Resumen Final Psico y Comuni PDF

## RESUMEN PSICO Y COMUNICACIÓN 2 ### INTERTEXTUALIDAD - Relation between texts. - "Everything has connections to other texts". - The author is who articulates ideas. ### BAJTIN - Works with the aesthetics of free creation: - "Nobody speaks for themselves, they always refer to another". - An...

## RESUMEN PSICO Y COMUNICACIÓN 2 ### INTERTEXTUALIDAD - Relation between texts. - "Everything has connections to other texts". - The author is who articulates ideas. ### BAJTIN - Works with the aesthetics of free creation: - "Nobody speaks for themselves, they always refer to another". - Analysis of discourse is nourished by various disciplines: - Psychoanalysis, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, etc. - "Echo chamber": - The problem of intertextuality and dialogism, all literary genres are nourished by a number of statements proper to everyday activity. - "Popular humor", "popular aesthetics", "grotesque realism", "grotesque body". ### BAJTIN AND THE WORK OF RABELAIS - Analyzes the work of Rabelais: "Gargantua and Pantagruel". - Considered a great author in Europe during his time but later forgotten. - Explores the source of this work: "The Nordic culture possesses a style of comedic and popular parts". - Interested in "carnival culture": - Divided into 3 parts: - Festivities, performances, comedies, etc. - Comic verbal works. - Carnival ### BAJTIN AND CARNIVAL - Important in the medieval age: - A parenthesis in the time of the city and in people's time (time and space where people free themselves from censorship). - Inverts the aesthetics of the time: - "Festival of fools": - Canons of beauty are inverted, from an individual body to an exposed body -- an attack against the individuality of the human body. Explicitly represented in carnivals and the festival of fools-- where everyone represents their opposite in terms of social position. - **Grotesque realism**: A system of images in popular culture, the material/corporeal appears under the universal form of a utopian party. - **Grotesque body**: Not separated from the rest of the world, emphasis on the parts of the body that come out of themselves: nose, breasts, lips, etc. - Acts considered in popular culture: Intercourse, pregnancy, childbirth, agony, food, drink, and the satisfaction of natural needs. - "The body is an incomplete body because the emphasis is on the parts that open to the world". - "Game of accepting and displacing the bodies". ### SUNKEL - Places in tension the idea of popular culture being exclusively oral and sees popular writing. - The union of what logically should be separated: - Life and death, old age and sex, heaven and hell. - The body is entangled with "different realms" which include: Obscenities. - The body of the condemned is literally fragmented but not in a grotesque way. - Popular culture is invaded by terror, as a discursive genre. ### LANGUAGE LEGITIMACY - Linguistic discourse governed by those who define it, the "PSI" discourse. - PSI discourse covers psychiatry and psychology. - These are the ideologies of language, and symbolic capital, or material symbolism. - These ideologies create the notion of the "lack of symbolic/material capital" as a problem for those with limited access to official language. ### LANGUAGE OF THE COURT - "Politeness": The educated, subdued to courtly rules, rules of etiquette, manners. - Politeness is documented during the Middle Ages with Kings, Queens, nobles and in modernity with manuals. - The disciplining of the body: - Not showing the body so as not to invade or bother. - This concept is used to separate humans from animals. - This is a practice of power that creates practices where the "other" is viewed as an animal. ### IDEOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (SAUSSURE) - Language is divided into two main categories: - **Langue:** The social language (language as a code). - **Parole:** Individual language. - People reproduce the code through speech and this reproduces the "forgetting" that the code is a product of political and social conflict - It is a naturalization of the social. - Language as a code is dictated by the state as a means of creating unity in the populace and culture. ### SCHEMAS OF COMMUNICATION - Communication is a process of transmission: - Sender -> Message -> Receiver. - Receiver acts as sender, then as receiver. - These are the ways communication occurs. ### BERLO - The more the sender and receiver share these five things, the **more faithful communication becomes:** - Social systems. - Communication skills. - Culture. - Attitudes. - Knowledge. ### LASSWELL - Means of communication should answer these five questions: - What is communicated? - What medium is used? - Who is communicating? - How is it communicated? - To whom is it communicated? ### SHANNON & WEAVER - Communication is measured by the amount of information transmitted per unit of time. - Technology, the telegraph here, allows us to measure: - Sender -> Signal emitted -> Message -> Signal received -> Receiver ### HOW IS A SUBJECT MADE? - **Lacan:** The subject is formed through engagement with "the other" and language. - **Foucault:** Subjectification is a process of conscious reproduction over historical time: - The subject of today is based on the subject from a long time ago. - Individuals are positioned by discourse, in a subject-object relation. - **Losanch:** An individual develops a subject-object relation in how they are positioned, by the "a" (the object in relation to the other). ### DREAMS AS FORMATION OF THE UNCONSCIOUS - Dreams are formed through both metaphoric and metonymic processes. - Dreams mask the meaning of the unconscious by using metaphor and metonymic processes. - **Freud:** Dreams are a form of wish fulfillment of unconscious desires. - **Lacan:** Each desire is framed by a demand that is covered by the desire. ### IMAGINARY - **Lacan:** The imaginary is grounded in language. - Language