Reproductive Health PDF

Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Family planning refers to practices that help individual to attain certain objectives (i)...

Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Family planning refers to practices that help individual to attain certain objectives (i) To avoid unwanted Births (ii) To Bring about wanted birth (iii) To regulate the interval between pregnancies (iv) To determine the number of children in family India is first country in world to initiate family planning programme in 1951. In 1977 it changed into family welfare programme "To improve the quality of life of people." "Reproduction and child heath care (RCH) programmes" Small family norm 1970 slogan was – ‘‘Do ya Teen Bas’’ 1980 slogan was – ‘‘Sons or Daughter - Two will do’’ / Hum Do Hamare Do N – ‘‘Second after 3 years’’ 0 CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD : -2 Method which prevent unwanted birth or pregnancies are called contraceptive methods. (two types) E (1) Temporary method or spacing method (2) Terminal method 19 An ideal contraceptive should be user-friendly, easily available, effective and reversible with no or least side- effects. It also should in no way interfere with the sexual drive, desire and/or the sexual act of the user. A wide range of contraceptive methods are presently available which could be broadly grouped into the following 20 categories, namely Natural/Traditional, Barrier, IUDs, Oral contraceptives, Injectables, Implants and Surgical LL methods. (1) Temporary or Spacing Methods : Are of following types – n (i) Chemical Method : io In this method chemicals are used which are spermicidal agent or surface active ss agents which attach themselves to spermatozoa and inhibit O2 uptake and kill sperm. Failure rate is approximately 30%. Spermicide Se Example : A Vaginal Foam/tablets = 'Today' Cream or Jelly = ‘‘Nim – 76’’ (Defence Institute of Physiology Allied Science Manufactured it) Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 These medicines are composed of chemicals like ZnSO4, KMnO4, Boric acid, Lactic acid, Citric acid. These chemicals completely destroy sperms so they are called as spermicides. (ii) Barrier method : Ovum and sperms are prevented from physically meeting with the help of barriers. For Male : Condom - Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/ latex sheath that are used to cover the penis in the male or vagina and cervix in the female, just before coitus so that the ejaculated semen would not enter into the female reproductive tract. This can prevent conception. ‘Nirodh’ is a popular brand of condom for the male. Use of condoms 84 E  Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN has increased in recent years due to its additional benefit of protecting the user from contracting STDs and AIDS. Both the male and the female condoms are disposable, can be self-inserted and thereby gives privacy to the user. Male condom Female condom – Failure rate of male condoms = 10-14% – Failure rate of famale condom = 5-15% Share ù Rakshak ú û For Female : Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are also barriers made of rubber that are inserted into N the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. They prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through the cervix. They are reusable. Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are usually used alongwith these barriers to increase their contraceptive efficiency. 0 -2 E 19 Diaphragm Cervical Vault cap cap 20 LL Intra Uterine Devices (I.U.D.) : These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina. n I.U.C.D. – Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices : io Ist IUCD was used by Graffenberg. It was a Ag made I.U.C.D. when it was put into the uterus, till it was there, the female wasn't pregnant. ss Now Cu made IUCD are used. Se IUDs are available as :- A (i) Non-medicated IUDs : e.g. : Lippes loop – These devices are made of plastic or stainless steel only. – Lippes loop made of plastic (Polyethylene) impregnated Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 with barium sulphate is still used in many part of world. (ii) Copper releasing IUDs : eg. : CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 CuT Multiload 375 (iii) Hormone releasing IUDs : eg. : Progestasert, LNG-20 Two IUCDS Mechanism : – Non-medicated IUDs, promote the phagocytic cells of uterus to phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus. – Copper releasing IUDs, released Cu ions suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms. E 85 Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN – The hormone releasing IUDs, make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms. – IUDs are ideal contraceptives for the females who want to delay pregnancy and / or space children. It is one of most widely accepted methods of contraception in India. – Failure rate of IUDs is approximately 1-3% (iii) Hormonal Method : This is the most effective method (almost 100% effective) Most widely used contraceptive method. In this method oral pills, injections and implants are used. Female oral pills are – Hormone Hormone implant injection Mala–N, Mala–D – Daily oral pills capsules Failure rate = 0.1% The daily oral pills are started preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle. N For 1 to 21 days Hormonal pills are given and Iron or Fe pills are given in last 7 days for recovery of blood loss in menstruation flow and to maintain regularity of pills. 0 Composition of oral pill -2 (a) Norethisterone acetate (Synthetic progesterone) E – High concentration 19 (b) Ethynyl estradiol (Synthetic Estrogen) – Low concentration Oral contraceptive pills Mechanism : 20 LL Action of oral pill is to prevent the Ovulation from ovary this is achieved by blocking the pituitary n secretion of gonadotropin (FSH and LH) that is necessary for ovulation. Progestron only preprations render the cervical mucosa thick and scanty this prevent / retard entry of sperms. So fertilization is io absent. ss Saheli – Weekly oral pills. Non-steroidal pill. (Developed by scientists at CDRI Lucknow) – Few side effects and high contraceptive value. Se – Failure rate = 1.83% A – Saheli chemical composition of centchromen or ormeloxifen. Ormaloxifen anti-estrogenic prevent implantation activity and cause contraception. Injection – DMPA – (Depot – medroxy progesterone acetate) (Depot = slow release) Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 Implant – Norplant./Subcutaneous injection In these Injections high level of progesterone Hormone is present which Inhibit secretion or gonadotropins so ovulation in absent. Failure rate = 0-0.4% Male Pill : Gossypol – Made from cotton seeds. This pill prevent spermatogenesis. Now it has been banned because it causes permanent azzospermia (preventing spermatogenesis) Progesterone hormone can be used in male oral pills. In July 2000 china made progestrone pills for male (first time in world). 86 E  Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN Emergency contraceptive methods :- Contraceptives methods which are used within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse. (a) Emergency contraceptive pills - progesterone only pill. eg. i-pill, unwanted-72 (LNG) (b) IUD-IUD can also be use as an emergency contraception. Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives as they could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse. (iv) Natural method : Work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting. (a) Rhythm or Periodic abstinence method – Ist 7 days after Menstruation Cycle (M.C.) and 7 days before M.C. is called safe period because in these 14 days ovum is absent in fallopian tubes. Hence fertilization usually does not occur. Periodic abstinence is one such method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected. As chances of fertilisation are very high during this period, it is called the fertile period. Therefore, by abstaining from coitus during this period, conception could be prevented. N (b) Withdrawal or Coitus interruptus – During sexual intercource, male partner withdraws his penis from vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination. (c) Lactational amenorrhea – High concentration of prolactin may lead to inhibition of menstrual 0 cycle in lactating mother. Lactational amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) method is based on -2 the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation E following parturition. Therefore, as long as the mother breast-feeds the child fully, chances of conception are almost nil. However, this method has been reported to be effective only upto a 19 maximum period of six months following parturition. As no medicines or devices are used in these methods, side effects are almost nil. Chances of failure, though, of this method are also (2) Terminal method : high. 20 LL It is a surgical method/Sterilisation – Block gamete transport thereby prevent conception. These techniques highly effective but their reversibility is very poor. n Female sterlisation – 85% io Male sterlisation – 10 to 15% For Male : Vasectomy ss To cut of vas deferens. So ejaculation of sperm does not occur. For Female : Tubectomy – To cut of fallopian tubes. Tubal ligation – To ligate fallopian tubes. Se Medical Termination of Pregnancy (M.T.P.) :- A It is relatively safe during the Ist trimester (upto 12 weeks of pregnancy) and more risk in IInd trimester. Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion. Nearly 45 to 50 million MTPs are performed Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 in a year all over the world which accounts to 1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year. Obviously, MTP has a significant role in decreasing the population though it is not meant for that purpose. Whether to accept / legalise MTP or not is being debated upon in many countries due to emotional, ethical, religious and social issues involved in it. Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse. Such restrictions are all the more important to check indiscriminate and illegal female foeticides which are reported to be high in India. Why MTP? Obviously the answer is to get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or failure of the contraceptive used during coitus or rapes. MTPs are also essential in certain cases where continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both. E 87 Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2017 was enacted by the government of India with the intension of reducing the incidence of illegal abortion and consequent maternal mortality and morbidity. According to this Act, a pregnancy may be terminated on certain considered grounds within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy on the opinion of one registered medical practitioner. If the pregnancy has lasted more than 12 weeks, but fewer than 24 weeks, two registered medical practitioners must be of the opinion, formed in good faith, that the required ground exist. The grounds for such termination of pregnancies are : (i) The continuation of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury physical or mental health : or (ii) There is a substantial risk that of the child were born, it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped. INFERTILITY : If couples are unable to produce children inspite of unprotected sexual cohabitation up to 1 year this is called infertility. It is prevented by assisted reproductive technologies (ART). It is two types - (i) Invitro fertilisation – If fertilisation occurs outside the body of female and after it, embryo is transfered into uterus or fallopian tube of surrogate mother or same mother, this is called embryo transfer. Two types of Invitro fertilisation – N (a) Zygote Intra Fallopiun Transfer (ZIFT) – Zygote or early embryos (with upto eight blastomer) could then be transfered into the fallopian tube of surrogate or same mother. This is called ZIFT. (b) Intra Uterine Transfer (IUT) – If more than eight blastomers (commonly 32 cells stage) transfer 0 into uterus, this is called IUT). -2 (c) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) – It is an another specialised procedure to form an E embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the cytoplam of ovum. 19 (ii) Invivo fertilisation - If fertilisation occurs inside the body of female either natural or artificial this is called invivo fertilisation. (a) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) – Transfer of an ovum collected from ovary into the 20 fallopian tube of same female or female who can't produce one, but can provide suitable environment LL for fertilisation, this is called GIFT. (b) Artificial insemination – If male is unable to inseminate the semen into vagina or very low sperm count in the semen then semen is artificially introduced either into vagina or into the uterus n of the female (intrauterine insemination) IUI. io Test–Tube Baby : (In vitro fertilisation – (IVF - fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the ss body). After the fusion of gametes zygote is formed which reaches the 32 celled stage within 24 hrs. Now this Se embro (blastocyst) is transplanted in normal uterus of same mother or surrogate mother for further development after the completion of gestation period a normal child take birth. A Ist Test tube baby: England, 25 July, 1978, Louise Joy Brown India : Ist test tube baby is approved as 'Durga'. Amniocentesis : a foetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 surrounding the developing embryo. In the 14th or 15th week of pregnancy with the