RAWS - Reviewer Q2 - PDF

RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 Hypertext HBO that suggest new titles based on the movies  A term used and coined by Ted Nelson in and shows you have previously watched. 1963.  A non-linear way to present information. Intertext (...

RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 Hypertext HBO that suggest new titles based on the movies  A term used and coined by Ted Nelson in and shows you have previously watched. 1963.  A non-linear way to present information. Intertext (Intertextuality)  Usually present information through  Has its roots in the work of a Swiss linguist accomplished “links”. Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913). The  Leads readers to various links that offers term was first used by Bulgarian French different options of information. Philosopher and Psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva  Allows the readers to create their own in the 1960s. meaning out of the material given to them  Defined as a process of text development and learn better associatively. that merges two more processes such as  Foundation of the World Wide Web. imitation and creation in doing a text.  Used to obtain more information.  Involves limitation because the author, as  In a hypertext system, the reader is free to highly influenced by another author comes navigate information by exploring the up with his version of the text consciously or connections provided. unconsciously incorporating the style and  Hypertext is a very different way of other characteristics of the text done by that presenting information than the usual linear author. form.  Influenced by ideas and properties of other  Text is no longer flows in a straight line texts. through a book. Instead, it is broken down  Understood through the parallel when it into many smaller units (lexias, to borrow a comes to the plot, characters, premise, term from literary criticism), each addressing structure, and the like. a few issues.  Can be found in both creative and formal  It acts as a bridge between two basic, writing. opposite, and complementing elements that  Vital for research processes. (citing sources) may be called “gender of knowledge  Manifests the influences and culture of the representation”: free and shortcut. authors, even as the authors in turn influence the culture. (When one creates art, Links - Helps the readers navigate further information literature, music, and the like, one is about the topic being discussed. inevitably influenced by everything they have seen, heard, or read.) Types of Hypertexts  Transcends medium. For instance, when you Static Hypertext are inspired to write a poem by the musical This type of hypertext requires advanced you watches, you are practicing preparation, encoding and storing. It is commonly intertextuality. used for historical articles and online encyclopedias,  You are inspired to write something out where information may remain unchanged over a of something you had read. long period of time. Four Methods in Intertextuality e.i, Wikipedia, The play, and Playground Online Method Description Encyclopedia Retelling It is the restatement of a story or re-expression of a narrative. Dynamic Hypertext Quotation It is the method of directly lifting This term refers to hypertext that is the exact statements or set of continually changing and this is dependent on the words from a text another author input of the user. Examples include e-commerce has made. sites like Lazada and Shopee that display products Allusion In this method, a writer or speaker based on the items you have purchased, and online explicitly or implicitly pertains to movie and TV viewing platforms such as Netflix and an idea or passage found in another text without the use of  RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 quotation. Drawing a new conclusion from information that is Pastiche It is a text developed in a way that already known. It can also be used to predict it copies the style or other reasonably or logically what will happen in the properties of another text without future, e.i, my brother is excellent at surfing, so he making fun of it unlike in a parody. should be good at skateboarding. Generalization Critical Reader (Critical Reading) A conclusion based on several particular facts or You are thinking critically when you do not rest on cases. A valid generalization is a statement that accepting the message of the text but coining it in holds true in many cases or is supported by your personal experiences and perspectives to help evidence, e.i, every homeroom in our school has you formulate your logical and right assertions. more girls than boys, so there are more girls than boys in our school. Critically reading a piece that you should be able to take notes, paraphrasing it in your own words, etc. Analogy You should be confident that you have understood A comparison between two things that are similar the text sufficiently to be able to use your own in some ways but are essentially unlike. A complete examples and compare with other writing on the analogy is one that compares two different objects subject in hand. that are similar in some important way, e.i, The cell is like a factory – it processes raw materials, produces Interpretation of the text means that you should be energy, and discharges wastes. able to fully analyze the text and state a meaning for a text. This is called the art of reasoning. Inference The reader is challenged to reason out and A sequence of events is one which something is justify the actions, thoughts, and ideas if the caused by ONE or MORE events that occurred skill of critical reading and thinking is before it, e.i, when a warm air mass meets a cool air developed. mass, it rains. Uses evidence. We can define evidence as anything used to Counter Claim support the validity of the assertions.  Is an opposite of a claim. Evidence includes testimony, scientific  Provable and supported by reason, logic, findings, statistics, physical objects, and facts or evidence. many more.  Is a statement that goes against or disagrees with a stated claim. Fact  It is used in persuasive and argumentative Is one that can be verified or proved true by writing. objective means. It is OBJECTIVE and is done  The purpose of it is to present or show all through observation and experimentation, are the sides of the issue at hand. means of verifying.  