is crucial for the ability of human beings to represent, which is not the case with animals - This "signifying horizon" is created through language which is why animal's don't use symbols. - The imaginary is part of the symbolic and real. - Animals have a different type of understanding, which is instinctual. ### THE REAL - **Lacan:** The real cannot be imagined nor symbolized: - The return of the same - The unthinkable logical impossible - The real is not metaphysical but rather an experience of anxiety and trauma. - The trauma is not real in itself, but it is experienced as such because it brings the subject to the brink of the imaginary and real, without symbolic mediation (the real). - This occurs in psychosomatic conditions. ### THE IMPOSSIBLE LOGICAL - The domain of what goes beyond the scope of what is expected. - **Kogeber:** The impossible logical "begins" when mathematics is used to interpret the physical. - The impossible logical is that which cannot be explained through language and it covers the real. - **Lacan:** Topology shows that the impossible is understood through the way language "punctures" the real, as the impossible explains the world of the possible. ### THEORY OF NUDS - The subject exists as a knot, where the unconscious, the goce (enjoyment), and the body are connected. - This is different from psychosis, where the goce is "loose" and fills the psychic apparatus: - The psychotic individual is not a "subject", their unconscious doesn't function properly. - The "unconscious return" is the return of repression in neurotics. - The unconscious return in psychosis is the "return of the very real". ### THE "A" - **Freud:** It's the lack of the object. - **Lacan:** The "A" is the object lost in the field of language and it is mediated through the (presence and absence of) the object. - **Freud:** The object is represented through the language, this is how a child represents the object without it being present. - **Lacan:** When the object is no longer present, the "A" is triggered. ### THE FIELD OF MEANING - The symbolic is structured into discourses. - The field of meaning is formed at the intersection of the symbolic and the imaginary. - Common sense is the outcome of all of the fields of meaning: - Scientific. - Master discourse. - Ecclesiastical, etc. - The "A" is where the gap becomes a "delirium", or a shared reality of a specific time. ### THE SCOPIC DRIVE - **Lacan:** When the gaze is caught by the object, it becomes a mirror for the unconscious ("fascination"). - This process occurs in the anal phase, due to the "anal" and "scopic" drive. - The "oral phase" is where the infant is named ("the voice" of the mother). - The "phallus" is the object of desire. ### BOURDIEU 16-38 - Discusses language as the tool used to create and maintain social differences and hierarchies. - Explains the role of "The third man" (the engineer) as the mediator between science and art. - The engineer has been replaced by the "tecnocrat" and art now is "geometricized and mathematized". - "Mètis" (practical intelligence) is described as the skills and experiences involved in improvisation, intuition, creativity and resourcefulness. - These skills are learned through experience and are not taught. - The theory of "art of saying" is a complex notion that goes beyond the traditional understanding of either theory or practice. ### BAJTIN 2 - 50 - Explores the issue of Rabelais' lack of popularity in France while being one of most important European authors. - Discusses the importance of Rabelais' "popular culture" influence in his work, which goes beyond the established literary norms. - "Carnival" is described as a festival of liberation, equality and freedom, challenging the official culture and its seriousness. - The "grotesque" is an important component of popular comedic culture, which challenges those in power. ### CERTUAU 3-19 - The "ordinary man" as the protagonist instead of the traditional hero. - The "ordinary man" is characterized by anonymity, universality, and the contradiction between reason and madness, culture and nature. - The "ordinary man" can be analyzed through the works of Freud, Wittgenstein, and other philosophers. ### CERTUAU 79-92 - The relation between art and science and the role of "art of saying". - "The third man" is the engineer, who acts as a mediator between art and science. - "Mètis" is a fundamental part of practical intelligence. - The "art of saying" combines theory and practice, intuition and experience. - The author insists that art transcends the limits of science. ### CARNIVAL - A lively medieval festival that highlights the freedom and equality of all. - Carnival culture is in opposition to the serious aspects of the dominant culture and its rituals. ### GROTESQUE - A mode of expression in comedic popular culture that distorts and critiques the world. - It is related to Roman ornamentation and, by extension, to the Renaissance. - The grotesque is a dynamic and evolving culture with three phases: - **Archaic:** The initial phase, which originated in the Middle Ages. - **Classical:** The high point of the grotesque, during the Renaissance. - **Post-Ancient:** A modern interpretation, where the grotesque becomes more satirical and dark. ### REALISM GROTESQUE - A characteristic of the grotesque that involves portraying the world in a comic way while also showing the ugliness and decay that exists. - It is a celebration of the body while also recognizing its limitations. - Seen in the works of Rabelais. ### GROTESQUE LAUGHTER - A unique and essential element of the grotesque. - Both joyful and painful. - Can be observed in both romantic and popular depictions of the grotesque. This document discusses the main points from several essays (in this case from the psychology course of the university) that discuss the relation between "popular culture" and "high culture" in literature from a psychological and sociological perspective.