help of long surgical needle, amniotic fluid is taken out from the uterus. In this fluid, few cell of embryo (skin, liver and placenta) are present. In aminocentesis some of the amniotic fluid of the developing foetus is taken to analyse the fetal cells and dissolved substances. This procedure is used to test for the presence of certain genetic disorders such as, down syndrome, haemoplilia, sickle-cell anemia, etc., determine the survivability of the foetus. They are tested to konw – (i) Genetic disorder / chromosomal abnormalities like Down Syndrome (ii) Metabolic disorder (deficiency of protein, enzymes, hormones) (iii) Detection of Sex (Barr bodies) Statutary ban on amniocentesis for sex-determination to legally check increasing female foeticides. 88 E  Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) Build Up Your Understanding 1. Aminiocentesis is:- 8. A contraceptive is:- (1) Analysis of chemical composition of fluids of (1) Condom, cervical cap and diaphragm pregnant woman (2) Intrauterine device (2) Withdrawal of allantoic fluid from pregnant (3) Pill women (4) All the above (3) An in vitro diagnosis 9. A contraceptive pill contains:- (4) Culturing of cells and study of metaphase chro- (1) Progesterone and estrogen mosomes from amniotic fluid to identify chro- (2) Spermicidal salts mosomal abnormality (3) Chemicals that cause automatic abortion 2. What is correct about test tube baby:- (4) Chemicals that prevent fertilization of ovum (1) Fertilization inside female genital tract and 10. The partner responsible for sex of the child is:- growth in test tube (1) Male (2) Rearing of prematurely born baby in incubator (2) Female N (3) Fertilization outside and gestation inside womb (3) Both of mother (4) At times male & at times female (4) Both fertilization and development are effected 11. MTP is:- 0 outside the female genital tract (1) Multi trade practices -2 3. Study of abnormalities by taken out the amniotic (2) Malthusian treatise on population E fluid of embryo is called :- (3) Multiple temporary frequency 19 (1) Endoscopy (4) Medical termination of pregnancy (2) Amniocentesis 12. A contraceptive pill prevents ovulation by:- (3) Laproscopy (1) Blocking fallopian tube (4) Natal endoscopy 20 (2) Inhibiting release of FSH & LH LL (3) Stimulating release of FSH & LH 4. Which one is not legitimate for reducing birth rate:- (4) Causing immedediate degeneration of released n (1) Ban on marriages ovum (2) MTP io 13. Oral contraceptives contain :- (3) Use of contraceptives (1) Progesterone (2) LH ss (4) Late marriages (3) Oxytocin (4) Steroles 5. Purpose of tubectomy is to prevent:- 14. Amniocentesis is used for determining :- Se (1) Egg formation (1) Heart diseases (2) Brain disease A (2) Embryonic development (3) Hereditary disease of embryo (3) Fertilization (4) All the above (4) Coitus 15. Most important component of oral contraceptive Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 6. Vasectomy is :- is :- (1) Cutting of fallopian tube (1) Thyroxine (2) LH (2) Cutting of vasdeferens (3) Progesteron (4) AH (3) Factor of population growth 16. Tubectomy, a method of population control is performed on :- (4) None of these (1) Both males & females(2) Males only 7. An IUCD is:- (3) Females only (4) Only pregnant females (1) Vasectomy (2) Copper T 17. Which is related to males :- (3) Condom (4) All above (1) I.U.C.D. (2) Tubectomy (3) Vesectomy (4) None of the above E 89 Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN 18. Which substance can be used as male contraceptive 21. First country of world which adopt family plan- in future:- ning programme :- (1) FSH (1) Japan (2) USA (2) LH (3) India (4) Bangladesh (3) Testosterone 22. Govt. sponsered "family planning programme". (4) Progesterone started in:- (1) 1947 (2) 1951 19. Consider the statements given below regarding contraception and answer as directed thereafter:- (3) 1977 (4) 1955 23. Saheli , A female antifertility pill is used:- (a) Medical Termination of Pregnacy MTP during (1) Daily (2) Weekly first trimester is generally safe (b) Generally chances of conception are nil until (3) Quarterly (4) Monthly mother breast-feeds the infant upto two years 24. Test tube baby means a baby born when (c) Intrauterine devices like copper T are effective N contraceptives (1) It is developed in a test tube (d) Contraception pills may be taken upto one week (2) It is developed through tissue culture method after coitus to prevent conception 0 (3) The ovum is fertilised externally and there after Which two of the above statements are