Religion Exam Review PDF

P = Numbers G = Events B = Definitions Y = Important Info Unit 1 - Danica: Identity SYMBOLS Christian Symbol - The Cross, ST JOHN HENRY NEWMAN BACKGROUND - ​ St John Henry Newman was born in 1801 and died in 1890, a man of deep faith whose first wish was to live totally for God … to be “a...

P = Numbers G = Events B = Definitions Y = Important Info Unit 1 - Danica: Identity SYMBOLS Christian Symbol - The Cross, ST JOHN HENRY NEWMAN BACKGROUND - ​ St John Henry Newman was born in 1801 and died in 1890, a man of deep faith whose first wish was to live totally for God … to be “alive” always to God! ​ His personal motto is “heart speaks to heart” ​ Before becoming a Catholic, Newman was an Anglican priest who taught and mentored young people within the University. St John Henry Newman became a Catholic in 1845 when he was 44 years old. ​ In those days Roman Catholics in England were often considered second class citizens. As a result, his academic reputation suffered and he lost a number of friends by becoming Catholic. ​ Newman had a great passion for the ✨ ✨ TRUTH. ​ Newman taught the value of conscience and how it is the voice of God ​ Newman had confidence in the potential of young people, he welcomed their questions and concerns about faith, life and human relationships. ​ Newman believed that having a good education help people discover: The truth of who God is, The truth of our own place in the world. ​ Newman expresses some of these thoughts in his well known work which is still so influential today: “The Idea of a University”. ​ Newman was convinced that conscience is what helps lead each person to become what God intends them to be: Authentic, Happy, Integrated STEREOTYPES TASK Racism - The belief that one race is superior to another Prejudice - pre-judgment based on a personal bias; a negative opinion that is NOT based on facts. Stereotype -an idea that many people have about a thing or a group and that may often be untrue or only partly true. Discrimination: The treating of some people better than others without any fair or proper reason. ​ The Breakfast Club Allison Reynolds - Basketcase Andrew Clark - Jock John Bender - Criminal Brian Johnson - Brain Claire Standish - Princess THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF IDENTITY 1.​ People 2.​ Places 3.​ Things 4.​ Events RADIO Based on a true story, “Radio” follows the life of James “Radio” Kennedy, a young disabled man who is known for his love of sports. At first the community was wary of him due to his disability, except local football coach Harold Jones. Jones mentors Radio and as he includes Radio in the community more and more Radio gradually becomes a beloved figure in the town and changes the people around him. Unit 2 - Danica:The Bible and Jesus THE BIBLE: ​ The Bible is a collection of books written by different people during more than 1000 years and dating from about 1450 BC. It is divided into two parts: Old Testament and New Testament. It is called the Old Testament because it describes an early promise (agreement) between God and God’s people the Jews. Another name for such an agreement is a Covenant. ​ There are 73 books in the bible, 46 in the old testament and 27 in the new testament ​ The first four in the NEW TESTAMENT, are the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John describe the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles describes the growth of the Christian Church and St.Paul’s Journey. The Epistles are letters from the early Christian leaders to the newly spreading Church communities. The book of Revelation (also known as the Book of the Apocalypse) contains letters to seven churches and writings about the future reign of Jesus in the world. ​ The New Testament books were first written down on papyrus scrolls, an early form of paper made from reeds. Christians then began to copy them onto sheets of papyrus, which were bound and placed between two pieces of wood or tablets. This form of boudning is called a CODEX.  ​ The oldest part of the New Testament is from St Johns’ Gospel and dates from about AD 125. A complete New Testament in Codex form was discovered at St Catherine’s monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai in 1844. This is called the Codex Sinaiticus, and it is written in Greek and dates from the 4th Century AD. Manuscript fragments of the New Testament can be also traced to the 2nd Century AD. ​ As the Church spread, the New Testament was translated into Latin and other languages. In 1382 the first complete version in English was published. It was translated by John Wycliffe and at that time the words were still being copied by hand. ​ The first printed Bible was the GUTENBERG, which appeared in 1456 with text in Latin. In 1535 the first complete English Bible was published by Miles Coverdale. The first Authorized Version appeared in 1611 in the form of the King James Bible. ​ It has been translated into almost 2000 languages. Most people in the world