Religion Review PDF

HRE101 - RELIGION REVIEW Maya Morales 1.1 Introduction to the Bible Why Study the BIble? What is the Bible? comes from the Greek word “Biblia” we learn our historical means books jour...

HRE101 - RELIGION REVIEW Maya Morales 1.1 Introduction to the Bible Why Study the BIble? What is the Bible? comes from the Greek word “Biblia” we learn our historical means books journey Definitions: where we came from testament - “agreement” between God where we are going and His people we get to know God Scripture - sacred writings Sacred - blessed or holy figure out our identity Gospel - from Greek word “evangelion” who are we and why meaning good news learn the meaning of life Maya Morales hebrew testament: 39 books Two Parts of the Bible Deuterocanonical books: 7 1. Old Testament: or the Hebrew Scriptures new testament: 27 books 2. The New Testament: or Catholic old testament: 46 Christian Scriptures books the Bible proclaims God’s revelation and explores religious truth tells us about spiritual realities like hope, integrity, God, faith, and love Maya Morales THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES - Known as the Revelation because tells us what God wants us to know describes God’s saving actions in the history of the Jewish written by inspiring writers before Jesus’ time Major Categories: 1. The Law Contains the first 5 books of the bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, & Deuteronomy) Also referred to as Torah or Pentateuch 2. The Prophets Contains actions and words of the Israel Prophets 3. The Writings All the material of the Hebrew scriptures that doesn’t fall under Law or Prophets Maya Morales THE CHRISTIAN SCRIPTURES Known as the Revelation tells us what God wants us to know about Jesus through words of inspired writers contains Jesus’ words, meaning and actions for people a record of the faith of the first Christians Major Categories: Christian scriptures 1. Gospels were written after the The Word according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, death of Christ and John The new testament 2. Acts of the Apostles Describes the early life of Christians contains 27 books of the 3. Epistles canon (rules) A series of letters Authoritative of 4. Revelations Christian life and The only Prophetic book in the new testament faith  Maya Morales Inspiration - Writers expressed themselves through… (different literary styles, cultures, language, according to their abilities, customs, and with different readers in mind) The authors purposes were to share their faith and hand down their knowledge of God’s actions Languages of the Bible 1. Hebrew From Abraham Majority of the Old Testament 2. Aramaic The language Jesus spoke Some of the Old testament and Matthew's Gospel (replaced Hebrew) 3. Greek From the conquest of Alexander the Great Majority of the New testament Maya Morales The Dating System: B.C. (Before Christ) - [christian] B.C.E. (Before Common Era) - [secular] -the period before the birth of christ- A.D. (Anno Domini) - [christian] C.E. (Common Era) - [secular] -term now used to refer to the period of time since the birth of chirst- Maya Morales 1.2 - The bible as a Library The bible has a total of 73 How to find a passage: books Genesis 1:31 Each book is split into Genesis 1:31 - Genesis is the chapters name of the book Each chapter split into verses Genesis 1:31 - 1 is the chapter Spiritual references can Genesis 1:31 - 31 is the verse help navigate a passage  Books in the Bible Sophia Old Testament The Pentateuch Historical Books Wisdom Books Prophets Isaiah Genesis Joshua Job Jeremiah Exodus Judges Psalms LamentaƟons Baruch Leviticus Ruth Proverbs Ezekiel Numbers 1 Samuel Ecclesiastes Daniel Hosea Deuteronomy 2 Samuel Song of Songs Joel 1 Kings Wisdom Amos Obadiah Biblical Novellas 2 Kings Wisdom of Ben Sira Jonah Tobit 1 Chronicles Micah Nahum Judith 2 Chronicles Habakkuk Esther Ezra Zephaniah Haggai 1 Maccabees Nehemiah Zechariah 2 Maccabees Malachi  Sophia New Testament Letters of St. Paul Romans The Gospels History of the 1 Corinthians Apocalyptic Book Matthew Early Church 2 Corinthians Revelation Mark Acts of the Apostles Galatians Luke Ephesians John Philippians Catholic Letters Colossians James 1 Thessalonians 1 Peter 2 Thessalonians 2 Peter 1 Timothy 1 John 2 Timothy 2 John Titus 3 John Philemon Jude Hebrews  Sophia Truth in the Bible There are 2 ways that we, as readers, can approach our reading of the Bible. Literal OR Contextual Contextual This approach tries to understand Literal what the authors were saying to the “Literal” means “word for word” people during the time they were writing. Every sentence is taken to mean exactly what it says Sometime we have to “interpret” the passage to understand what the Literalists read the Bible like a author was saying. history or science textbook. Catholics are contextual readers of the Bible.  Sophia Exegesis A process to arrive at a reasonable sense of the meaning and message of a biblical passage. A critical interpretation of a religious text Goal of exegesis: To explain what the text meant to its original audience and in its original historical setting To explain what the text means for us TODAY 3 Steps 1.Observation: ‘What does the author SAY?” 2. Interpretation: “What did the author MEAN?” 3.Application: ‘What does it mean for me?”  