correct ? implanted in the uterus -2 (1) a, c (2) a, b (3) b, c (4) c, d 20. E Given below are four methods (A–D) and their modes (4) It develops from a non-fertilized egg 19 of action (a–d) in achieving contraception. Select their 25. What is the work of copper T- correct matching from the four options that follow (1) To inhibit ovulation Method Mode of Action A. The pill (a) Prevents sperms 20 (2) To prevent fertilization LL reaching cervix (3) To inhibit implantation of blastocyst B. Condom (b) Prevents (4) To inhibit gametogenesis n implantation io C. Vasectomy (c) Prevents ovulation D. Copper T (d) Semen contains no ss sperms Matching :- Se (1) A – (c), B – (d), C – (a), D – (b) (2) A – (b), B – (c), C – (a), D – (d) A (3) A – (c), B – (a), C – (d), D – (b) (4) A – (d), B – (a), C – (b), D – (c) Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) ANSWER KEY Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ans. 4 3 2 1 3 2 2 4 1 1 4 2 1 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 Que. 21 22 23 24 25 Ans. 3 2 2 3 2 90 E  Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions) AIPMT/NEET & AIIMS (2006-2018) AIPMT 2008 AIPMT 2011 1. Given below are four methods (A–D) and their modes of action (a–d) in achieving contraception. Select their 5. Which one of the following is the most widely correct matching from the four options that follow accepted method of contraception in India, as at Method Mode of Action present ? A. The pill (a) Prevents sperms (1) Cervical caps reaching cervix (2) Tubectomy B. Condom (b) Prevents (3) Diaphragms implantation (4) IUDs' (Intra uterine devices) C. Vasectomy (c) Prevents ovulation 6. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is D. Copper T (d) Semen contains no considered safe up to have many weeks of sperms pregnancy ? Matching :- (1) Eight weeks (2) Twelve weeks N (1) A – (c), B – (d), C – (a), D – (b) (3) Eighteen weeks (4) Six weeks (2) A – (b), B – (c), C – (a), D – (d) AIIMS 2011 (3) A – (c), B – (a), C – (d), D – (b) 0 (4) A – (d), B – (a), C – (b), D – (c) 7. After invitro fertilization : -2 (1) Embryo with more than 8 cells are implanted 2. Consider the statements given below regarding E contraception and answer as directed there after:- in uterus. 19 (2) Embryo with more than 16 cells are not (a) Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) during first trimester is generally safe implanted in uterus. (b) Generally chances of conception are nil until (3) Embryo with 8-16 cells can be implanted in mother breast-feeds the infant upto two years uterus.20 LL (c) Intrauterine devices like copper T are effective (4) Embryo with cells more than 32 is implanted contraceptives in fallopian tube. n (d) Contraception pills may be taken upto one week AIPMT 2012 io after coitus to prevent conception 8. The Test-tube Baby programme employs which one Which two of the above statements are correct ? of the following techniques ? ss (1) a, c (2) a, b (3) b, c (4) c, d (1) Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) AIPMT 2010 (2) Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT) Se (3) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) A 3. In vitro fertilisation is a technique that involves transfer (4) Intra uterine insemination (IUI) of which one of the following into the fallopian tube? (1) Zygote only, AIIMS 2012 (2) Embryo only, upto 8 cell stage 9. Which of the following is correct about human Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 (3) Either zygote or early embryo upto 8 cell stage Reproduction ? (4) Embryo of 32 cell stage (1) ‘Saheli’ is a new contraceptive for males (2) Amniocentosis is carried out to know the 4. The permissible use of the technique amniocentesis chromosomal pattern from the sample taken is for : from the cells of umbilical cord. (1) Detecting any genetic abnormality (3) Ovulation is facilitated by breast-feeding (2) Detecting sex of the unborn foetus (4) A combination of progesterone and oestrogen (3) Artificial insemination is injected or implanted under the skin as an (4) Transfer of embryo into the uterus of a effective contraceptive surrogate mother E 91 Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN AIPMT 2013 Re-AIPMT 2015 16. A childless couple can be assisted to have a child 10. Artificial insemination means : through a technique called GIFT. The full form of (1) introduction of sperms of a healthy donor this technique is : directly into the ovary (1) Germ cell internal fallopian transfer (2) yransfer of sperms of a healthy donor to a test (2) Gamete