can hear it being read or can read it for themselves in their own language. ​ For Jews, the most important part is the Torah – the first FIVE books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy) In Christianity the Torah is called the Pentateuch. ABRAHAM AND HIS FAMILY Abraham left Ur, because God called him to found a new nation in an undesignated land that he later learned was Canaan. He obeyed unquestioningly the commands of God, from whom he received repeated promises and a covenant that his “seed” would inherit the land. He was married to Sarah, and they had two sons. Abraham’s first son, Ishmael, was born to Hagar, Sarah’s maidservant, while his second son, Isaac, was born to Sarah. The couple received news of Isaac’s birth from three angelic visitors. Abraham also had a nephew, Lot, who moved to the city of Sodom with his wife. Lot’s wife later disobeyed God’s command during their escape from the city and was turned into a pillar of salt. Abraham faced numerous tests of faith. One such test was God’s command to sacrifice Isaac on Mount Moriah, which Abraham was prepared to obey until God intervened, providing a ram instead. Another test was leaving his homeland and trusting in God’s promise to provide a better home. Tensions arose in the family when Sarah, concerned about Isaac’s inheritance, demanded that Abraham send Hagar and Ishmael away. Though Abraham complied, it was a difficult and controversial decision. THE STORY OF MOSES Moses was born an Israelite during a time when his people were enslaved by the Egyptians. To save him from Pharaoh's decree to kill Israelite baby boys, his mother placed him in a basket on the river. Pharaoh's daughter found and adopted him, raising him as a prince of Egypt. As an adult, Moses discovered his true heritage and fled Egypt after killing a slave master in anger. While in exile, God appeared to him in a burning bush on Mount Horeb, commanding him to lead the Israelites to freedom. Moses returned to Egypt and demanded that Pharaoh release the Israelites, but Pharaoh refused. God sent ten plagues upon Egypt, including water turning to blood, swarms of frogs, gnats, flies, diseased livestock, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and finally, the death of the firstborns. Pharaoh relented only after the last plague, which killed his own son, and allowed the Israelites to leave. Guided by God, the Israelites escaped through the wilderness. At the Red Sea, Moses parted the waters, allowing the Israelites to cross on dry land. When Pharaoh’s army pursued, the waters closed, destroying them. This miraculous event solidified the Israelites' faith in God and Moses as their leader. Literal Approach Literal means “every word” Reading the Bible word for word Every sentence is taken to mean exactly what it says. Contextual Approach The words are put in context. We consider the culture, time, place, purpose. This approach tries to determine what the authors were saying to the people of their own time. Sometimes we have to “interpret” the passage to understand what the author was saying. ​ Jesus, also known as Christ (meaning King or Messiah), was born in Bethlehem, Palestine, 2000 years ago and grew up in Nazareth as a Jew under Roman occupation. ​ At age 30, Jesus began a 3-year ministry of preaching, healing, performing miracles (e.g., walking on water, turning water into wine), and teaching about God's unconditional love, forgiveness, and the value of human life ​ He gathered 12 disciples (apostles) and gained a growing following, which alarmed Jewish leaders and Roman authorities.Accused of blasphemy for claiming to be the Son of God, Jesus was tried, tortured, and crucified.  ​ Three days after his death, Jesus rose from the dead (Resurrection) and appeared to over 500 witnesses. The Gospels document these accounts. ​ Jesus remained in Palestine for 40 days after his resurrection, then ascended into heaven (Ascension). ​ The Holy Spirit came upon believers (Pentecost), leading thousands to faith. Christianity spread rapidly, reaching the Roman Empire within 100 years and continuing to grow worldwide. Jesus of History This term ‘Jesus of History’ refers to the historical facts of Jesus’ life which are known through valid and authentic historical sources. Some of the basic historical facts that cannot be questioned include the following: ​ Jesus was male, Jewish, born in Bethlehem approximately 2000 years ago. ​ He grew up in Nazareth, a small town in Palestine, a Province in the Roman Empire. ​ He gathered followers around him in and around Jerusalem. ​ He was crucified on a cross. The Christian community The term ‘Christ of Faith’ refers to the faith of the Christian community and of what it continues to believe about Jesus Christ: ​ Jesus is the Christ, i.e the Anointed One, the Messiah, the Son of God who brings forgiveness, love and eternal happiness to all who believe. ​ Christ brings the ‘Good News’ to ALL people ​ He accepts, loves and embraces ALL people, regardless of race, creed, colour, nationality, or sexuality. ​ Various cultures today seek to represent Jesus in terms of their own culture – to reflect the faith understanding that we are all brothers and sisters of Jesus. ​ All cultures and groups of people have their own way of expressing a desire to show what Jesus means to ALL peoples. Unit 3 - Ariana: The Hero’s Journey A hero is someone who lives out the Golden Rule in an inspiring and admirable way. 1 Unselfishness 2 A spirit of sacrifice in which they are prepared to offer themselves 3 A belief that all people should be equal and free 4 A spirit of courage, in which they have strength and determination Seven Stages of Life: 1)Birth/early life 2)Discovery of purpose 3)Retreat/leaving what is familiar 4)Call to Adventure 5)Difficulties and challenges 6)Crisis/final challenge 7)Victory and goal achieved Jesus’s Stages of Life 1)Birth/early life:Mary was going to marry Joseph, but then she got pregnant by the Holy Spirit. So, Joseph wanted to quietly divorce her. Untill, an angel told him in a dream that the baby’s name is Jesus and that he is a savior for our sins. So, he did not divorce her. 2)First signs of destiny:A man named Simeon was told by the Holy Spirit that he wouldn't die until he saw the messiah. So, Simeon went to a temple and started to pray while holding Jesus. After that, he goes to the parents and says that he will save others, and cause the fall of others. 3)Retreat/leaving what is familiar:The Spirit led Jesus into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil. He fasted for forty days and forty nights. The devil tells him to make bread out of rock, but Jesus says:‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.’ Then, he brought him to the holy city, telling him to jump down a cliff because his angels will save him. Jesus says to not put the Lord God to the test. Next, he showed him many kingdoms if Jesus worshiped him. Then, Jesus says that you should only worship the Lord. Lastly, the devil left and angels helped Jesus. 4)Call to Adventure:Jesus went to Galilee to be baptized by John. But John said that he needs to be baptized by Jesus. But then Jesus said that doing it would fulfill righteousness, so John agreed. Then Jesus was baptized, and the Spirit of God appeared-saying that Jesus is his son, and that he is pleased with him. 5)Difficulties and challenges:Jesus went into Peter’s house and saw Peter’s mother in law lying sick in a bed. Jesus took the sickness out of her. Later, many people who were possessed with demons came to Jesus. So, Jesus got rid of the demons and sicknesses. 6)Crisis/ final challenge:In the afternoon, it became dark, and Jesus said:“My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” People standing by got a sponge, and filled it with wine vinegar, and offered Jesus to drink it.The others told them to leave Jesus alone to see if anything would happen. After that, Jesus died by the crucifix and started an earthquake and got dead people to live again. Everyone was terrified and believed that he was the son of God. Many women including Mary Magdalene,Mary, the mother of James and Joseph. 7)Victory and Reward:After the Sabbath, Mary and the other Mary went to Jesus’ tomb. Another earthquake happened, then an angel appeared, rolled back the stone and sat on it. The guards were afraid and were knocked out. The angel said to the women to not be afraid, and that Jesus is not in the tomb. The angel says for the women to tell Jesus’ disciples that Jesus was raised from the dead, and is going to Galilee. So, the women went to the disciples and told them. Jesus came, and the others were told to tell his brothers to go to Galilee. Jesus went on a mountain side and began to teach a crowd. He said :“Blessed are the poor in spirit, Blessed are those who mourn, Blessed are the meek, Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, Blessed are the merciful,Blessed are the pure in heart, Blessed are the peacemakers, Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness.Blessed are you when people insult you, and to be happy because your reward is heaven. Unit 4 - Ariana:Creation ​ The Bible speaks of creation in terms of showing us that God is the Creator of all things. It does not try to pretend to be some kind of science book. We can describe this as an important part of the World View of the writers of the Bible. The Bible is about religious teaching; it doesn’t set out to teach us science ​ The early Hebrew people saw the world as a sort of two storey building with a basement. The basement was the dark land of the dead (Sheol). The first floor was the  earth, which was seen as a flat disc floating on water. The second floor was the ‘firmament’ or sky. Genesis (Chapter 1): First Creation Day 1) The creation of the planet (Earth) and day and night. Day 2)God created the sky by ‘separating the waters’ Day 3)He created land and plants Day 4)God made the sun, moon and stars. Day 5)He created animals, fish, and living