Uses phrases like: “An opposing point of view is…”, “One counterclaim to this is…”, Opinion and “An alternative viewpoint to consider Is one that cannot be verified or proved true by is…” objective means. An opinion is SUBJECTIVE and  A counterclaim must be EXPLAINED. must be properly supported with facts before it can  “The more ‘real’ you make the opposing be accepted as valid. position, the more ‘right’ you will seem when you disprove it.” Four Forms of Reasoning Inference  RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 Important Notes: negative feelings, helpful in  Readers formulate their own counterclaims laying a person’s emphasis on in response to the claims that they read in a their feelings of anger, and a text. The counterclaims express their solution is suggested. disagreement with the stated claim and state a side of the issue that they support.  To formulate meaningful counterclaims, a Textual Evidence reader should look at a text with a CRITICAL Deals with facts in writing and the strategies EYE. used to figure out whether the information  The reader should consider the different is factual. sides of the issue that the author excludes Validates an assertion and counterclaim of a from his or her argument. writer.  Being able to formulate meaningful counterclaims helps one become better at Four Types of Evidence argumentation. Such ability would come in Types of Description handy during debates, in writing a Evidence persuasive or argumentative text, or even in Statistical The strongest types of evidence a simple conversation where the people in formal writing. This ranges have different perspectives. from true, hard data presented as a percentage or number, to survey-type data. Statistical Assertion evidence can be proven as a  Is an artistic method involving a strong fact. declaration, a forceful or confident and Example: Over 23.6 million learners have enrolled positive statement regarding a belief or a for school year 2020-2021, which the DepEd said fact. composed of 85% of last year’s enrollment.  Often, it is without proof or nay support. Testimonial Evidence that can be collected  A statement that is confident; it can or from experts and authorities in cannot be proved as wrong or right. each field. Doctors, Dentists,  Its purpose is to EXPRESS ideas or feelings Police, Lawyers often provide directly. It convinces the reader to accept expert testimonials, authority is the writer’s INTERPRETATION of a particular often never questioned. They are expected to “KNOW literary work. THEIR STUFF.” Examples: According to WHO, the most common Types of Description symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, tiredness, and dry Assertion cough. Basic Assertion Simple and Direct Anecdotal Provides storytelling which Empathic Conveys empathy to based on fact and can include Assertion someone, has two parts. (1) quite a bit of opinion, thus contains recognition of making it less objective. emotion/ feelings or Eyewitnesses are used as situations of the other person, providers of anecdotal (2) Expresses care and support evidence. (They saw or for the other person’s feelings. experienced the phenomenon Positive Assertion Expresses POSITIVE feelings or at hand are telling their version emotions, an explanation for or side of the story.) feeling good. Example: One elder resident claimed that the Taal Preference Relies on PERSONAL choice, eruption last January 12, 2020, was the most This is COMPLETELY traumatic experience during his stay in Tagaytay. subjective that cannot be Analogical Evidence uses association of objectively proven. two similar ideas. Analogies are Language Uses the first-person mainly useful when dealing Assertion pronoun “I”. Used to express  RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 with a topic that is under-  Theoretical soundness researched.  Soundness of explanation in relation to Example: In education, change comes with other available information and experts question. Despite all the current reports  Sufficiency of explanation championing online education, researchers are still  Other perspectives in engaging the questioning its efficacy. Thus, “literature on the concepts and ideas efficacy of online courses is expansive and divided  Coherence of ideas (Driscoll, et al., 2012)”. Conclusion (around 10% of the paper)  Overall impression of the work Ways to Evaluate Textual Evidence  Scholarly value of the reviewed article/book  Benefits to the intended audience Book Review (Article Critique)  Suggestions for future directions An article critique is like a thoughtful review of an academic or research article. It's not just *Note: Read guidelines in writing a book review or summarizing the article, but digging deeper to article critique analyze its strengths, weaknesses, and overall contribution to the field. Literature Review Think of it as a critical conversation with the author: The process of gathering a comprehensive body of knowledge that has bearing on the research study. What's the article about? You start by The collection of written works in all disciplines clearly explaining the article's main topic, such as medicine, engineering, education, purpose, and key arguments. psychology, agriculture, etc. What are the good points? You highlight the article's strengths, like its strong Purpose: To strengthen the foundation of a research methods, insightful analysis, or particular study by supporting it with the valuable contributions to the field. knowledge of the experts about a specific topic. What could be improved? You identify any weaknesses, such as methodological flaws, Common Parts of a Literature Review biases, or gaps in the argument. Introduction What's the overall impact? You offer your  Statement about the topic – Commonly an opinion on the article's significance, its information, e.i, Definition (Factual) contribution to the field, and its implications  Scope of the review – Presents what can for future research. only be found in the literature review  Purpose for writing the literature review – Is In essence, an article critique is a way to a strong statement about what this literature demonstrate your understanding of the article, review is all about evaluate its quality, and engage in a scholarly Body discussion about its content.  