Respiration 2025 Annotations PDF

Chapter 13: The respiratory system What is respiration? dioxide the body process of exchanging Oxygen & carbon...

Chapter 13: The respiratory system What is respiration? dioxide the body process of exchanging Oxygen & carbon through airways How anatomy reflects physiology  Respiration Exchange between air S + lungs Exchange between liquid) solubility of plays part a : CO2 external lungs + blood fair > - - diffusion - mostly alrous s occurs ↳ where gas exchange Transport in (needs carriers like hemoglobin) blood Exchange between blood & cells 82 to cells & giving CO2 for waste giving & cellular resp. (considered internal resp ). How do respiratory + conducting sections differ? airways all ↳ airways airways are branch either conducting to be able to go or respiratory down & reach alredi most of airways ↑ in the longs have to - bigger airways more cartillage prevent it from collapsing -smaller branch off airways unit : bronchioles branch into - smallest branching respiratory airways /some not Smaller diameter tubes some , cilia they become more - Bronchs (mary) : middle-size airways ↳ numerous. & lots of Hrachea (wide tube mucus biggest airway - : - cartilage 2 respiratory airways Loading… 1) alveoli 2 2) bronchiole conducting airways need more alvioli - > - work blood Stuff in order to do (where Vessels run ↳ war m the air or help make it moist past) - conducting airways have cilia alveoli have gas exchange leave respiratory does not else it - can while or small > - occurs very throug gas travelling will in the get of light epiphiliur o way alvioli not technically alvioli Bress. allowing to more gas ⑥ ·_ )ot Eco2 but are - airways , where through easier occurs epithelium gas exchange - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract What happens in the conducting airways? > - help warm up & moisten airways to help dispures O2 into d Mucociliary escalator don't want to back out your lungs you ↳ in come get things ex) escalator going up Goblet cells Image modified from https://bronchiectasis.com.au/physiotherapy/principles-of- airway-clearance/airway-clearance-in-the-normal-lung The airways in cross-section (epithelium) Loading… ↳ airway conducting Chasmuscle cartilage) http://www.chss.org.uk/chest-information-and-support/about- your-chest-condition/how-your-lungs-work/your-air-passages/  Let’s look closer at the alveoli of muscle around airways The type are smooth muscle (mostlyinvoluntary) in the bronchioles - most adjustable smooth muscle contracts bronchioconstriction ↳ when pulmonary , tube smaller it pinches & the gets n where happens smooth muscle's - bronchodilation : When diameter widens to an extent capillary arrealise ↓ deoxigenatedbloodcanis B V. ↳ smallest. CO2 gas -> goes into alveolus Oz gas Epithilium = lining of all tubes in the body -Endotilium Endothilium= for B V lining specifically.. blood oxygenated leaving lungs A ↑ thick because http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung_and_airway_disorders/biology_of_t one cell layer work better he_lungs_and_airways/exchanging_oxygen_and_carbon_dioxide.html it helps gas exchange  large/thin cells Alveolar cells ↑ that surface & line aveolar responsible for gas exchange What is the difference between Type I I and Type II cells? - Spherical/cubodial > - reduces tension alviols' by releasing in & fat content to Surfactant , preedsprote ↳ it breaks RFACTANT) up surface tension in alveoli responsible transport for ion & proliferation I cells Type ) ↳ line outside of alveoli ↳ G E help W/.. RBV ↳ nucleus of cell celllines alvelous that helputh gas exchange  Arrangement of the thorax ↳ chest wall (muscle) inside thoracic cavity : space of thora X not muscular Lungs themselves are ↳ meed musculature in order they actively inspiring to contract (thorax Inspiration = ↑ volume bigger (active: active expiration ↑ (activateert) C only contract during volume expiration = ↳ relaxed when exhaling help lift > involved in - expiration out & out & make muscles pull Chest car · up a bigger because they ↑ (breathin) E active inspiration only during ribs ↳ In between cavity expand E ↳ helps chest in inhalation when diaghram contracts , it contracts downward & makes Car· the whole troratic breathe bigger (when you out) in Breath = inspiration ↳ inhalation expiration air out of out : exhalation ↳ squeeze = Breathing & lungs ( aing quiet breathing > - norma Chest compartment also called passive breathing ↳ diaphram relaxes when exhaling active breathing- pacea fast active inspiration (sighing ↳ needs more muscles Arrangement of lungs in pleural sacs pleural spiration membranes = double membrane ↳ forms plural sac expiration = = N pressure ↓ pressure ↳ intuelungs Pa = intra priminary pressure in PoL = pressure outside lund intraperat ⑧ ↳sholds chest wall to Fividde long sac , a ↳ closest to chest wall & (guts) ↳ closest to the lungs , next to say ↳ punal pressure of the occurs outside lungs ↳ as membrane ↳ neven want it to be zero since preval have that means no more connection between ogs reverts they