Types of Truth in the Bible Sophia Religious Truth -Records the relationship between God and the Hebrews. It is concerned with God’s grace and people’s response to God. The Bible is made up mostly of religious truth. Historical Truth - The Bible contains the Moral Truth -Tells us what is history of the Hebrew people from the year right and wrong if we want 2,000 B.C.E. to 100 C.E. It is often accurate, to be good people and have but there are some historical errors. a close relationship with God. Symbolic Truth -requires us Proverbial Truth -is disguised in short to read between the lines to sayings/phrases that teach us a wise uncover the truth about lesson. what is being said.  Stages of Development Sophia 3. EDITING STAGE: 1. ORAL STAGE: The final stage. The “Catholic” Bible People told stories, sang songs and said contains works chosen based on “apostolic” poetry based on the events they (eyewitness) origin, and works that helped to remembered. The more important develop prayer life, moral life, and the rules stories were memorized and told more often. of life for all people. The Bible was written for three reasons: To preserve traditions, to describe 2. WRITTEN STAGE: events/information and to instruct people on The authors of the Bible did not know that their work how to live their lives according to the will of would be made into the Bible as we know it today. God. Those who wrote about the stories and traditions of the In the year 393 C.E., the church leaders had a meeting called time did so because they wanted to preserve the history the Council of Hippo.The leaders reviewed many writings and and memory of God’s actions. selected those books which were most historically accurate The New Testament writers wrote their accounts to and obviously inspired by God. preserve the meaning of Jesus’ life and teachings. The list of inspired books now in the Bible is called a CANON. Canon means “list of books”. The Bible and its books have NOT changed since the Council picked them over 1600 years ago. What we should believe about the Bible It is a special way for God to communicate with us God also speaks to us through creation & our conscience The authors of the BIble were writing about how they experienced God in their lives If the Bible is read with sincerity, then it becomes God’s way of speaking to us. We are free to hear or ignore this revelation to us. It can be interpreted in many ways. It can be experienced differently for different people. Sophia Maya Morales 1.4 - Literary Forms in the Bible Biblical Literary forms: Narrative Bible characters are meant to represent you and learn about your life/mistakes through theirs Poetry Literary devices Helps imagine further and create a clearer image Dis-course A series of thoughts which require a linear response Persuading with reason Found in laws, wisdom, and apostles writing Maya Morales Wisdom Literature : Proverbs are sayings that Law : rules created by god (Ten Commandments) state truths or facts First law (Torah, in the first five books of the Proverbs are found from Job → Sirach bible called Pentateuch) was given to the Prophecy : a message from God delivered through Hebrews a person (called a prophet) Myths : writings that contain deeper meanings as to Christians believe prophecies come true what is written. through Jesus Many prophecies are found in the last 18 Purpose is to ponder theological questions (who books of the Old Testament am i? What is good?) Parables : short stories that teaches us life Lists : There are many lists throughout the bible lessons to apply to ourselves (names, things). Many are family histories. Jesus used parables to teach about many Many lists are found in the Book of Numbers things History : Stories of past events. Sermon : a long religious speech History books are written in the order they occur Sermon on the Mount was taught in the Book Jewish history is recorded of Matthew Joshua → Maccabees are historical writings Letter : a personal message written about one Psalms : Poetry or songs in the bible topic Seeks help and forgiveness 21 books in the New Testament are letters Praises and thanks Drama : Stories about people’s lives Book of Psalms have over 150 psalms Includes dialogue and interaction Creation, Decreation, Recreation CREATION RE-CREATION God uses humanity to fix things Garden of Eden CHOSEN through COVENANTS Good Noah Perfect Abraham Moses Holy King David Prophets DE-CREATION The Fall of Man Adam & Eve - Eat the fruit - Disobedience Cain & Abel JESUS → New Sophia Tower of Babel Covenant Maya Morales Salvation History Salvation History: God’s mission and way of bringing man closer to him, communing us through offering love, mercy, and eternal life The Creation God creates everything - relation The Fall The fall of man - man’s disobedience to God (sin) and destruction of our connection to him - introduced suffering and death to the world Adam and Eve and the serpent Covenants promises made between God and man - God used covenants to bring humanity back to Him - covenants were made with Noah, Abraham, Moses, David Jesus was a covenant between God and His people The Prophets God calls the prophets to bring His people to repent and remind man of his promise to salvation Jesus Christ The culmination of salvation history - the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ - redeemed humanity from sin and opened the way to eternal life.  ADAM AND EVE Sophia 5 Now no shrub had yet appeared on the earth[a] and no plant had yet sprung up, for the Lord God had not sent rain on the earth and there was no one to work the ground, 6 but streams[b] came up from the earth and watered the whole surface of the ground. 7 Then the Lord God formed a man[c] from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. 8 Now the Lord God had planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed. 9 The Lord God made all kinds of trees grow out of the ground—trees that were pleasing to the eye and good for food. In the middle of the garden were the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. 