L). does not exist, but it's often the focus of science fiction Types of unsymmetrical fault: and future predictions of AI evolution. Single-Line-to-Ground Fault- A single line-to- ground (LG) fault is one of the most common ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) faults, and experience shows that 70-80 percent Reduce human error of the faults that occur in power systems are of Automate repetitive tasks this type. This forms a short circuit path Handle big data between the line and ground. Faster decision-making Line-to-Line Fault - A line-to-line fault occurs Ai-powered digital assistants when a live conductor gets into contact with Mitigate risks another live conductor. Heavy winds are the Improve processes and workflows major cause of this fault, during which overhead Medical applications conductors may swing together. These are less 24/7 availability severe faults, and their occurrence range may DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) be between 15-20%. Increased human laziness Double-Line-to-Ground Fault - In double line-to- High implementation costs ground faults, two lines come into contact with Potential for increased unemployment each other as well as with the ground. These are Lack of creativity severe faults, and the occurrence of these faults Inability to understand emotion is about 10% when compared with total system faults. UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT STUDY - There may be lot of probabilities of faults to appear in the power system network, including lightning, wind, tree falling on lines, apparatus failure, etc. COMPUTER-AIDED-PROCESS-PLANNING HOW DOES A LAN WORK? 1. LAN networking typically requires Ethernet cables and (CAPP) SYSTEM INTEGRATION Layer 2 (L2) switches along with devices that can TECHNOLOGIES connect and communicate using Ethernet. - Process planning is the activity of determining 2. Larger LANs often include L3 switches or routers to which manufacturing processes and machines streamline traffic flows. should be used to accomplish the numerous 3. Each device connected to a LAN is assigned a unique operations required to manufacture a IP address that maps to its physical address, also known component, as well as the order in which the as the media access control (MAC) address. processes should be performed. 4. Ethernet switches use the device's MAC address to - Alternatively, process planning is the systematic transport data across the network. determination of the specific techniques for manufacturing parts from raw material to WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF LANS? completed product. The LAN definition still leaves plenty of leeway for various types of local networks with different WHAT IS COMPUTER-AIDED PROCESS-PLANNING? characteristics and purposes. - Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP) is a Client/Server LANs technology that uses computer systems to plan and This is a networked system in which one device, or optimize the manufacturing process. server, receives and responds to queries from one or - CAPP automates the conversion of design data into more devices, or clients. detailed instructions for production machinery, Peer-to-peer LANs increasing efficiency and saving production time. In peer-to-peer LANs, every device can both share and - It is compatible with computer-aided design (CAD) and request information. Your home network is probably a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems, allowing peer-to-peer network using LAN connection for a smooth connection between product design and technologies like Wi-Fi or Ethernet. manufacture. Token ring LANs and token bus LANs Token ring networks were popular in the 1980s but have ADVANTAGES OF USING CAPP since been superseded by superior Ethernet - Reduce lead time and cost for process planning technologies. - Improved consistency and accuracy of process plans Virtual LANs - Enhance resource utilization Virtual LANs, or VLANs, use technology in the network - Easier integration with other computer-aided systems switch to control traffic between devices so they appear - Increased production efficiency and product quality to be grouped into separate networks, even though they are physically part of the same LAN. TYPES CAPP SYSTEM SD-LAN VARIANT (RETRIEVAL) CAPP SYSTEM A major drawback of a LAN is the need for manual A process planning system that creates new plans by configuration of each network device, which may all retrieving and modifying a standard process plan for a have different software. Adding more devices adds more given part family. complexity, and commercial-grade switches often come GENERATIVE CAPP SYSTEM coupled with proprietary software. A process planning system, including a database and decision logic, that will automatically generate a process ADVANTAGES OF LAN plan from graphical and textual information on the part. Simple and Inexpensive HYBRID CAPP SYSTEM LANs are easy to set up and maintain with relatively low The establishment of the hybrid intelligent inference costs, making them a cost-effective solution for model will enable the CAPP system to adapt connecting multiple devices within a limited area. automatically to the dynamic manufacturing Accessible Software environment, with a view to the ultimate realization of LANs provide centralized access to software and full implementation of intelligent manufacturing resources, allowing users to easily share and collaborate systems in enterprises. on applications without