Related Sources – A good source of printed information must come from academic Structure of a Book Review works such as books, researchers, Introduction (around 5% of the paper) dissertations, and official journals. For online  Title of the Book Review source, official government (.gov),  Writer’s Name organizational (.org), and educational (.edu)  Writer’s Thesis statement websites are recommended. Summary (around 10% of the paper)  Writer’s objective and purpose Note: A statement from a source must be  Methods used (If applicable) paraphrased and the credit must be inside a  Major findings or claims parenthesis with the author’s last name and year of Review/Critique (in no order, 75% of the paper) publication. Year of publication must still be  Appropriateness of methodology to support the arguments  RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 considered recent as it provides up-to-date backgrounds of the topic, are presented. It consists information. of 1-3 pages.  Relationship between source and the topic – Literature review – Contains the summary of all Discusses why those literatures are relevant, the available sources directly related to the study. e.i, Similarly, this study explains the vital role All literatures must be paraphrased as much as of parents in the social development of their possible. DO NOT FORGET to put citations. (Last children. name of Author, Year of publication) Conclusion  Restatement of the thesis – e.i, Social anxiety Methodology – Describes how the instrument, is a serious condition. It may affect data gathering procedure, and data analysis worked someone’s social skills and so, there is a in the research. need to provide recommendations. 1. Instrument – Present the tool in gathering  Overall perspective on the topic – e.i, data (e.g. questionnaire, interview, focus Indeed, school counselling and recovery group discussion, survey, and tests.). programs with the help of parents, teachers, 2. Data Gathering – Presents the details on and professionals may improve the how the date were collected. condition. 3. Data Analysis – Presents the details on how the data were analyzed wither qualitatively (coding) or quantitatively (statistical tools). Research Report Is a well-crafted document that outlines the Results – Factually presents the data or responses process, data, and findings of a systematic gathered through tables or graphs. There must be investigation. one table for every objective. Parts of a Research Report Discussion – Provides an explanation of all the Title Page – Contains the informative title that results. Support the explanation with a literature. describes the content of the paper, the name of the author, addresses or affiliations, and the date of Conclusion – Contains the restatement of the submission. major findings, the limitations of the study, the recommendations and the implications of the study. EXAMPLE Title – Best Practices of Select Student-Athletes References – Contains all the sources used in the Researchers – Madam Damin study. There are different format for references, e.i, Type of Document – Unpublished APA format, Chicago, LA, etc. Undergraduate Thesis Abstract – Contains the summary of the research findings and conclusions. It briefly presents the Position Paper context of the study, research questions or A position paper describes a stand or position on a objectives, methodology, major findings, particular issue, and the visible reasons for taking conclusions and sometimes implications. An that position. abstract DOES NOT contain any citations or a great deal of statistical results. Its length ranges from 100 Is an essay that presents an opinion about to 250 words. an issue, typically that of the author or specified entity, such as political party. Introduction – Explains the topic of the research They are published in academic journals, with a support from a relevant source (e.g. academe, politics, law, and other domains. government, laws, UNESCO, WHO, etc.). This is A position paper enables authors to where a definition of the topic and other related exchange views without requiring them to follow a research format.  RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 It is usually supported by evidence given in BODY - State the main arguments and provide discussions about the topic. sufficient evidence (e.g. statistics, interviews with A type of academic writing that presents experts, and testimonies) for each argument. one’s viewpoint on a particular issue. Provide counterarguments against possible weaknesses of the arguments. Main Objective: A position paper is to take part in a larger debate CONCLUSION - Restate the position and main by stating your arguments and proposed course of arguments. action. Suggest a course of action. How to Choose an Issue? Explain why the position is better than any → The issue should be debatable. other positions. → The issue should be current and relevant. → The issue should be written in a question End with a powerful closing statement (e.g. a quotation, a challenge, or a question). form and answerable by yes or no. → The issue should be specific and manageable. Guidelines in Writing a Position Paper Project Proposal 01. Do in-depth research on the issue. A project proposal is a written presentation of a 02. Explain and analyze the issue objectively project, program, or innovation you plan to (with facts). IMPLEMENT. It is submitted to an appropriate 03. Identify the weakness of the issue agency or association for implementation or objectively. funding. 04. Cite references and establish credibility of your paper. Guidelines in Preparing a Project Proposal 05. Strategize on how you present the issue. 06. Limit the position to two (2) pages. 1. Decide on the problem to be addressed. 07. Know the readers/ audience. 2. Arrange ideas systematically. 08. Summarize counter-arguments and refute 3. Identify your specific activities, outputs, them with evidence. resources and methodologies. 09. Unlock terms which are not familiar with. 10. Use active voice. 