15 The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. And the Lord God commanded the man, not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and told him that he would die if he did. The Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man’s ribs[g] and then closed up the place with flesh. Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib[h] he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man. The man named her “woman.”  Sophia Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the Lord God had made. He said to the woman, “Did God really say, ‘You must not eat from any tree in the garden’?” The serpent convinced the woman to eat the fruit. 6 When the woman saw that the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate it. 7 Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked; so they sewed fig leaves together and made coverings for themselves. 8 Then the man and his wife heard the sound of the Lord God as he was walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and they hid from the Lord God among the trees of the garden. Once God found out that they had broken the Commandment, He cursed the serpent, the woman, and the man, and banished them from the garden 24 After he drove the man out, he placed on the east side[m] of the Garden of Eden cherubim and a flaming sword flashing back and forth to guard the way to the tree of life.  Cain and Abel Sophia Adam and Eve gave birth to two brothers, Cain and Abel Now Abel kept flocks, and Cain worked the soil.3 In the course of time Cain brought some of the fruits of the soil as an offering to the Lord. 4 And Abel also brought an offering—fat portions from some of the firstborn of his flock. The Lord looked with favor on Abel and his offering, 5 but on Cain and his offering he did not look with favor. So Cain was very angry, and his face was downcast. Then the Lord said to Cain, “Why are you angry? Why is your face downcast? 7 If you do what is right, will you not be accepted? But if you do not do what is right, sin is crouching at your door; it desires to have you, but you must rule over it.” Cain got so angry that he killed his brother Abel The Lord punished Cain by making him a restless wanderer on the earth. But the Lord said that anyone who kills Cain will suffer vengeance seven times over, and the Lord put a mark on Cain so that no one who found him would kill him. 16 So Cain went out from the Lord’s presence and lived in the land of Nod, east of Eden. Cain made love to his wife, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Enoch. Cain was then building a city, and he named it after his son Enoch. 18 To Enoch was born Irad, and Irad was the father of Mehujael, and Mehujael was the father of Methushael, and Methushael was the father of Lamech. Q. Why did God favouritise Abel’s sacrifices over Cain’s? A. God favouritised Abel’s sacrifices over Cain’s because Abel put heart into his sacrifice, and sacrificed the best of his flock.  Sophia Noah and the Flood Noah was a righteous man, blameless among the people of his time, and he walked faithfully with God. 10 Noah had three sons: Shem, Ham and Japheth. 11 Now the earth was corrupt in God’s sight and was full of violence. So God told Noah to make an ark and that He was going to bring floodwaters on the earth to destroy all life under the heavens God established a covenant with Noah, and told him to bring his family, and 2 of each animal(1 male, 1 female), as well as food. 22 Noah did everything just as God commanded him. 11 In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, on the seventeenth day of the second month—on that day all the springs of the great deep burst forth, and the floodgates of the heavens were opened. 12 And rain fell on the earth forty days and forty nights. Eventually, God sent a wind over the earth, and the waters receded and the rain stopped At the end of the hundred and fifty days the water had gone down, 4 and on the seventeenth day of the seventh month the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat. After forty days, Noah sent out a raven, then a dove, and once the dove did not return, and the ground was dry again, God told Noah and his family to come out of the ark and release the animals 20 Then Noah built an altar to the Lord and, taking some of all the clean animals and clean birds, he sacrificed burnt offerings on it. The Lord promised to never destroy all life ever again.  The Tower of Babel Sophia The Tower of Babel was built soon after Noah’s flood in the plain of Shinar. The tower was constructed out of baked bricks which were most likely kiln-dried with fire, see Genesis 11:3. The builders’ purpose was to make a name for themselves by creating a city with a tower that would reach the heavens and to protect themselves from another flood. But the LORD came down to see the city and the tower the people were building, and the LORD scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city. That is why it was called Babel—because there the LORD there made a babble of the language of the whole world. From there the LORD scattered them over the face of the whole earth. It is the consequences of pride, and not trusting in God  Parables Sophia Parable of The Invited Guests - Luke 14:7-14 When he noticed how the guests picked the places of honor at the table, he told them this parable: “When someone invites you to a wedding feast, do not take the place of honor, for a person more distinguished than you may have been invited. If so, the host who invited both of you will come and say to you, ‘Give this person your seat.’ Then, humiliated, you will have to take the least important place. But when you are invited, take the lowest place, so that when your host comes, he will say to you, ‘Friend, move up to a better place.’ Then you will be honored in the presence of all the other guests. For all those who exalt themselves will be humbled, and those who humble themselves will be exalted.”Then Jesus said to his host, “When you give a luncheon or dinner, do not invite your friends, your brothers or sisters, your relatives, or your rich neighbors; if you do, they may invite you back and so you will be repaid. But when you give a banquet, invite the poor, the crippled, the lame, the blind, and you will be blessed. Although they cannot repay you, you will be repaid at the resurrection of the righteous.” PARABLE OF THE LOST SHEEP: 3 Then Jesus told them this parable: 4 “Suppose one of you has a hundred sheep and loses one of them. Doesn’t he leave the ninety-nine in the open country and go after the lost sheep until he finds it? 5 And when he finds it, he joyfully puts it on his shoulders 6 and goes home. Then he calls his friends and neighbors together and says, ‘Rejoice with me; I have found my lost sheep.’ 7 I tell you that in the same way there will be more rejoicing in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine righteous persons who do not need to repent.  Parables Sophia The Parable of the Good Samaritan 25 On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. “Teacher,” he asked, “what must I do to inherit eternal life?” 26 “What is written in the Law?” he replied. “How do you read it?” 27 He answered, “‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind’[a]; and, ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’[b]” 28 “You have answered correctly,” Jesus replied. “Do this and you will live.” 29 But he wanted to justify himself, so he asked Jesus, “And who is my neighbor?” 30 In reply Jesus said: “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, when he was attacked by robbers. They stripped him of his clothes, beat him and went away, leaving him half dead. 31 A priest happened to be going down the same road, and when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side. 32 So too, a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. 33 But a Samaritan, as he traveled, came where the man was; and when he saw him, he took pity on him. 34 He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, brought him to an inn and took care of him. 35 The next day he took out two denarii[c] and gave them to the innkeeper. ‘Look after him,’ he said, ‘and when I return, I will reimburse you for any extra expense you may have.’ 36 “Which of these three do you think was a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of robbers?” 37 The expert in the law replied, “The one who had mercy on him.” Jesus told him, “Go and do likewise.”  Parables Sophia The Wise and Foolish Builders 24 “Therefore everyone who hears these words of mine and puts them into practice is like a wise man who built his house on the rock. 25 The rain came down, the streams rose, and the winds blew and beat against that house; yet it did not fall, because it had its foundation on the rock. 26 But everyone who hears these words of mine and does not put them into practice is like a foolish man who built his house on sand. 27 The rain came down, the streams rose, and the winds blew and beat against that house, and it fell with a great crash.” 28 When Jesus had finished saying these things, the crowds were amazed at his teaching, 29 because he taught as one who had authority, and not as their teachers of the law. The Wise and Foolish Builders 46 “Why do you call me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ and do not do what I say? 47 As for everyone who comes to me and hears my words and puts them into practice, I will show you what they are like. 48 They are like a man building a house, who dug down deep and laid the foundation on rock. When a flood came, the torrent struck that house but could not shake it, because it was well built. 49 But the one who hears my words and does not put them into practice is like a man who built a house on the ground without a foundation. The moment the torrent struck that house, it collapsed and its destruction was complete.”  Sacraments Sophia “Christ instituted the sacraments of the new law… The seven sacraments touch all stages and all the important moments of Christian life: they give birth and increase, healing and mission to the Christian’s life of faith. There is thus a certain resemblance between the stages of natural life and the stages of the spiritual life. What is a Sacrament? A sacrament is an outward sign instituted by Christ to give special grace. can be called a sacred and mysterious sign and ceremony ordained by Christ to convey grace to our souls. may be compared to channels which convey water from a fountain-head, and the soul to a vessel which one carries to these channels to be filled. The Passion of Christ is the rich and exhaustless source from which the grace of every Sacrament is derived; for each grace was purchased for us at the price of our Divine Redeemer’s Blood. The Church has never instituted, and could not institute, any Sacrament – this is a power reserved to God Himself.  