Collaborative Final Exam Review: Developmental Psychology

Introduction

• Collaborative Final Exam Review is a study guide for an exam.
• It covers people, physical, cognitive/intellectual, and emotional/social development across various ages.

Infants and Toddlers

• People/Theories: Includes Freud's 5 stages, Piaget's stages, Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages, Pavlov's classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning, Watson's experiment, Bandura's observational learning, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Rogers' fully functional person, Vygotsky's ZPD, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and Rogoff's learning by observing are also noted.
• Physical: Teratogens (agents causing malformation), maternal metabolic diseases, infections, and diseases impacting the mother, as well as different reflex types (Palmar, Plantar, Tonic neck, Sucking, Step, Moro/startle, Babinski, crawling, rooting) are listed.
• Cognitive/Intellectual: Early development includes responding to stimuli, facial expressions, coordination, play (peek-a-boo), and language (cooing, babbling).
• Emotional/Social: Attachment, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, temperament, and control of emotions are discussed for infants. Relationships, language, emotions, and temperament for toddlers are further elaborated.

Early Childhood

• Piaget: Preoperational stage, intuition-based thinking.
• Vygotsky: Learning through social interaction, emphasizing imagination.

Middle Childhood

• Piaget: Concrete operational stage, logical thinking, understanding reversibility.
• Kohlberg: Preconventional morality (rewards) to conventional morality (good vs. bad).
• Gardner: Multiple intelligences.
• Vygotsky: Learning through social interactions, ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development). Learning through experiences.

Adolescence

• Piaget: Formal operations, abstract thinking, metacognition.
• Kohlberg: Levels of morality, internalization, and conventional reasoning; post-conventional moral development.

Early Adulthood

• Erikson: Identity vs. role confusion, important decisions, and finding who you are.
• Loevinger: Development of the ego, autonomy.
• Hall: Storm and stress, diverse behaviors.
• Elkind: Egocentrism, personal fable, imaginary audience.
• Havighurst: Developmental tasks for teens (healthy relationships, emotional and financial independence).
• Davis: Socialized anxiety, maturing through anxiety.
• Gilligan: Morality of care, relationships and care of others.
• LaBouvie-Vief: Post-formal stage. (combining Piaget's theory with other theories).

Middle Adulthood

• Physical decline: sleep disruptions, wrinkles, grey hair, brittle nails, sensory decline, loss of muscle mass & bone density, hormone changes—especially for females (perimenopause and menopause) & males (testosterone decline, reproductive ability decreases).
• Postconventional morality: Inductive and deductive reasoning, more diverse vocabulary.
• Generativity vs. stagnation: Leaving legacies and/ or living solely for self.
• Sandwich generation: caring for multiple generations.
• Empty nest syndrome: adapting after children leave home.
• Retirement: transitions and relationship/marriage adjustments.

Later Adulthood

• Sensory decline: Vision (cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma), hearing (presbycusis, tinnitus, general loss), taste, smell, touch, & sensitivity to temperature.
• Cognitive declines & brain functions: shrinking brain size affects processing speed and memory; there are varying theories to explain this (data overload, lost brain function).
• Non-normative aging: Dementia (including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, Frontotemporal dementia) as a category under aging that isn't considered typical.
• Aging in place vs care facilities: considerations of finances, social context, health needs, cultural norms, and geography.

Other Concepts

• Nature vs. nurture, continuity, discontinuity, pedagogy, andragogy, Assimilation, Accommodation, schemes.
• Parenting styles: helicopter, backbone, jellyfish.
• Discipline including use of love-withdrawal, power assertion, or induction or discipline.
• Attachment theory mutual bonds and connections between a child and caregiver.
• Language development, Executive Strategies.

This quiz serves as a comprehensive study guide for the Collaborative Final Exam in Developmental Psychology. It encompasses key theories and concepts related to physical, cognitive, and emotional/social development from infancy through various life stages. Dive into influential figures like Freud, Piaget, and Erikson, along with other essential frameworks for understanding human growth.