the need for individual installations on each device. DATA COMMUNICATION, LAN AND WAN IN Rapid Communication LANs enable fast data transfer speeds between MANUFACTURING connected devices, allowing users to communicate and share information quickly within the network. WHAT IS A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)? Association of Client and Server A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that LANs facilitate seamless connections between clients interconnects computers within a limited area such as a and servers, enabling efficient data processing, resource residence, school, laboratory, university campus or sharing, and service delivery within the network. office building. Collaboration of Resources traditional telephone networks). Commonly used for LANs allow multiple users to share resources such as phone calls or older WAN setups. printers, files, and applications, enhancing collaboration Packet-Switched WAN and reducing the need for duplicate equipment. Data is broken into packets and sent over a shared Protection of Data network. The most common type of WAN used today. LANs offer robust security features like firewalls and MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) access controls, protecting sensitive data from A technique for routing data using labels instead of long unauthorized access and potential cyber threats within network addresses. Used by businesses to improve the the local network. speed and efficiency of WAN traffic. Software-Defined WAN (SD-WAN) DISADVANTAGES OF LAN A modern approach to managing WAN using software to Weak protection of data control connectivity, management, and services. Used LANs can be vulnerable to security breaches if not by businesses for flexible and efficient WAN properly secured, potentially exposing sensitive management, optimizing performance over multiple information. types of connections (like broadband and 4G). Maximum Damage A failure or security breach in a LAN can disrupt the ADVANTAGES OF WIDE AREA NETWORK entire network, affecting all connected devices. Covers Large Geographical Area Malware WAN covers a large geographical area of 1000 km. LANs can be susceptible to malware that spreads quickly WANs can span cities, regions, countries or even across connected devices if adequate security measures continents. aren't in place. Centralized Data Installation is expensive The Company doesn't need to buy email, files, and back- Setting up a LAN can involve high initial costs due to the up servers, they can all reside on head office. All office need for cabling, hardware, and infrastructure. can share the data through the head office server. All Maintenance Problem workers can get back-up, support, and other useful data Regular maintenance is required to ensure the LAN from head office and all data are synchronized with all operates smoothly, which can be time-consuming and other office branches. costly. Get Updated Files and Data Space Problem Software companies work over the live server to LAN software needs memory space on each main exchange updated files. So, all the codes and office staffs computer in the network, which reduces the available get updated version of files within seconds. space for users’ programs. Sharing of Software and Resources Like LAN, we can share software applications and other WHAT IS A WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)? resources such as hard drive, Random Access Memory A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications (RAM) with other users on the internet. network that extends over a large geographical area for Global Business the primary purpose of computer networking. It is a WAN plays a crucial role in Global business. Everyone computer network spanning region, countries, or even with computer skills can do business on the internet and the world. expand their business globally. High Bandwidth HOW DOES WAN WORK? Software companies work over the live server to - WANs link multiple LANs, allowing communication exchange updated files. So, all the codes and office staffs between computers and users in distant locations. get updated version of files within seconds. - WANs use various telecommunications methods (e.g., Distribute Workloads and Decrease Travel Charges satellite, optical fiber, or telephone lines) to transmit Another benefit of WAN is that you can distribute your data. work to other locations easily. It is also reduces your - WANs serve as a bridge between smaller, local travel charges as you can monitor the activities of your networks. team online. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF WANS? DISADVANTAGES OF WIDE AREA NETWORK Leased Line Security Problems A dedicated connection between two points (e.g., WAN has more security problems as compare to LAN. offices in different locations). Ideal for businesses that WAN has many technologies combine to each other need a reliable, high-speed, and secure connection which can create a security gap. WANs are more Circuit-Switched WAN susceptible to security threats due to their large scope A network that establishes a dedicated circuit or path and connection to the internet, which is a major source for the duration of a communication session (e.g., of security threats. Need Firewall and Anti-virus Software Computer aid to the management function As data transferred on the internet can be accessed and - Helps managers use software to organize tasks, track change by hackers, so firewall needs to be enabled in progress, and