GRACE FROM THE SACRAMENTS Sacraments give two kinds of grace: 1. Sanctifying grace (the grace which confers on our souls a sharing in the life of God Himself) 2. Sacramental grace (special grace that helps us to carry out the particular purpose of the sacrament). The Seven Sacraments Sacraments of Initiation 1. Baptism 2. Confirmation 3. Eucharist Helps us to live as children of Gives us strength to profess Nourishes our love of God and God, makes it easier for us to our faith even under one another and helps to believe in difficulties and overcome our God and to act accordingly, and persecutions and to give good natural self-love, or selfishness. lessens our inclinations to evil. example to others. Sophia  Sophia Sacraments of Healing Penance Anointing of the sick Helps to cure the deeper Helps us to accept sickness as a purifying cross inclinations to evil that actual sent by God and even to accept death willingly sins have put in from His hands whenever He chooses to send it. our soul and makes it easier for us to keep out of sin in the future. In each Sacrament, the words have recollections of what God has done in the past for us, Sacraments at the Service of Communion The Church's Sacraments have a bodily Holy Orders and spiritual component. Helps a priest to fulfill his sacred duties and to be a good priest. Each of the Sacraments has a bodily component,: anointing, washing, embracing. Matrimony There is also the word component : Helps married people to bear which each other’s words that give symbols meaning. defects and to fulfill the duties of their state, chiefly bringing children In each Sacrament we form a into the world community and worship/bless/grieve in the celebration of the Sacrament. Maya Morales The Prophets and Salvation 1. Prophets explained the “signs of the times” as a way of critiquing and calling back to God. 2. About 10% of prophets were “seers”: through visions, dreams or audible voices, prophets were given knowledge of events which were going to happen, or messages from God for their people. They were divine messengers from God. 3. Prophets were always “people of God”: prophets always had close relationships with God, although they did not always listen to God. 4. Prophets were often challenged and not believed by people they were leading. The prophetic books bear the names of the four major and twelve minor prophets, in addition to Lamentations and Baruch. The terms “major” and “minor” refer to the length of the compositions and not to their importance. The prophetic books contain prophetic preaching, and several of them in addition are filled out with narrative about prophets Maya Morales The 4 Major Hebrew Prophets Isaiah Written by Isaiah the prophet. Some of his Prophecies Prophetic and narrative in nature. Will be born of a virgin (Isaiah 7:14) His name means “The LORD is salvation. Will have a Galilean ministry (Isaiah 9:1,2) Covers the end of King Uzziah’s reign (Isaiah 6:1) to Will be an heir to the throne of David the Assyrian King Sennacherib’s siege of Jerusalem. (Isaiah 9:7; 11:1, 10) A 40-year ministry during the last half of the 8th Will be spat on and struck (Isaiah 50:6) century B.C. the book Jesus quoted the most from the old Will be widely rejected (Isaiah 53:1,3) testament. Will voluntarily accept our guilt and Contains incredible prophecies about the Messiah. punishment for sin (Isaiah 53:7,8) Purpose was to call the nation of Judah back to Will be silent before His accusers (Isaiah faith and declare the coming of the Messiah. 53:7) Poetic in nature. Will die with transgressors (Isaiah 53:12) Tradition says Isaiah was killed by being sawn in Will be buried in a rich man's tomb (Isaiah two by King Manasseh, the son of Hezekiah 53:9 ) Maya Morales The 4 Major Hebrew Prophets Jeremiah and Lamentations Jeremiah is prophetic and narrative. Lamentations is a sorrowful poem. Both written by Jeremiah the prophet. The son of Hilkiah, a Levitical priest. From the small village of Anathoth, northeast of Jerusalem in the territory of Benjamin. He was set for prophecy before he was born and called at a very young age in the days of King Josiah. Lived through 5 king; Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin & Zedekiah. His contemporary prophets were: Zephaniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Daniel and Ezekiel. Lived through the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians on the hand of Nebuchadnezzar which he warned the Jewish people about asking them to repent for many years preceding this event but them not believing him. His service time extended for over 40 years. He was placed ina mud pit to die but was rescued He was imprisoned but when Jerusalem finally fell, Jeremiah was released by the Babylonians and offered safe conduct to Babylonia. He preferred to remain with his own people. So he was entrusted to Gedaliah, a Judaean from a prominent family whom the Babylonians appointed as governor of the province of Judah. Maya Morales The prophet continued to oppose those who wanted to rebel against Babylonia and promised the people a bright and joyful future. After Gedaliah was assassinated, Jeremiah was taken against his will to Egypt by some of the Jews who feared reprisal from the Babylonians. Even in Egypt he continued to rebuke his fellow exiles. Jeremiah probably died about 570 bc. According to a tradition that is preserved in extrabiblical sources, he was stoned to death by his exasperated fellow countrymen in Egypt. Jeremiah’s most important prophecy concerning the future is one regarding the New Covenant (Jer. 31:31–34). He prophesied of a time when God would make a covenant with Israel, superseding the old Covenant. God would write his law upon the hearts of men (rather than on tables of stone), and all would know God directly and receive his forgiveness. This New Covenant prophecy was very influential in New Testament times. It is quoted in the Letter to the Hebrews It was fulfilled by Jesus at the Last Supper: Maya Morales The 4 Major Hebrew