Tonsillitis Midterm Notes PDF

Here is an organized summary of Tonsilli's from the notes provided. Each component is categorized according to the following criteria: most likely cause, pathophysiology, disease transmission, and risk factors. Tonsilli's Tonsilli=s is the inflamma'on of the tonsils, typically caused by a viral or b...

Here is an organized summary of Tonsilli's from the notes provided. Each component is categorized according to the following criteria: most likely cause, pathophysiology, disease transmission, and risk factors. Tonsilli's Tonsilli=s is the inflamma'on of the tonsils, typically caused by a viral or bacterial infec=on. It is a common condi=on, par=cularly in children, and can present with sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. 1. Most Likely Cause Causa've Micro-organism: o Viral Tonsilli's: § The most common cause is viruses such as: § Rhinovirus (causes the common cold) § Influenza virus (causes the flu) § Hepa''s A virus § HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) § Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) § Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) § Coronavirus § Adenovirus【106:0†source】. § Viral tonsilli=s is generally less severe than bacterial tonsilli=s and oIen resolves without medical treatment【106:0†source】. o Bacterial Tonsilli's: § The most common bacterial cause is Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). § Bacterial tonsilli=s accounts for 15-30% of tonsilli's cases and oIen produces more severe symptoms than viral tonsilli=s【106:0†source】. 2. Pathophysiology Pathophysiological Mechanism: o Viral Infec'on: § Viruses infect the epithelial cells of the tonsils, causing them to proliferate in the lymphoid 'ssue. § The immune system responds by ac=va=ng T-lymphocytes and B- lymphocytes, which leads to the release of cytokines that promote inflamma'on, swelling, and redness of the tonsils【106:0†source】. § Lymphoid hyperplasia occurs as the tonsils aKempt to filter and trap the invading pathogens, leading to swelling. § The presence of infected cells and immune cells at the site results in the produc=on of exudate, which may be seen as white spots or pus on the tonsils【106:0†source】. o Bacterial Infec'on:  § Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) produces exotoxins, such as streptolysin O and S, that damage epithelial cells and cause 'ssue necrosis. § The immune response to these toxins leads to further recruitment of neutrophils, causing purulent exudate (pus) on the tonsils. § The immune response results in local swelling and inflamma'on, which narrows the throat, leading to difficulty swallowing and sore throat【 106:0†source】. § Systemic symptoms (like fever) occur due to the release of pyrogens (fever-inducing substances) as part of the immune response. 3. Disease Transmission Transmission Mode: o Viral Tonsilli's: § Airborne droplets: When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, virus-containing droplets are released and can infect another person【 106:0†source】. § Direct contact: Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face, eyes, or mouth can transmit the virus【106:0†source】. o Bacterial Tonsilli's: § Person-to-person contact: Close contact with infected individuals (e.g., sharing utensils, cups) increases the risk. § Droplet transmission: Similar to viral transmission, bacteria can be spread through coughs and sneezes from an infected individual【106:0†source 】. 4. Risk Factors Risk Factors for Tonsilli's: o Age: Children and teenagers are at higher risk for tonsilli=s, especially those aged 5-15 years for bacterial tonsilli=s and younger children for viral tonsilli=s【 106:0†source】. o Exposure to crowded environments: Schools, daycare centers, and other areas with large groups of children increase exposure to viruses and bacteria【 106:0†source】. o Weakened immune system: Individuals with weakened immune systems are more suscep=ble to infec=ons, including viral and bacterial tonsilli=s【 106:0†source】. o Seasonal factors: Tonsilli=s is more common in the fall and winter months, as these are peak seasons for viral respiratory infec=ons, such as influenza and the common cold【106:0†source】. o Close contact with infected individuals: Children aKending daycare or school are in close proximity to others who may be infected with Streptococcus pyogenes or respiratory viruses【106:0†source】.  o Poor hygiene: Failure to wash hands properly increases the risk of contact with viruses and bacteria that can cause tonsilli=s【106:0†source】. Summary Table Criteria Tonsilli's Viral: Rhinovirus, Influenza, EBV, Adenovirus, Coronavirus, HSV, HIV, Hepa==s Most Likely A. Bacterial: Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)【 Cause 106:0†source】. Viral: Virus infects epithelial cells, triggers lymphoid hyperplasia and cytokine release, leading to inflamma=on, swelling, and exudate. Bacterial: S. Pathophysiology pyogenes produces exotoxins, causing necrosis, immune cell recruitment, and forma=on of pus on the tonsils【106:0†source】. Viral: Airborne droplets, direct contact with contaminated surfaces. Transmission Bacterial: Person-to-person contact, respiratory droplets【106:0†source】. Age (5-15 years for bacterial, younger for viral), exposure to crowded seXngs Risk Factors (daycare, school), poor hygiene, weakened immune system, fall/winter season【106:0†source】. If you'd like more details on any of these sec=ons, please let me know!