Collaborative Final Exam Review PDF

Collaborative Final Exam Review Unit People Physical Cognitive/Intellectual Emotional/ Social /theories Introduction Freud - 5 Sta...

Collaborative Final Exam Review Unit People Physical Cognitive/Intellectual Emotional/ Social /theories Introduction Freud - 5 Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital. Piaget - Four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operations, Formal operations Erik Erikson- 8 psychosocial development stages Pavlov- classical conditioning Skinner- operant conditioning Watson - The Little Albert experiment Bandura - Observational learning Maslow- Hierarchy of needs Rogers /- Fully functional person Vygotsky - Zone of proximal development (ZPD) Kohlberg - stages of moral development Bronfenbrenner - Ecological System Theory Rogoff - Learning by observing & pitching in Infants and Toddlers Infant Teratogens: an agent or factor which Respond to stimuli Infant Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust causes malformation of embryo -​ Facial expressions Relationships: Piaget: Sensorimotor stage, object Physical Coordination -​ Attachment permanence -​ External environmental -​ Input & output (motor skills & -​ Stranger anxiety Vygotsky: Social interaction, critical to Chemical senses -​ Separation anxiety cognitive development -​ Drugs & chemical exposure Play Temperament: Skinner: Operant Conditioning Maternal Metabolic -​ peek-a-boo “A part of the personality that reflects how Toddler -​ Diseases impacting the mother Language a person interacts w/ the environment” Erikson: Autonomy vs shame & doubt Infections -​ Cooing, babble, etc -> the tendency to approach the world in (Virtue = will) -​ Diseases caused by pathogens -​ Also requires phys the same manner. Piaget: sensorimotor stage, object Reflex types: Palmar, Plantar, Tonic neck, Control of emotions permanence Sucking, Step, Moro/startle, Babinski, Toddler Vygotsky: External speech, connected crawling, rooting Relationships: to emotion & not higher-order thinking 2-way interactions Maslow: babies must have their More direction (wants more independence) physical needs met, be safe, & receive Language: love and affection Centred around autonomy & independence Emotions: More sensitive Affectionate Temper tantrums Increased fear & anxiety (nightmares)  Play: Parallel play​ Early Childhood Piaget: Preoperational, gravitate 3 Important needs: Three characteristics: Emotional approval: easily pleased, want towards intuition Sleep (11-13 hours) 1.​ Centration (Focus on one thing) to please others Vygotsky: Learn through social Play (Structured & unstructured) 2.​ Lack of conversation (able to follow Controlling emotions: mainly expressed interaction, encourage imagination Toilet learning (trained, accidents not formations) physically, increase in fears uncommon) 3.​ Egocentrism (Don’t see others Motor skills (Gross & fine) perspectives) Play: Functional play: 3 yrs, repetitive motions Constructive play: 4 yrs, building things Associative play: interaction w/parallel play Cooperative play: Working together Middle Childhood Piaget: Concrete operational stage, Left or right-hand dominance established Kids need praise, approval & Relationships: logical thinking Hand-eye coordination developing encouragement Want to be in a group -​ Understands reversibility Start to lose teeth Start to remember 2-point instructions Relationships w/ adults = important Kohlberg: pre-conventional morality Gross motor skills (Multiple things in a row) First school “slump” Sensitive (Rewards) to conventional morality Fine motor skills (huge leaps in developing External expectations Bullying begins (good vs bad) small muscles) The brain is approx at full adult-size Value peer opinions Gardner: Multiple intelligences, the 8 Nutrition needs and appetite rise Able to answer the five W’s Self-concept: intelligences Can feed themselves, little to no Less in imagination & creativity (Bc of Define self by appearance Vygotsky: learn through social assistance is needed school) Understand they have a choice interaction (adding & subtracting) Can identify groups & patterns Self-conscious -​ Learn from experiences (ZPD Learning: Independence: activities) Learning Diversity Often confused with rebellion & attitude Learning Style ---------------- Language Development Stress at home and outside of home Executive Strategies Focused on popularity Work completion > process of exploration -​ Easily embarrassed for kids Skills: Reading: begin to understand how books work; begin reading for self; foundational skill & predictor of future academics Writing: fine motor skill influences progress -​ Beginning = mix up of letters & writing letters backwards -​ End = Understand the structure of language, write original sentences Humour: cognition = sophisticated to mix words & logic -> love punch lines Physical humour & “bathroom humour” (may stem from anxiety) Used for coping Adolescence Piaget: Formal operations Early: more awkward & Innocent See theories for this one*** Family relationships: -​ No longer requires concrete Late: reality check & mature Pull away from family, leaning into objects to make a rational Sex = biological independence judgement Gender = social -​ Increased need for privacy, often -​ Capable of meta-cognition Growth spurts makes caregivers & family Kohlberg: Levels of morality Male: members uncomfortable -​ Internalization Later puberty(12-14) Don't want physical affection from family -​ Lvl 2: conventional reasoning Gain muscle Stage with the most conflict w/ adults &  -​ Mutual interpersonal Female:[- parents expectations, relationships, etc Earlier puberty(10-12) Less confiding in parents, more with peers -​ All or nothing strong stance Gain fat Problems (that may become long term) -------------- arise when family expectations & Erikson: Identity vs role confusion Hands & feet grow to adult size (feet first) responsibility dont change with adolescent -​ Face many decisions about Asynchrony & bones before muscle I,We,You messages finding who you are Sleep: Peer relationships: eefr411``beliefs Need 9-10 hours (9h 15min) Advice from peers -​ Fidelity Needed for: body recovery, hormonal -​ Peer pressure Lovinger: Development of ego shifts, brain cleaning, & memory formation Perceived opinions of peers = important to -​ Full “ego” development is having them (imaginary audience & main an autonomous self character syndrome) -​ Most of adult life is in pursuit of Intimate relationships: this goal Readiness for & attitudes towards -​ Young adults transition between relationships vary for people & cultures conformist & conscientious stage Steps of relationships Hall: Storm Vs stress 1.​ Group dating (Created the word adolescent) 2.​ Casual dating -​ Pendulum of behaviour 3.​ Exclusive dating (contradictory tendencies) Media influence: -​ Apathetic to enthusiastic to Direct: empathetic -​ Involved in media -​ Ability to sort out the extremes = -​ Usually more personal mature -​ Impacts are obvious, instant, & Elkind: Egocentrism possibly long term -​ Argumentative, idealistic, critical, Indirect: etc -​ Not involved -​ Invincible & invulnerable (leads -​ Usually just observed & consumed to taking risks) -​ Impacts delayed & subtle -​ Personal fable & imaginary audience Havighurst: Developmental tasks Teen tasks include: -​ develop healthy relationship w/ opposite gender -​ emotional & financial independence -​ Creating own world view or personal ideology Davis: Socialized anxiety -​ Teen behaviour is shaped by tension & anxiety -​ Right amount of anxiety can help with maturing Gilligan: Morality of care -​ Focused on development of care -​ Socialization defined by their relationships & care of others -​ Struggle between self & others Early Adlulthood Havighurst(1972): 9 developmental Most physical growth stops -​ Grey matter is at peak Types of love: tasks of young adults Physically in prime (20-29) -​ Less emotional reactivity -​ Friendly: care, consider the other ----------- Decline starts at 30 (hearing & sight first) -​ Efficient cognitive function -​ Affectionate: romantic, non sexual LaBouvie-Vief(Piaget+): Postformal Weight gain common -​ Deep though & complex reasoning -​ Romantic: Security, care, stage: Most healthy (least amount of Dr appreciation -​ Better at dealing w/ complex appointments) -​ Consummate: commitment to  problems Higher rates of violent deaths relationship -​ Less polarized thinking, more Sex & reproduction: -​ Infatuation: obsession based on than one answer or fuzzy Highest