Prophets Ezekiel Prophetic, apocalyptic and narrative in nature. Written to announce judgment upon Judah and to give them a chance to repent. Written in Babylon, he lived during the latter part of Jeremiah’s time and was influenced by him. He was a young prophet and priest when he was taken to Babylon. Jerusalem and the temple were not yet destroyed and the Jewish people thought they would never be destroyed but he warned them that they would if they don’t repent. Ultimately his prophecy came to fruition Maya Morales The 4 Major Hebrew Prophets Daniel It means: God is my judge. Prophetic, apocalyptic and narrative in nature. Written to announce judgment upon Judah and to give them a chance to repent. Written in Babylon, he was most likely born in Jerusalem then taken to Babylon as a child, believed to have died in Babylon. He was taken to the house of Nebuchadnezzar the Babylonian king and given a Babylonian name: Belteshazzar. He learned with the three young men Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego It is believed that Ezra took the book of Daniel with him when he returned to Jerusalem. Maya Morales The 4 Major Hebrew Prophets Daniel Had many visions concerning the kingdom: Known for interpreting dreams: 1- The four beasts. 1-The hand writing on the wall 2- The ram and the the-goat. of Belshazzar. 3- The seventy weeks. 2- The dreams of 4- The final vision. Nebuchadnezzar. Was saved from the lion’s den in the time of the Persian King Darius. Mentions the story of the three children saved from the fiery furnace in the time of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar. Maya Morales The 4 Major Hebrew Prophets Isaiah: Daniel: Prophesied between 740 to 701 B.C Began prophesying around 165 B.C. He is the first and greatest prophet Speaks about the end of the world and the Born to a noble family in Jerusalem chronological order of events Predicted the arrival of Jesus Christ Deciphered and described the future of Jeremiah: Began prophesying in 626 B.C. the Temple and the Christian Era Wrote autobiography Ezekiel: Came from a priestly family in Jerusalem Prophesied the 70-year exile to Babylon Prophesied between 593 Allegedly responsible of Ark of the Covenant’s to 571 B.C disappearance The prophet of the exile Jeremiah rescued the Ark during the fall of the temple and Similar character to secured it in a cave to keep it safe from Nebuchadnezzar’s David hands Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Hosea: Joshua = God is savior. From the Northern Kingdom ( Israel). Lived during the time of Isaiah, Amos and Micah. Lived in Samaria and witnessed it’s destruction. Main idea: God’s mercy and love to a sinful Israel. 1 - Hosea is ordered by God to marry a prostitute, Gomar. This symbolizes God and his people. 2 - God being the husband and his people as the prostitute wife who has left him for other Gods. 3 - Yet Hosea in his love to his wife, has bought her again after she sold herself a slave to another man. 4 - God also in his mercy, love and forgiveness Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Joel: Yahweh is God. Son of Pethuel = God opens (opens our hearts and vision) Lived in the Southern Kingdom, most likely in Jerusalem since he makes a lot of references to it and to the Temple. It is not exactly determined when he lived. There are 3 theories; 1 - During the time of Elijah and Elisha 2 - Pre-exile: during the time of Isaiah. 3 - Post–exile: after the return to Jerusalem. Main idea: Witnessed 4 series of locust plagues, drought, fires and famine in the wake of the locust plagues. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Joel: Even though it is short, it is referenced multiple times in the New Testament: 1 - In Acts 2:16 the apostle, Peter states that the things the people were witnessing on the day of Pentecost had been spoken of by the prophet Joel. 2 - In Romans 10:11-13 Paul refers back to Joel. 3- In Mark, Jesus makes use of Joel 3:13. 4 - There seems to be some dependence on Joel 2:32 in Acts 2:39. 5 - There are several references back to Joel in the Book of Revelation (Joel 2:10, 31; 3:15), (Joel 2:11, 9:7-9), (Joel 1:6; 2:4-5), Rev. 14:15, 18 (Joel 3:13). Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Amos: Means burden. Was a shepherd from Tekoa, a small town in Judah. Although he was raised in Judah but he was sent to Israel. Prophesied during the time of Uzziah The king of Judea and Jeroboam II King of Israel who ruled at the same time. Contemporary to Hosea Predicted the great earthquake andthe destruction 2 years prior. His time was a prosperous time from the Jewish people so his main focus was on: 1 - The rich who used their sacrifice as means of getting close to God without any other efforts ( as if they are buying God). 2 - The discrepancy between the rich and the poor. 3- The Jewish people thought that God preferred them over other nations no matter what they did. Amos reminded them that God hates evil no matter who is doing it without distinction between Jewish and non-Jewish. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Obadiah : Means worshipper of God. Shortest book in the Old Testament. Lived in the Southern Kingdom. Prophesied against Edomites, the descendants of Esau. Edom means red in reference to the red color of blood or the Land Adam was brought from. They were enemies of the Jews. 1 - Edom refused Moses’ request to allow the Israelites to pass through their land on their way to Canaan. 2- The Edomites opposed Saul but were subdued by David. 3- The Edomites fought against Jehoshaphat. 