things. Day 6)God made mankind Day 7) God rested (Chapters 2-3): Adam and Eve ​ God made a man out of dust from the ground. ​ The garden had lots of plants and food, with a big tree of life and a tree of good and evil. ​ God gave the man the job to take care of the plants, like a gardener or farmer. ​ God told the man to eat any fruit he wanted except for the fruit of the tree of good and evil or else he would die. ​ God created the birds and animals to see what the man would call them and that could help him. ​ God created a woman to help and keep the man company. The woman was created out of the man’s rib. ​ God let him name the animals so then the man can have responsibility over the animals since he made them. ​ They had to leave their home because they ate the fruit from the good and evil tree, disobeying God. The Jewish/Christian World View (THE FOUR TRUTHS) 1.​ There is only ONE God – God created everything 2.​ God planned everything. Nothing in creation is by chance/accident. 3.​ God created everything good.  4.​ God made the Sabbath holy – a special day of rest. Domination over the earth The passage discusses humanity's historically dominant attitude toward the planet, viewing humans as "kings" with the right to exploit natural resources without regard for the consequences. This mindset has led to significant ecological damage, including pollution, soil degradation, deforestation, and species extinction. The concept of "dominion" is explored, suggesting it could either mean responsible stewardship or oppressive domination. The author argues that, instead of responsibly caring for the Earth as originally commanded in Genesis, humanity has chosen to conquer and consume it, ignoring warnings from nature and indigenous voices like Chief Seattle. Ultimately, the passage emphasizes that humanity's failure to care for the Earth may result in accountability for the resulting environmental crises. Chief Seattle Letter Chief Seattle's speech, delivered around 1854, reflects his deep connection to nature and his people's land. He speaks to the governor of Washington, expressing both gratitude and reluctance at the offer to sell Native American land to the United States. Chief Seattle emphasizes that the land, water, animals, and natural elements are sacred to his people, carrying the memories and spirits of their ancestors. He insists that if the land is sold, the white settlers must respect its sacredness and teach future generations to do the same. He also highlights the interconnectedness of all life, asserting that humanity is a part of the earth, not its owner, and warns that the white man's disregard for nature will ultimately lead to their own downfall. The speech underscores the importance of respecting and living in harmony with the earth. Living with nature- David Suzuki David Suzuki’s essay "Living with Nature" explores the growing disconnect between humans, especially children, and the natural world, particularly in urban environments. He highlights how modern cities, shaped for human convenience, foster attitudes that view nature as an enemy—dirty, dangerous, and a nuisance. Through the use of pesticides and chemicals to control pests, and the cultural aversion to things like dirt, mud, and insects, children learn to fear and avoid nature rather than connect with it. Suzuki argues that humans have always been deeply connected to nature, depending on ecosystems for survival. He laments how this connection is being severed as children grow up without a sense of their ecological place, leading to environmental apathy and harm. He emphasizes the importance of fostering a sense of respect and curiosity about the natural world in children, noting that a spiritual connection to nature can deeply influence attitudes and actions toward conservation. Drawing from personal experiences with his own children, Suzuki stresses that when children understand they are part of the biosphere, they will feel empathy for other species and be motivated to protect the environment. He warns that if we continue to teach children to fear nature, we risk perpetuating ecological destruction. Suzuki calls on parents to challenge these negative lessons and encourage a deeper understanding of and respect for the interconnectedness of all life. Personal/Social sins/Alienation There are five different types of sins: 1)Person vs God 2)Person vs self 3)Person vs others 4)Person vs Nature 5)Group vs Group 6)Personal sin -occurs when any person knowingly and willingly does something that hurts their relationship with God, Self, Neighbour, or Nature. 