back , & wall , making lung deflate. to scrape agains each othy & fluid helps with movement can be zero alveolar pressure ↳ in between in &at breath , The mechanics of breathing: the role of pleural pressure + alveolar pressure of arg day = 160mm Hg - measure right inside ling atmospheric pressure alveolar - pressure (PA) pleural pressure (PPI) > - snows if chest cavity moves & is attached to long The law of LaPlace + alveolar stability produced Surfactant a lveolar cells. by typell mos are so close small : two ↳ try want to callapse inward & stick fg M & less further a attain are two so inward tu Law of LaPlace & ↑ apart two that line with Loading… Surface tension of helps radius ↳ likelyhood of alveolito collapse surfactant > but a bit less [] collapsing - than small alveoli I surfactant mol more [] for allow & does not to stick tg. water molecule Pneumothorax separate long collapses numbranes ↑ can never be zero p = alveolar = always (-) something goes ↳ mess mongie. Phenothorax because it plecalp = zero equilibrates wh atmosphere affects alv. pheral p ↑ alveolar atmos. += above - = below atmos. Things that make respiration possible Boyle’s/Mariotte’s Law , Vi P = P2V2 ↳ allows pressure to change wom volume does Gas goes from high ( to low pressure Pressures in the lungs are considered relative to atmospheric pressure can't zro more gas - alvolar p = Lungs have compliance and recall stration & come back to g Shape recoils & Partial pressure > - gases will respond to their own gradient , or ↑ + ofP - own gradient PCO2 + Doz Let’s put it all together bluk air Flow passive breathing ↳ pressure between gradient ↳ minimal movement atmosphere & longs of chestcarity ↑ vol , up ↓ vol , &P active : al includes what occurs in passive , but mose. set of intercostal > one - http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung_and_airway_disorders/biolo muscles contracts gy_of_the_lungs_and_airways/control_of_breathing.html not both sets Lung volumes and pressures P > - atmospheric voune small volume Prima parti ↑ bigger mustra , pressure ↓ pleural in between exp. & insp. volume pleural pressure Is (7 & gets more negative ↳Starts ling Pf because because space between air becomes bigger is going out ↳ diapam Velaxes muscle , config changes -  · The pleural respiratory cycle Volume is getting Rate of flow of air smaller in exp so alveolar P gets more Volume of The role of airway diameter Flow is proportional to changes in pressure But resistance works against airflow (and is INVERSELY proportional to it) Which airways have the most resistance? Which airways can change diameter?  Now that we have gas in lungs, how do we move it in the body? Time for gas transport and exchange! Exchange actually has to occur twice ↳ diffusion actually Gases largely diffuse due to the difference in their partial pressures BUT remember that there are a lot of things that influence diffusion across a membrane themoreana,theFasterdiffusionourige fasterterpergradiene  Air is a mixture Total pressure of a mixture = sum of partial pressures of O2 CO2 & , other gases Partial Pressure = Patm X % of gas Patm ~ 760 mm Hg Air is 21% O2 so PO2 = 160 mm Hg  Review of the respiratory cycle Scalene intercostals: active contract internal relaxed.. Q diagaram relaxes contracted in inspot relaxes in exp. interval intercostal world contract One is Other and contracting the , i https://www.austincc.edu/apreview/ PhysText/Respiratory.html  Let’s look at the graphs again! Alveolar pressure and flow rate have the same patterns because alveolar pressure, in part, determines how fast the air will flow X When there is a bigger pressure gradient, air flows faster  Why does air change with altitude? Air is ALWAYS 21% O2, so why does oxygen content change with elevation? (still 02 atmospheric pressure changes 21 % but lowest possible atm. p can be 250 muHg (60mmHg normany) proportion is the same amount of 02 Image from peakfreaks.com  These are some numbers to know! -osquare systemic : gas↳ before exchange = good blood had blood after ex : leas in blood z / before exchange collecte a into bood on diffuse Taste a lot O2can of comingfrom the less ba higher ↑ heart de-ox. because - OX using more be munactive & producing more (0s - ↳ ↳ the more active you are afterexchange-godbodend the higher the number ↳ gas i blue) blood venous blood-poor Partial pressure gradient goes used up strof in opposite directions, hence arterial blood-good blood opposite flow How is oxygen exyhemoglobin transported? ↳ hemoglobin + O O2 bound umbound bind ↳ 4 , sites boudustide lung in Lnemoglobin reversabeonly happens - EBC unbound On S more depends a goes righta to becs a on Is Or of less unbound ↳ gas left Outside tissue good content ↳ 22 pins Firid can handle 2% = of blood Or Image from Silverthorn text Binds dissociates + ofE depending on []  Hemoglobin* 4 globular proteins, each with heme group affining for O has Each heme group has an iron Cooperative binding : have ↳ the moreOn you Each iron carries one oxygen On the sites , the it is for next2 easier to bird : increase affinity between U2 in & hemoglobin Conformational changes & affinity ↳ something bindd One Of 4 sites , there is a when to 3D structure site for conformational change to the Binding news It as CO2 , of sites the binding Separate binding the 1stane ↑ the ↳ CO2 bind to hemo, for conformation changes & affinity for2 is diff 2nd & 3rd one , affinity. the with get CO a Not natural : can also bind ↳ it On can outcompete for it's binding site , higher affinity than 02 ↳ name group ON MIDTERM Oxygen saturation curves - closer to alw smala sat ↑ Por 10 ----- state - resting sites would 314 binding molecules on them normal have O2 curve anemia Y + looks normal fillopfasa dant work hidigies = satwise count or try sites O of homo -less binding - - > losing cell to ↳ means O2 content is around ↳ but it goes that bad , half than normal : 30 % is not ↳ exercising How can someone with anemia have 100% saturation but poor oxygen content? Someone with lots of Hb 100 % saturation : amble hemoglobin : Someone with low RBC or Hb amount ↳ caused by disease sites less binding ? fill up all binding sites saturation of on with ample amount % 2100 less because there is But [J of On is with less to work Oxygen saturation (dissociation) affinity : M : On molecules bind easily to hemoglobin plateau ↳ big change without changing in PG curve but want to stay in free releasing form so the saturation mentent t u r is mich harder part ↑ to hemoglobin rid of O & ↓: On binds harder offloading : gets more easily but is released cooperative bindin : Step never hit ; These curves show 100 unless ↑ , you breathe & pure 02 per tremog. the relationship 44th binding to hemo between oxygen site is harderto tissues do near 75 %- - - - levels + hemoglobin ---- 3 out of 4 have hemoglobins binded to saturation Oz them - Step of part part : cooperative binding and gard Binding changes becomes easier with each additional that we 25 % - let of, goes go O2 molecule, so the For intotissues use (02) saturation curve of toward excercise is change can happen moring to 30 quicklyt hemoglobin J On Of realistaly it is not linear , can ↓ zuo -213 never be which means need more Sickle cell > - saturation is the same more active cells , metabolizing , On amounts just are lower because less binding sites Oz , saturationlevels have dropped , tissues working harder  Hemoglobin saturation curves again curves Hemoglobin saturation aleoli Left Shift : ↑ in affinity at 80 > elevation Roz - : at right shifted moves over ↳ a step part (bwedotted line) ↳ right is more common BPG : Left is possible but less - likely co2 well (be affinity) more saturation DPG Right : ↓ in affinity between hemo & 02 to be bing less more lively likely to be released Left & : in affinity toeceased morelikely Loading… less harder to Cary CO2 , (more - saturated. acidic : more protons Right Strenous exercise : low pt Right ↳ Oz is needed ↳ produce more CO2 lless acidic Right basic : lessprotons ↳ PCO2 high put shift : : Right More CO2 in blood , more acidic it becomes T.. ↑ CO2 , :. Right shift O a http://oxygengerufuku.blogspot.com/2017/01/oxygen- -bloodoutsid dissociation-curve.html ↓ biggest changes  Oxygen gets stored in hemoglobin Do we want it to stay there? yes but not for long still want it to be able to get - but Storage be can more so go into - tissue free form So thatOn are into go Why or why not? ↑  What about carbon dioxide? It is a little more complicated… Three ways to transport & 5-10% in plasma dissolved in bound 5-10% on Hb > - can > - satueated with 80-90 % as bicarbonate ion ↳ HCOz- amount if levels go rightin side , is made higher values & CO2 + H+ + both can go ways a buperinbloodacidity H20 HCO3- - regulatas Carbonic anhydrase CO2 into ↳ enzyene the conversion of facilitates ↳ carbonic acid : , H2 CO2 dissociates &becomes+ get released from hemoglobin?  Movie to review https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=vj8c2jiYI2g&t=15s What about carbon dioxide? It is a little more complicated… Three ways to transport 5-10% in plasma 5-10% on Hb 80-90 % as bicarbonate ion CO2 + H+ + H20 HCO3- Carbonic anhydrase  Told you it was complicated! little bit dissolved in plasma still bound (normal) little bit A protaro ion. * & bound in - can small proportion bind to hemoglobing can shift curve Transporttre ↳ moves outuf bicarb RBC.: more CO2 Only way to get mid of CO2 is to breathe ↑ X it out : reverse Can be converted occurs cell & Cl out so that HC63 : More ECOn- in to of C- & convert exchange carbonic enmydrazel enzyme to af keepsectrical charge all3- so that 102 can be converted. HCO3-back to Hed i so that it can ge out the body  Stuff that can go wrong… If something goes wrong at the beginning (the Or transfer & process content can be effected throughout the whole process. Of were , Will be less in blood - Or Kres in long , but not going count -Low remoglobin O2 into tissue - Transport Ok , but cannot get be expected Hemoglobin binding can cano be compliance (stretching of lungs) No good - a vole) possible (surfactant plays - Altitude - co poisoning