4- The Edomites rebelled against Jehoram. Obadiah had many reference to the ongoing feud between the twins Esau and Jacob through the Edomites and The Jews. Obadiah prophesied that: 1 - Edom would be “ cut forever” 2 - No survivor will remain from the house of Esau. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Jonah: means “Who is like God”. From the village of Moresheth Gath, southwest of Jerusalem. Prophesied in the time of 3 kings: Jothan, Ahaz, Hezekiah. Lived during the time of Isaiah the prophet and Hosea. Predicted the fall of Samaria and Jerusalem. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Nahum: means “comfort or consolation”. From the village of Elkosh of Galilee. Prophesied of the fall of Nineveh and that Judah would be restored. Lived during the time of Isaiah the prophet and Hosea. Predicts the fall of Samaria and Jerusalem. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Habakkuk: means “one who embraces”. Was a levite. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Zepphenia: means “God hides( the sins)”. Son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah. Lived during the time of King Josiah of Judah. 1 - Josiah became king at age 8. 2 - Was a king of reform. 3 - Tore down all the alters of Baal. 4 - Found the lost book of the law in the temple Lived during the time of Jeremiah. Also prophesied of the exile of the Jewish people. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Haggai: means “festive”. Born in Babylon and returned to Judah amongst the remnant who returned under the leadership of Zerubbabel. Lived in Jerusalem Considered along with Zechariah, and Malachi to be the post-exile prophets. Haggai prophesied for 3 months and 24 days while Zechariah who was contemporary to him prophesied for over 3 years. Lived during the time of King Darius. Calls for the rebuilding the Temple of God before the building of their own homes. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Haggai: Chronology of the rebuilding of the Temple: 1 - 536 B.C. - The work began. 2 - 534 B.C. - After two year (534 B.C.) the work was discontinued for 14 years. 520 B.C. 3 - The work was resumed and completed four years later. 516 B.C. 4- The work on the Temple was completed. ( Six years of actual work was done over a twenty-year period). In Haggai 2:23, Zerubbabel becomes the center of the Messianic line, like a signet ring sealing both branches together. 1 - Zerubbabel 2 - Zerubbabel The genealogy of Christ: The genealogy of Christ: Matthew 1:12 leading to Saint Luke 3:27 leading to Saint Mary Joseph. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Zechariah: Means “ God remembers” The son of Berechiah, a levite and therefore of priestly descent. Born in Babylon and brought to Israel after the return with his Grandfather as it appears that his father died before the return. Called to prophecy at a young age. Was murdered “between the temple and altar” according to Matthew 23:35. As with Haggai, he was commissioned by God to urge the Jewish people to rebuild the temple. the second part of the book contains many prophecies about the Messiah. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Zechariah: Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Some of the prophecies: Zion! Shout, O daughter of The incarnation 2:10 Jerusalem! Entering Jerusalem 9:9 Behold, your King is coming to Brining in nations other than Israel you; 9:10 He is just and having salvation, Sold for 30 pieces of silver 11:12 Lowly and riding on a donkey, Mourning of the one they pierced A colt, the foal of a donkey 12:10. Maya Morales The 12 Minor Prophets Malachi: Means “ My angel or my messenger” Nothing is know about him except that he is a post-exile prophet. Main Idea: Corrupt people, corrupt priests, corrupt practices. Presenting the greatest priest (Jesus) of whom there will be no corruption as the final solution. Prophecy about the coming of John the Baptist. Prophecy about the coming of the Lord. The Book of Malachi is a prelude to the 400 years of prophetic silence broken finally by the words of the next prophet, John the Baptist. Malachi 3:1 - “Behold, I send My messenger, And he will prepare the way before Me. And the Lord, whom you seek, Will suddenly come to His temple, Even the Messenger of the covenant, in whom you Maya Morales 7 Grandfather Teachings Honesty: Love: Honesty is staying true to yourselves and others. Through this Love is a connection and emotion we feel towards teaching, you can grow to become a more trustworthy others that is free and unconditional. The eagle character to others and yourself. The raven represents symbolizes love because it’s the animal who can honesty because it embraces the truth of who he is and does reach closest to God, like our love for Him. The eagle not change himself to fit with or be like others. can soar and fly far, meaning it can spread love around the world freely. Courage: Courage is the ability to know what is right and be able to act Truth: on it regardless of the consequences it may come with. The Truth is sharing your knowledge based on only what bear represents courage because it’s willing to face their you’ve experienced without stretching the story or fears, challenges, and obstacles in order to protect their cubs. “white lies.” The turtle represents truth because it’s believed to carry Earth and its history on its back. Wisdom: Respect: Therefore, the turtle has lived long enough to have Wisdom is to have Respect is a virtue which is many experiences to share and truth to speak. knowledge to share with mutually reciprocated between good intentions for people. Respect must be earned Humility: people. The beaver to be given. The bison respected Humility is to know your value and to be equal, not represents