make better decisions. the computer. Some people can also inject a virus into - It makes work more efficient by giving real-time the computer so antivirus software need to be installed. insights and simplifying day-today operations. The Set-up Costs is High Setting up WAN for the first time in a company's offices DEFINITION OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED cost higher money. It may involve purchasing routers, MANUFACTURING (CIM) switches and extra security software. - The term " computer-integrated manufacturing " is Service Down and Disconnection Issues both a method of manufacturing and the name of a In some areas, Internet Service Provider (ISP) faces computer-automated system in which individual problems due to electricity supply or bad line’s engineering, production, marketing, and support structure. Customers often encounter connectivity functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized. issues or slow internet speed issues. - The idea of "digital manufacturing " became prominent in the early 1970s, with the release of Dr. Joseph COMPUTER-INTEGRATED Harrington ' s book, Computer Integrated Manufacturing. However, it was not until 1984 when MANUFACTURING computer-integrated manufacturing began to be - Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) uses developed and promoted by machine tool computer systems to control the entire manufacturing manufacturers and the Computer and Automated process, from design to production. Systems Association and Society of Manufacturing - It combines technologies like CAD/CAM and robotics to Engineers (CASA/SME). automate tasks, improving efficiency and reducing errors. CIM IN PRACTICE - CIM allows for real-time adjustments, helping Computer-Aided Design (CAD) manufacturers streamline operations and increase Designers create digital blueprints for products. productivity. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Blueprints guide automated machinery for precise THREE MAJOR FUNCTION production. Design and Engineering Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) It incorporates computer-aided design (CAD) to make Manages resources, scheduling, and supply chains. the design process faster and more efficient. Engineers REAL-TIME can create detailed and accurate models with ease. Real-time data integration ensured optimal performance Production and Manufacturing and quality control. CIM automates the production process using robotics and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). This reduces COMMON DEFINITION OF CIM the need for manual labor and speeds up - CIM is the integration of the total manufacturing manufacturing. By doing so, it helps increase enterprise through the use of integrated systems and productivity and improve overall efficiency. data communications coupled with new managerial Quality Control philosophies that improve organizational and personnel CIM continuously monitors the production process in efficiency. real-time. This helps catch any issues early and ensures - It uses computers and communication networks to products meet quality standards. As a result, errors are transform automated manufacturing systems into minimized, and the overall quality is improved. interconnected systems that cooperate across all organizational functions. THREE COMPUTER AIDS - Encompasses design, planning, production, and Computer aid to the production function logistics. - Uses software to optimize and streamline - Goal: create a cohesive and automated environment manufacturing processes, improving efficiency and with minimal human intervention. precision. - Ensures consistent quality, faster production, and - These systems assist in planning, controlling, and adaptability to changes in demand. monitoring production activities to reduce errors. Computer aid to the design function - Involves the use of software to create, modify, and optimize designs, improving precision and efficiency in engineering, architecture, and product development. - It allows designers to visualize, simulate, and test their creations before manufacturing or construction begins. CAD/CAM - Computer-Aided Design (CAD) refers to using software to design certain objects and items in a virtual environment before manufacturing them. We can use the software to either draw 2D images or create 3D models. - Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the term used to describe the use of computerized systems to control the operations at a manufacturing plant. - Computer-Aided Manufacturing refers to the process where the software converts a CAD model into a language that a manufacturing machine can understand. - CAM is used after Computer-aided Design (CAD) Computer-Aided. Once that’s done, the machine starts to manufacture the designed models with incredible accuracy. - The model designed using CAD is sometimes used as the CAM input, this is why it is referred as CAD-CAM. - CAD and CAM rely on one another heavily. One is an essential tool for finding the best way to design the desired part, while the other automatically feeds the solution to the right bit of hardware that creates it. IMPORTANCE OF CAD/CAM IN MODERN MANUFACTURING & ENGINEERING Today, every manufacturing plant uses at least a type of CAD-CAM system to control their operations. Here are some reasons why CAD/CAM is important in modern manufacturing and engineering: Improves machining activities Improves Efficiency Innovations Precision Customization Prepared by: Engr. Jerald Fernandez