7)Social sin -occurs when a group or society participates in a process or system that harms human relationships. Everyone in the group or society shares, to some degree, the responsibility for the damage caused. The stories of Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, and the Tower of Babel reveal that the consequence of sin is some form of alienation (where ‘alienation’ means feeling disconnected or turning away from something/someone). The Cain and Abel story (Genesis 4) The story of Cain and Abel, found in the Bible (Genesis 4), follows the lives of two brothers, Cain and Abel, sons of Adam and Eve. Cain, a farmer, and Abel, a shepherd, both offer sacrifices to God. God favors Abel’s offering of the best portions from his flock, but does not accept Cain’s offering of crops, causing Cain to become angry. God warns Cain about sin and urges him to do what is right. Despite the warning, Cain lures Abel into a field and kills him. God confronts Cain, asking where Abel is, and Cain denies knowing, famously replying, “Am I my brother’s keeper?” God condemns Cain for the murder, cursing him to be a wanderer and stating that the ground will no longer yield crops for him. Cain expresses that his punishment is too severe, but God marks him to protect him from being killed by others. Cain then leaves God's presence and settles in the land of Nod, where he builds a city. He has descendants, including his son Enoch, and his descendants develop various skills, such as livestock raising, music, and metalworking. Lamech, a descendant of Cain, boasts of having killed a man in self-defense and declares that his revenge would be greater than Cain’s. Later, Adam and Eve have another son, Seth, who replaces Abel. The story concludes with people beginning to call on the name of the Lord during Seth’s time. The Genesis Tower of Babel story (Gen 11) The Tower of Babel story from the Bible describes a time when all people shared one language and lived together in a plain in Shinar. They decided to build a city and a tower that reached the heavens to make a name for themselves and avoid being scattered. However, God intervened, recognizing that nothing would be impossible for them if they remained united in language. To stop their plans, God confused their language so they could no longer understand each other. As a result, the people were scattered across the earth, and the city was called Babel, reflecting the confusion of language. The Story of the Pentecost (Acts 2) The passage describes the event of Pentecost when the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles. As they gathered in one place, a sound like a violent wind filled the house, and tongues of fire appeared, resting on each of them. They were filled with the Holy Spirit and began speaking in various languages, which amazed a diverse crowd of Jews from different nations who were in Jerusalem for the festival. The crowd was astonished to hear each person speak in their native language. Some mocked them, thinking they were drunk, but Peter stood up and explained that this event was the fulfillment of a prophecy by the prophet Joel, foretelling the outpouring of God's Spirit. Peter then proclaimed that Jesus, whom they had crucified, had been resurrected by God, making him both Lord and Messiah. He called on the people to repent, be baptized, and receive the Holy Spirit for the forgiveness of their sins. About three thousand people were baptized and added to the church that day. The Lorax A ruined industrialist tells his tale of his environmentally self-destructive greed despite the warnings of an old forest creature. A ruined industrialist tells his tale of his environmentally self-destructive greed despite the warnings of an old forest creature. Seasons of Gray Brady Gray is the son of a farmer and 5th son of 6. Brady has a gift of visions which he hasn’t told anyone yet. His father greatly favours Brady and shows an obvious favouritism towards him. His 4 older brothers get fed up after Brady gets a jeep so they knock him out and pay a truck driver to drive him across the country. When he wakes up he is in Dallas and manages to make a new friend, Chris. Chris helps him get a job at his day job and quickly Brady begins to climb the ranks. It is also there that Brady meets the love of his life named Kate. Brady’s boss’s wife shows interest in Brady but Brady does not want to upset his boss. Upset by his rejection the boss’s wife accuses Brady of raping her. Brady ends up in prison where he quickly finds a new group of friends. His vision tells him the futures of two of the people in his group. One will get out soon and the other will die, this comes true. One day Grady gets a visitor and it is his old boss he has realized that Brady didn’t rape his wife. He is there because the inmate that got out told the boss of Brady’s predictions and the boss wants Brady to sense his future. Brady tells him that he will face seven years of wealth and then seven years so the boss hires Brady again. After Brady has climbed the ranks in the company his brothers come to him unaware of his identity to plead for money, Brady decides to test them. The brothers explain that they feel horrible for ditching their brother and it made their father very depressed.Later on Brady drives to the farm and reveals his identity and they all hug and forgive each other, and in the end he also ends up back with Kate.