rates of STI’s appearance (powerful) answers is ok Sexual responsiveness peak for both Kohlberg: Post-Conventional Morality sexes (males in late 20’s, females in late Attachment styles: -​ Less egocentric 30’s) Secure: perceive relationship positively -​ Care more about others Reproduction: -​ Smooth & natural -​ Values & ethics = part of decision Fertility Avoidant: Try not to get too close -​ Laws = good, but sometimes Females -> -​ No commitment, short relationships need to be rewritten for -​ Peak mid 20’s Anxious: lack of trust, possessive individuals -​ 25-30% chance of getting pregnant -​ Abandonment issues Mate selection theories per month Natural selection/ survival of the As females age: fittest (primal drives): -​ Chance of pregnancy declines in -​ Based on prehistoric drives early 30’s (darwin) -​ 5% chance of getting pregnant per -​ Largely based on physical month by 40 attraction & sex -​ Risks of complications during -​ Choose mates who will provide pregnancy increases after 35 healthiest offspring (geriatric pregnancy) Critiques: -​ Ex: Miscarriage, abnormalities, -​ Not inclusive placenta previa, etc -​ Does not allow cultural or social As males age: influences -​ Sperm quality peaks in late teens Social Homogany: to mid 20’s -​ Similar backgrounds attract -​ 40-45 = sperm quality decrease -​ Ex: age, race, ethnicity, religion, -​ Rise in time to pregnancy, socio-economic status, political miscarriage, mental health issues, views autism, and schizophrenia Critiques: Conception methods: -​ Creates catagories Intercourse: must include M & F genetic -​ Originally relied on the idea of Materials segregation Drugs: hormone balancers, increase in -​ Insinuates “marrying up or down” egg production/obulation rates Complementary needs: Technology: Artificial insemination, -​ Select a mate who has traits they surrogacy, Invitro fertilization lack Infertility: -​ Compliments them Canada = 1 in 6 people Critiques: Causes: Ovulation disorder, blocked tubes, -​ Doesnt account for growth & STI/PID, endometriosis, sperm issues, change in people unexplained Ideal mate theory (symbolic interactionism) -​ Everyone builds a subconscious image of their ideal mate -​ Unconsciously compare people to that model -​ Based on experiences & external influences Critiques: -​ Based heavily on perception of personal experience -​ Heavily influences on external factors Social exchange theory  -​ Based on reality, look at pros & cons of self and potential mate Critiques: -​ Too pragmatic (no emotion) Propinquity theory -​ Based on physical proximity -​ More likely to find partner nearby Critiques: -​ Doesn’t allow for new methods of establishing relationships Dating market experience -​ mate-selection/dating is a method to learn about & judge others -​ Murstein dating: filtering out had partners, becomes finer the more they know Critiques: -​ Does not think about arranged marriage Triangular theory of love (Sternberg) -​ Commitment to maintaining relationships -​ Passion, strong feeling of desire for them -​ Intimacy of opening self to other Critiques: -​ Assumes everyone will experience all 3 (and at the same time) -​ Describes “love” story not relationship story Middle Adulthood Kohlberg: post-conventional morality Hormone decrease Better at solving problems Generativity vs stagnation Erikson: Generativity vs stagnation Physical decline Reasoning ability at peak -​ Leave legacies for children or live Sleep disruptions/ disorders may begin Post-conventional morality solely for self -​ Wrinkles, grey hair, hair thins, brittle Inductive and deductive reasoning Sandwich generation nails, sensory decline, reproductive More diverse vocabulary Empty nest syndrome ability ends, loss of muscle mass & Retirement bone density Relationship and/or marital adjustments Hormonal changes Female: 1.​ Decrease in estrogen & progesterone 2.​ Perimenopause (hot flashes, sleepiness, mood changes, brain fog) 3.​ Menopause (no period for 1yr) a.​ Avg early 50’s Male: 1.​ Testosterone declines 2.​ Reproductive ability decreases 3.​ Mood & emotional changes Sensory abilities -​ Hearing decreases (high & low tones)  -​ Visual acuity loss (sharpness) -​ Thicker lens -​ Presbyopia: loss of elasticity of the lens (cant focus up close, bifocals) Physique Sarcopenia: loss of muscle mass & strength Fatty tissue redistribution: stomach/belly Decreased cartilage: loss of cushioning between joints Osteoporosis: loss of bone density (Calcium) Later Adulthood Sensory decline Brain Aging in place vs Care facilities Vision: -​ Shrinking in size, can affect Needs: Cataracts: lens of eye becomes thicker processing 1.​ Financial considerations Glaucoma: fluid pressure on optic nerve Learning 2.​ Social context Macular degeneration: deterioration of -​ Slower pace & more repetition 3.​ Health needs retina (centre vision) required 4.​ Cultural norms Hearing: Moral development 5.​ Geography General loss: decline of some frequencies -​ Postconventional stage, often Presbycusis: inner ear damage based on traditional norms Tinnitus: ringing in ears Memory Other declines -​ Declines but not consistently -​ Taste (salt & sweet 1st) -​ Two main theories: data overload & -​ Smell lost brain function -​ Touch Non-normative aging -​ Sensitivity to temp -​ Cognitive decline = normal -​ Dementia = non-normative Dementia -​ Dementia =umbrella term -​ Alzheimer’s disease = type of dementia Types of dementia: 1.​ Vascular dementia - reduced blood flow to the brain 2.​ Lewy body dementia - abnormal proteins in the brain 3.​ Frontotemporal dementia - degenerative of the frontal & temporal lobes (personality, behaviour, & language change Your Question Ideas Important Definitions or Concepts Nature vs Nurture Continuity - changing slowly and gradually over time Discontinuity - things changing quickly because of one specific action Pedagogy - directed learning, told what to do, showing what to do Andragogy - Self-directed learning, own interests "Schemes" are mental structures that enable people to interpret the world Assimilation: take new information and fit it into your way of processing Accommodation: Modifies the schemes to be able to understand the knowledge better Teratogens: an agent or factor which causes malformation of embryo Neonates: 0-1 months APGAR scoring system Attachment: the mutual bond & connection between a child and their caregiver Stranger Anxiety Separation anxiety Parallel play: tendency to play alone, but near someone else PARENTING STYLES: Helicopter: very strict Backbone: strict but fair Jellyfish: way too loose Guidance & discipline: Discipline: teaching tool to understand consequences Punishment: negative consequences for unacceptable behaviour Power assertion: Corporal punishment, relies on creating fear, generational Love withdrawal: threatening to remove love as punishment, silent treatment, emotionally damaging (love becomes a power tool) Induction: uses logic to explain consequences, encourages discussion, only effective if the child is old enough to understand (1yr+) Learning Diversity: different learning pace & ability from child to child Learning Style: method of taking in information to process Language Development: begin to use language to read & write; able to memorize verbal language Executive Strategies: develop skills to solve problems Adolescence - Age group Adolescent - a person in the age group Asynchrony = hands, feet, arms, & legs grow before body Internalization: when behaviour shifts from external to internal Fidelity: Making choices for self Ego, the three meanings: Freud ego = Id, ego, and superego Lovinger ego = full ego = autonomous self, independent Elkind ego = argumentative & rude Personal fable: a distorted &/or inflated opinion Imaginary audience: see self as “main character” I message = blaming self You message = blaming them We message = equal blame Social clock = cultural expectations of when major life milestones should occur Fertility: Ability to reproduce Infertility: not able to have a kid in 1 year of trying Climacteric: reproductive decline/end Inductive: making conclusions by moving from detailed facts to general theory Deductive: making conclusions by moving from general theory to detailed facts Sandwich generation: providing care between two generations, the one before and the one after Population pyramids: graph that displays age and gender of a population Dependency load: based on population that needs financial support Working population: provide for the dependent population Dementia: any non-normative cognitive decline