inseminated fallopian transfer tube containing ova (3) Gamete intra fallopian transfer (3) transfer of sperms of husband to a test tube (4) Gamete internal fertilization and transfer containing ova (4) artificial introduction of sperms of a healthy NEET-I 2016 donor into the vagina 17. Which of the following approaches does not give 11. One of the legal methods of birth control is : the defined action of contraceptive ? (1) by a premuture ejaculation during coitus (2) abortion by taking an appropriate medicine (1) Barrier prevent fertilization (3) by abstaining from coitus from day 10 to 17 methods N of the menstrual cycle (4) by having coitus at the time of day break (2) Intra uterine Increase phagocytosis of devices sperms, suppress sperm 0 AIIMS 2013 motility and fertilizing capacity of sperms -2 12. Which of the following contraceptive makes uterus E (3) Hormonal Prevent/retard entry of unsuitable for implantation ? contraceptives sperms, prevent ovulation 19 (1) CuT (2) Cu7 and fertilization (3) Multiload 375 (4) Progestesert (4) Vasectomy Prevents spermatogenesis AIPMT 2014 20 LL 13. Tubectomy is a method of sterilization in which : NEET-II 2016 n (1) small part of the fallopian tube is removed or 18. Which of the following is hormone releasing IUD? tied up. io (1) Lippes loop (2) ovaries are removed surgically. (2) Cu7 ss (3) small part of vas deferens is removed or tied up. (3) LNG-20 (4) uterus is removed surgically. (4) Multiload 375 Se 14. Which of the following is a hormone releasing Intra 19. Which of the following is incorrect regarding A Uterine Device (IUD) ? vasectomy ? (1) Multiload 375 (1) Vasa deferentia is cut and tied (2) LNG - 20 (2) Irreversible sterility Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 (3) Cervical cap (3) No sperm occurs in seminal fluid (4) Vault (4) No sperm occurs in epididymis 15. Assisted reproductive technology, IVF involves 20. Embryo with more than 16 blastomeres formed due transfer of : to in vitro fretilization is transferred into :- (1) Ovum into the fallopian tube. (1) Fimbriae (2) Zygote into the fallopian tube. (2) Cervix (3) Zygote into the uterus. (3) Uterus (4) Embryo with 16 blastomeres into the fallopian (4) Fallopian tube tube. 92 E  Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN AIIMS 2016 24. The function of copper ions in copper releasing IUD's is : 21. Which of the following is not a method of birth (1) They inhibit gametogenesis control ? (2) They make uterus unsuitable for implantation (3) They inhibt ovulation (1) Tubectomy (4) The suppress sperm motility and fertilising (2) Vasectomy capacity of sperms (3) Periodic abstenence of coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle AIIMS 2017 (4) Periodic abstinence of coitus from the day 6th 25. Amniocentesis is done for :- to 9th of menstrual cycle. (1) to check sex determination (2) life expentancy 22. Estrogen is used to avoid pregnancy because it :- (3) immunity (1) prevents fertilisation (4) delivery date (2) prevents ovulation and implantation (3) inhibit sperm motility NEET(UG) 2018 (4) forms cervical plug N 26. The contraceptive 'SAHELI' NEET(UG) 2017 (1) blocks estrogen receptors in the uterus, preventing eggs from getting implanted. 0 23. In case of a couple where the male is having a very (2) increases the concentration of estrogen and low sperm count, which technique will be suitable -2 prevents ovulation in females. for fertilisation ? E (3) is an lUD. (1) Gamete intracytoplasmic fallopian transfer 19 (4) is a post-coital contraceptive. (2) Artificial Insemination (3) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (4) Intrauterine transfer 20 LL n io ss Se A Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions) ANSWER KEY Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ans. 3 1 3 1 4 2 1 2 4 4 2 4 1 2 2 Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Ans. 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 4 1 1 E 93 Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) Check Your Understanding 1. Which of the following is a nonsteroidal pill ? 