4. Create a team for the project and its 11. Arrange the evidence logically. duties and responsibilities. 12. Use DEDUCTIVE or INDUCTIVE method in 5. Identify the fund sources of the project. presenting the arguments and evidence. 13. Use ethical and logical appeals. Ethical 6. Talk about the plans for the project. appeals relate to the credibility and 7. Have sufficient time for planning. competence of the writer; logical appeals 8. Orient team members on their tasks and refer to the rational approach in developing responsibilities. an argument. 9. Ensure that objectives and activities are What are the PARTS of a POSITION PAPER? within the given time and resources. INTRODUCTION - Use a lead that grabs the 10. Study well the project proposal. attention of readers. How to write a Project Proposal Define the issue and provide a thorough Step 1. Define the problem background. - Make your audience see the problem the way Provide a general statement of the position you see it. through a thesis statement. Step 2. Present your solution - Present the impact of the solution  RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 Step 3. Define your deliverable and success criteria. 3 Formats of a Business Letter - Provide a picture of the functions and → Full Block – Most commonly-used format attributes of the deliverable and indicators of → Modified Block – Another widely-used the success of the project. format Step 4. State your plan or approach → Semiblock – Least-used format - Discuss how to achieve the objectives of the project. HOW TO WRITE AN APPLICATION LETTER Step 5. Outline your schedule and budget PREPARING THE LETTER - Break down project costs and detail to meet 1. Get a piece of paper and make two the deadlines columns Step 6. Tie it all together On the left column write "Requirements" - Summarize the problem, solution and and on the right "My Skills". Read the benefits. job vacancy information carefully and Step 7. Edit or Proofread your proposal become familiar with the requirements. - Rewrite to make it interesting, helpful, clear, 2. Start your letter by listing your contact and persuasive. Ask for feedback. information at the top. Use a readable format, layout, and font as you want to make it as easy as Application Letter possible for your prospective employer An application letter, also known as a cover letter, is to contact you. Before you begin your a formal document that accompanies your resume letter, make sure that you have the when applying for a job or internship. It introduces proper letterhead. you, highlights your relevant skills and experience, 3. Include the company's information and expresses your interest in the specific position After you include your information, you and company. need to include the name of the employer to whom you are applying for 2 Types of Application Letter the job, their title, the name of company College Admission Application Letter - shows your and address. interest in the university while justifying why you are qualified at the same time. 4. Address your letter to the person whom It also serves as a cover letter for all your college you are writing admission documents. To begin your letter, you want to be Job Application Letter - cover letter is a type of formal and start with the proper address. personal business correspondence which states Don't address it to "To Whomsoever it your intention to work in a particular organization. May Concern", as this is informal, It should be enclosed every time you send your generic, and gives the impression that resume. you haven't researched the company. If you don't have the hiring manager's In writing an application letter, remember that: name, a simple Sir/Madam will do. 1. It should be formal. 2. It should be short, precise and simple. WRITING YOUR LETTER 3. The language used should be easy to 1. Writing an engaging first paragraph. understand. Employers read a lot of cover letter, and 4. It should convey the purpose for most of the time a hiring manage will application. scan them quickly deciding if your letter 5. It should be able to market the applicant. goes in the trash or the "keep" pile. 6. It should observe correct grammatical Don't bury the lead, treat your structure. application letter like a news article 2. State where you found the position to RAWS – REVIEWER Q2 which you are applying 3. Sign off. Before applying, do some research and Signing off can seem like an see if you know anyone at the company. afterthought or become frustrating if It's always better to have a reference, you don't know what is appropriate. Use and don't be afraid to name drop if you Yours sincerely or simply Very truly have the employee's permission. yours If you don't have a contact at the company, still be sure to include where 4. Write your name underneath. you found the application, such as via a After you sign off, write your full name job site, the company's site, in a on the last line, and affix your signature. newspaper, etc. 3. Explain why hiring you will benefit the employer. Look at your list of accomplishments and experience and find one or two examples that you can speak about. These should highlight why you will be great in the role. Refer to your curriculum vitae (CV) or resume, and your skills section. Look for quick anecdotes that highlight how you have been able to from your outline for more explanations of your qualifications and skills. 4. Briefly summarize your strengths, qualifications, and experience. Look for quick anecdotes that highlight how you have been able to solve issues that the company you are applying for might have based on the requirements. 5. Paint a picture of yourself that's not on your resume. In one or two sentences, express how the company has impacted you personally. If you are applying to your dream job, chances are this company has somehow shaped your life. FINISHING UP YOUR LETTER 1. Briefly summarize why you're the perfect candidate for the job in one sentence Ask yourself what you would be looking for in a candidate if you were hiring. 2. Invite the hiring manager to contact you. You can conclude your letter by thanking the hiring manager and ending with a statement like I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience