Historical Changes in Japan, China, and Europe (PDF)

Political changes in Japan- Ruler/Warrior- Oda Nobunga(1534-1582) -​ Goal was to unite Japan -​ Daimyos- head of noble families, controlled lands -​ Welcomed Christianity and trade Ruler- Tokugawa Leyasu(1603-1616) -​ At first wanted to end feudal war and brought long peace called “The G...

Political changes in Japan- Ruler/Warrior- Oda Nobunga(1534-1582) -​ Goal was to unite Japan -​ Daimyos- head of noble families, controlled lands -​ Welcomed Christianity and trade Ruler- Tokugawa Leyasu(1603-1616) -​ At first wanted to end feudal war and brought long peace called “The Great Peace” -​ Strict social class system (Samurai at the top) -​ Then he got angry because Spanish took Philippines -​ Got angry because Japanese Christians killed thousands -​ Outlawed Japanese foreign trade and banned European trade Special changes in Japan- -​ Buddhist religious groups from China brought Zen to Japan -​ Emphasized meditation and devotion -​ Expressed devotion through landscaping and tea rituals Population Growth in Japan- -​ With peace and improved agriculture, the population grew -​ Food demand from samurai and daimyos caused wealthy class to emerge -​ Strict moral code was created - Only Samurai allowed to serve in military “Bushido” code that means “way of the warrior” -​ Peasants had to remain on the land -​ Women had little freedom without assistance from men Political changes in China- Ming Dynasty- started to decay causing revolts -​ Strict limits on trade -​ Believed products were superior -​ Required gold and silver for products Qing Dynasty -​ Formed by Manchu invaders from the North -​ Restricted foreign imports bu regretted later because it limited china's power -​ Kangxi- succeeded father at age 7 and united China, ruled for 61 years Population growth in China- “Qing” meant “pure” -​ Barred intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus -​ Ordered all men to adopt Manchu dress and style -​ Slowly Manchus eared Chinese respect Social Structure in China- -​ Sons preferred over daughters -​ Had to go through examination system- civil service exams -​ Women- not valued, in charge of finances and children -​ Foot binding became a common practice for women Ottoman Empire and Culture- -​ Ottoman expansion threaten surrounding empires -already captured Constantinople and Byzantine empire -​ Ottoman empire came to rule most of Eruope and Middle East -​ Sultan Suleiman had absolute power and ruled with council -​ Law based on the Sharia- moral code based on Muslim holy book -​ Poets adapted Persian and Arab models Safavid Empire culture and art- Persian Empire that enforced religious beliefs -​ Were shiite Muslims -​ Shah ABbas meant “Abbas the Great” revived glory of empire -​ Built capital of Isfahan which became center for international trade -​ Abbas centralized government and created powerful military -​ Islam was dominate faith -​ People wove flower designs and animals into garden -​ MAJOR SILK PRODUCER Mughal Empire, culture, and art- ruled india for three centuries To main emperors: Babur- founded Mughal dynasty and helped expansion -​ Cultural interests helped him lay out Mughal gardens Akbar- started new faith blending Islam and Hinduism, Christianity and Judaism -​ Won favor from Hindus -​ Leader in textile manufacturing and allowed for international trade -​ Became most powerful kingdom in Europe -​ Centralized government and very religiously tolerant Scientific Revolution- -​ Emergence of modern science altered views of society and nature -​ Challenged traditional and religious concepts Nicolaus Copernicus (poland) Heliocentric Theory- sun in at center of universe not the earth -​ Forced to keep beliefs a secret or face excommunication or death -​ Ideas were released after he died Johannes Kepler (Roman Empire) -​ Laws of Planetary Motion -​ Was forced to relocate and go into hiding several times Galileo Galilei (Italy) -​ Telescope to prove heliocentric theory -​ Catholic church made him recant beliefs and put under house arrest Isaac Newton (England) -​ Law of Gravity and Motion -​ Was not persecuted by church New Enlightenment Views -​ Allowed for questioning of authority and new laws -​ Supported idea that people should choose their own leader -​ Influenced future governments John Locke (England) -​ Believed every person in born with natural rights -life, liberty, and property -​ Wrote two treatises on Government -people form government to protect natural rights- can be overthrown Voltaire (France) -​ Attacked Catholic Church -​ Believed in religion and separation from state -​ Eventually exiled but defended freedom of speech Jean Jacques Rousseau (France) -​ Believed government be what the people want -​ Wrote Social Contract- government should place little limits on citizens