8. Which of the following methods of contreception prevents ovulation ? (1) Mala-D (2) Mala-N (1) Pills (2) Depo-provera (3) Saheli (4) Quinesterol (3) Norplant (4) All the above 2. Which of the following contraceptive method make 9. In which of the following technique is in-vivo? uterus unsuitable for implantation ? (1) ZIFT (2) GIFT (1) Diaphram (2) Condom (3) ICSI (4) IUT (3) IUD (4) Natural method 10. In which of the following methods zygote upto 32 3. Which of the following is natural method of blastomere is transferred into the uterus ? contraception ? (1) IUT (2) ZIFT (1) Sterilization (2) IUD (3) GIFT (4) ICSI (3) Diaphram (4) Periodic abstinence 11. A contraceptive pill developed by the scientests of 4. Which method of contraception has high faliure CDRI lucknow is ? N rate? (1) Mala-D (2) Mala-N (1) Barrier method (2) IUD (3) Saheli (4) Quinestrol 0 12. Which of the following technique is banned in India? (3) Sterilization (4) Natural method (1) USG (2) Sterilization -2 5. Which of the following can be used as an emergency E (3) Amnioantesis (4) IVF contraceptives ? 13. If male is impotent and female is normal then which 19 (1) Mala-D (2) Saheli of the following technique can be used? (3) i-pills (4) Condom (1) ICSI (2) ZIFT 6. MTP is relatively safe during? (3) GIFT 20 (4) A.I. LL (1) 12 week (2) 18 week 14. IVF technique includes ? (3) First trimester (4) 1 & 3 both (1) GIFT (2) A.I. n 7. Which of the following method of contraception (3) IUT (4) All the above io has least side effect ? 15. Which contraceptive method provides some (1) IUD (2) Pills protection against HIV? ss (1) IUD (2) Pills (3) Coitus interruptes (4) Cervical cap (3) Condom (4) Periodic abstince Se A Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) ANSWER KEY Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ans. 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 1 3 3 4 3 3 94 E  Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN EXERCISE-IV (Assertion & Reason) Target AIIMS Directions for Assertion & Reason questions These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses. (A) If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. (B) If both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion. (C) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False. (D) If both Assertion & Reason are false. 1. Assertion : High does of progesterone is present 7. Assertion : Side effects of 'SAHELI' are less than in emerency contraceptive pills. 'MALA-D'. Reason : Progesterone cause cervical mucous Reason : 'SAHELI' is non-steroidal pill. thickening and stops entry of sperms in uterine (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D cavity. N 8. Assertion : MTP is best method of birth control. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason : MTP has less complication than 2. Assertion : Surgical method is terminal method contraceptives. 0 to prevent any more pregnancy. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason : Surgical methods blocks lumen of uterus -2 9. Assertion : Condom provide protection against thereby prevent implantation. E STDs (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 19 Reason : Side-effect of condoms are very less. 3. Assertion : GIFT is method used for in-vivo (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D fertilization. Reason : Embryo is transferred directly in uterus 10. 20 Assertion : Lactat ion provide n atur al contraception for 6 months. LL during GIFT. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason : High level of prolactin cause amenorrhoea. n 4. Assertion : Cervical diaphragm is used for (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D io contraception. Reason : Cervical diaphragm makes barrier for 11. Assertion :- Implants can be used as a good ss sperm to enter in cervix. method of contraception. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- It releases estrogen which suppress sperm motility. Se 5. Assertion : MALA-D cause anovulation. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D A Reason : MALA-D results in low FSH and LH by negative feedback. 12. Assertion :- IUDs is used as a contraceptive birth centrol method. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- It makes the uterus unsuitale for Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65 6. Assertion : Copper releasing IUD prevent implantation. fertilization. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason : Copper ions inhibitis motility of sperms. 13. Assertion :- CuT is an effective contraceptive. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- It decreases sperms motility and fertilization capacity. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D EXERCISE-IV (Assertion & Reason) ANSWER KEY Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ans. 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 1 1 E 95 96 Pre-Medical : Biology A Se LL IMPORTANT NOTES ss io E n 20 N 19 -2 ALLEN 0 E Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_1\01-REPRODUCTION\06-FAMILY-E.P65