Reproductive Pathologies (document for Quizgecko).docx

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Gonadotropin | | | | | releasing | | | | | hormone (GnRH) | | | | | An...

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Gonadotropin | | | | | releasing | | | | | hormone (GnRH) | | | | | Analogues** | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Mechanism of | **Indication** | **Side Effect** | **Examples** | | Action** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **[Pulsatile | \- | \- Leuprolide | | | Release]{.under | Pseudomenopause | | | | line}** | (hot flushes, | \- Goserelin | | | | night sweats) | | | | [Agonists]{.und | | \- Nafarelin | | | erline} | \- Erectile | | | | | dysfunction | \- Histrelin | | | \- Pregnancy | | | | | | \- Decreased | | | | **[Continuous | libido | | | | Release]{.under | | | | | line}** | \- Hypogonadism | | | | | | | | | [Antagonists]{. | \- Osteoporosis | | | | underline} | | | | | | \- Vomiting | | | | \- Cancer | | | | | | \- Nausea | | | | \- Uterine | | | | | fibroids | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | Endometriosis | | | | | | | | | | \- Precocious | | | | | puberty | | | | | | | | | | \- Prostate | | | | | cancer | | | | | | | | | | \- Infertility | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Gonadotropin- | | | | | Releasing | | | | | Hormone (GnRH) | | | | | Antagonist** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indication** | **Side | | | Action** | | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | \- Prostate | \- Hot flushes | \- Dega.relix | | | cancer | | | | | | \- Liver | | | | | toxicity | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Synthetic | | | | | Estrogens | | | | | (Ethinyl | | | | | estradiol)** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indication** | **Side | **Contraindicat | | Action** | | Effects** | ions** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | [Hormone | **[Increased | **[Before Use | | | Replacement | risk of clear | Screen | | | Therapy | cell | for:]{.underlin | | | (HRT)]{.underli | adenocarcinoma | e}** | | | ne} | of | | | | | vagina]{.underl | [Tobacco use in | | | \- In | ine}** | females over 35 | | | postmenopausal | | years | | | women | \- Particularly | old]{.underline | | | | in females | } | | | [Other]{.underl | exposed to | | | | ine} | diethylbestrol | \- Because | | | | (DES) in utero. | estrogen | | | \- Menstrual | | therapy | | | abnormalities | **[Other]{.unde | increases risk | | | | rline}** | of thrombosis | | | \- Hypogonadism | | | | | | \- Increased | [Other]{.underl | | | \- Ovarian | risk of | ine} | | | failure | endometrial | | | | | cancer (when | \- Breast | | | | given without | Cancer | | | | progesterone) | | | | | | \- History of | | | | \- Bleeding in | DVTs | | | | postmenopausal | | | | | patients | | | | | | | | | | \- Increased | | | | | risk of thrombi | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Selective | | | | | Oestrogen | | | | | Receptor | | | | | Modulators** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indications** | **Side | **Example** | | Action** | | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **[Infertility] | \- Multiple | **[Clomiphene]{ | | | ** | simultaneous |.underline}** | | | | pregnancies | | | | [Anovulation | (e.g. twins) | \- Agonist in | | | ] | | Hypothalamus | | | | \- Ovarian | | | | \- E.g. | enlargement | | | | polycystic | | | | | ovarian | \- Visual | | | | syndrome (PCOS) | disturbance | | | | | | | | | | \- No | | | | | endometrial | | | | | cancer risk | | | | | | | | | | \- Hot flushes | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Selective | | | | | Oestrogen | | | | | Receptor | | | | | Modulators** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indications** | **Side | | | Action** | | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **[Breast | \- Increased | **[Tamoxifen]{. | | | Cancer]{.underl | risk of | underline}** | | | ine}** | thromboembolic | | | | | events | \- Antagonist | | | \- Treat and | (especially | in Breast | | | prevent | with tobacco | | | | recurrence of | smoking) | \- Partial | | | breast cancer | | Agonist in | | | | \- Endometrial | Uterus and Bone | | | **[Gynecomastia | cancer | | | | ]** | | | | | | \- Hot flushes | | | | \- Prevent | | | | | gynecomastia | | | | | patients | | | | | undergoing | | | | | prostate cancer | | | | | therapy | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Selective | | | | | Oestrogen | | | | | Receptor | | | | | Modulators** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indications** | **Side | | | Action** | | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | \- Osteoporosis | \- Increased | **[Raloxifene]{ | | | | risk of |.underline}** | | | | thromboembolic | | | | | events | -Antagonist in | | | | (especially | Breast and | | | | with tobacco | Uterus | | | | smoking) | | | | | | \- Agonist in | | | | \- No | Bone | | | | endometrial | | | | | cancer risk | | | | | | | | | | \- Hot flushes | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Aromatase | | | | | inhibitors** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indications** | **Side | **Example** | | Action** | | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **[Breast | | ["zole"]{.under | | | Cancer]{.underl | | line} | | | ine}** | | | | | | | \- Exemestane | | | \- Estrogen | | | | | positive in | | \- Anastrozole | | | post-menopausal | | | | | females | | \- Letrozole | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Hormone | | | | | replacement | | | | | therapy (HRT)** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | \- Increases | | | | | endometrial | | | | | cancer risk | | | | | (progesterone | | | | | or progestin | | | | | should be added | | | | | to avoid | | | | | overexposure to | | | | | estrogen) | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | Cardiovascular | | | | | disease risk | | | | | increased | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Progestins** | | | | | **+** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indications** | **Miscellaneous | **Examples** | | Action** | | ** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **[Abnormal | **[Progestin | \- | | | Uterine | Challenge | Medroxyprogeste | | | Bleeding | ]** | rone | | | ]** | | | | | | \- The | \- | | | \- Introducing | progestin | Levonorgestrel | | | progestin | challenge is a | | | | during certain | clinical test | \- | | | times of cycle | used to | Norethindrone | | | and help | evaluate the | | | | correct and | cause of | \- Etonogestrel | | | reset normal | amenorrhea (the | | | | endometrial | absence of | \- Megestrol. | | | behaviour and | menstruation) | | | | bleeding | | | | | | \- This | | | | **[Endometrial | involves | | | | Cancer | administering | | | | ]** | progestin | | | | | | | | | \- Progesterone | \- Bleeding | | | | counteracts | upon withdrawal | | | | estrogen | of progestin | | | | | means no | | | | \- Unopposed or | anatomical | | | | consistent | defect being | | | | estrogen | cause of | | | | exposure is | amenorrhea. | | | | associated with | | | | | cancer | | | | | | | | | | **[Contraceptio | | | | | n]* | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Anti-progesti | | | | | ns** | | | | | **+** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indications** | | **Examples** | | Action** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | \- Termination | | **[Ulipristal]{ | | | of pregnancy | |.underline}** | | | | | | | | \- Emergency | | \- Useful for | | | contraception | | emergency | | | | | contraception) | | | | | | | | | | **[Other]{.unde | | | | | rline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Mifepristone | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Combined | | | | | contraception | | | | | (Ethinyl | | | | | Estradiol and | | | | | Progestin)** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indication** | **Side | **Contraindicat | | Action** | | Effects** | ion** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **[Hormone | [Increases | \- History of | | | Replacement | endometrial | cardiovascular | | | Therapy | Cancer | disease | | | (HRT)]{.underli | Risk]{.underlin | | | | ne}** | e} | \- History of | | | | | breast cancer | | | \- In | \- When given | | | | postmenopausal | with | \- History of | | | women | progesterone | liver disease | | | | | | | | **[Other]{.unde | [Other]{.underl | \- History of | | | rline}** | ine} | migraine | | | | | | | | \- Menstrual | \- Breakthrough | \- People over | | | abnormalities | menstrual | 35 | | | | bleeding | | | | \- Hypogonadism | | \- Smoking | | | | \- Venous | | | | \- Ovarian | thromboembolism | | | | failure | | | | | | \- Breast | | | | | tenderness | | | | | | | | | | \- Hepatic | | | | | adenoma | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Copper | | | | | intrauterine | | | | | device** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indication** | **Side | **Contraindicat | | Action** | | Effects** | ions** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | \- Long lasting | \- Heaver and | \- Pelvic | | | reversible | longer menses | inflammatory | | | contraception | | disease (PID) | | | | \- Dysmenorrhea | | | | \- Most | | | | | effective | | | | | emergency | | | | | contraception | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Tocolytics** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indication** | **Side | **Examples** | | Action** | | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | **[Terbutaline | | | | | ]** | | | | | | | | | | \- β2 Agonist | | | | | Action | | | | | | | | | | **[Nifedipine]{ | | | | |.underline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Ca2+ Channel | | | | | Blocker | | | | | | | | | | **[Indomethacin | | | | | ]** | | | | | | | | | | \- NSAID | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Partial | | | | | Androgen | | | | | Receptor | | | | | Agonists** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indications** | **Side | | | Action** | | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | \- Hereditary | \- Idiopathic | \- Danazol | | | angioedema | intracranial | | | | | hypertension | | | | \- | | | | | Endometriosis | \- Decreased | | | | | HDL levels | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | Masculinization | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | Hepatotoxicity | | | | | | | | | | \- Weight gain | | | | | | | | | | \- Hirsutism | | | | | | | | | | \- Oedema | | | | | | | | | | \- Acne | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Full Androgen | | | | | Receptor | | | | | Agonists** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Indications** | **Side | | | Action** | | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | \- Promote | \- Premature | \- | | | development of | closure of | Methyltestoster | | | secondary | epiphyseal | one | | | sexual | plate (when | | | | characteristics | used in | \- Testosterone | | | | adolescence) | | | | \- Hypogonadism | | | | | | \- Increased | | | | | LDL and | | | | | decreased HDL | | | | | levels | | | | | | | | | | \- Testicular | | | | | hypertrophy in | | | | | males | | | | | | | | | | \- Virilization | | | | | in female | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Androgen | | | | | Receptor | | | | | Antagonists** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **Clinical | **Side | **Examples** | | | Use** | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **[Abiraterone] | **[Abiraterone] | \- Abiraterone | | | ** | ** | | | | | | \- Finasteride | | | \- Prostate | \- Hypertension | | | | cancer | | \- Flutamide | | | | \- Hypokalemia | and | | | **[Finasteride] | | Bicalutamide | | | ** | **[Finasteride] | | | | | ** | \- Ketoconazole | | | \- Benign | | | | | Prostatic | \- Gynecomastia | \- | | | Hyperplasia | | Spironolactone | | | (BPH) | \- Sexual | | | | | dysfunction | | | | **[Flutamide | | | | | and | **[Flutamide | | | | bicalutamide]{. | and | | | | underline}** | Bicalutamide]{. | | | | | underline}** | | | | \- Prostate | | | | | cancer | \- Gynecomastia | | | | | | | | | **[Ketoconazole | \- Sexual | | | | ]** | dysfunction | | | | | | | | | \- Prostate | **[Ketoconazole | | | | cancer | ]** | | | | | | | | | **[Spironolacto | \- Gynecomastia | | | | ne] | | | | | ** | **[Spironolacto | | | | | ne] | | | | \- Poly Cystic | ** | | | | Ovarian | | | | | Syndrome (PCOS) | \- Amenorrhea | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Tamsulosin** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Clinical | **Side | **Examples** | | Action** | Use** | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | \- Benign | | | | | Prostatic | | | | | Hyperplasia | | | | | (BPH) | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Minoxidil** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Mechanism of | **Clinical | **Side | **Examples** | | Action** | Use** | Effects** | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | \- Androgenic | | | | | alopecia | | | | | | | | | | \- Severe | | | | | refractory | | | | | hypertension | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+