wisdom Anishinaabe peoples, devoting better, than anyone else in your perspective. Those who because of its decision themselves to them, and was are humble are not selfish and act for the benefit of the to use its sharp teeth respected back, making it the whole group rather than as an individual. The wolf wisely (building dams). symbol of respect. represents humility because they cooperate in packs and work together so they may all be satisfied. Maya Morales The 7 Virtues Charity Latin → caritas generosity towards others. It’s the desire to contribute towards bettering the world and the people of God through help. Generosity, self-sacrifice, and charity are the traits of The Good Samaritan, the personification of Charity Diligence Latin → industria to be able to push through challenges in order to accomplish your goals. It is determination and commitment, putting in your best efforts into what you do. A good work ethic, no laziness, working hard. Humility Latin → humilitas Humility is modesty, rejecting egoism and pride. One who is modest does not rely on the acknowledgment of others in order to have faith in their abilities. Those who are modest make room for improvement and understand their flaws. I think i'm better than you = BAD Patience Forgiveness and control. It is understanding and merciful. Acceptance and stability allows you to reject the need for revenge or prejudice/ punishment, giving way to patience. Being willing to forgive and show mercy Resolving conflicts No hatred Maya Morales The 7 Virtues (pt. 2) Kindness Latin → humanitas the embodiment of respect, selflessness, friendship, and positivity. To be kind is to be able to wish for fortune in all things and all people. Someone who displays acts of kindness serves others, not himself. Done with the simple intention of doing the right thing or out of heart rather than spite, bribery, bias Unselfish love Chastity Latin → castitas The pureness of someone. Having self control and resist the temptation of worldly pleasures/desires. Having pure, caring thoughts rather than dirty, bad thoughts Being pure in mind is being pure in self Temperance Latin → temperantia Meaning: Temperance is self-restraint, the ability to resist the temptation of indulgence. Temperance helps display gratitude and creates a path to prayer, asking for guidance from God. Willpower and controlling yourself Discipline Maya Morales The 7 Deadly Sins Lust - wanting something that is not yours OR sexual desires towards someone you’re not married to Latin → luxuria Gluttony - wasting food/withholding from the hungry Latin → gula Greed - wanting/having more than we need (often materialistic) Latin → avarice/covetousness Envy - resentment towards others for their possessions Latin → invidia Maya Morales The 7 Deadly Sins (pt. 2) Wrath - unjustified/unrighteous hatred, revenge, or denial held towards another Latin → ira Sloth - laziness/no willingness to help those in need Deadliest sin (opposite to love your neighbour) Latin → acedia Pride - egotistical mindset and/or excessive self love Latin → superbia Naomi Sab Catholic Social Teachings Life and Dignity of the Human Person Dignity of Work and the Rights of All people hold dignity because they Workers are created in the image of God Safe and productive work environments, equal pay, Prioritize being over having property, and economic rights Dignity is not lost over shallow In order to create an things like race, disability, poverty, economy that serves its age, lack of success people Call to Family, Community, and Participation We are expected to respect each other and all creations of God We do this through contributing to our community and others, being good stewards to of the earth and all godly creation Naomi Sab Catholic Social Teachings (pt. 2) Rights and Responsibilities All humans have a right to live, to eat, to have shelter, to be cared for (health care), education, and job opportunities We are called to respect our rights and the rights of others for the good of all people Option for the Poor and Vulnerable Consider the disadvantages of the poor and make decisions that will not affect only the wealthy, but those in poverty as well The less fortunate are vulnerable. It is our responsibility to care for those who have less than we do Naomi Sab Catholic Social Teachings (pt. 3) Solidarity We are all children of God who are meant to live as a family Our connection should not be torn so easily by superficial differences like race, economy, and ideology. We are called to serve the Lord and seek justice as one Care for God’s Creation As the inhabitants of the Earth, we should take good care of its gifts and resources that God has given us We should behave as trustees rather than consumers Social Justice - Preferential Option for the Poor Sophia Giving preferential option for the poor means we should feel the need to think first of the needs of those who are most vulnerable. The poor and vulnerable have a special place in the kingdom of God. Putting into practice the preferential option for the poor means considering the impact of our own decision and of public policy on the most vulnerable members of society. Christ taught that when we feed the hungry, offer hospitality to the stranger, clothe the naked, look after the sick and visit those imprisoned, we are looking after Him. DISCUSS: How does Jesus’ own poverty, and the witness of his encounter with the “other,” challenge you? When have you felt inspired by the work of people living in poverty to transform the causes of injustice? How can you join or support their efforts?  Sophia Social Justice teaching is founded on firm scriptural foundations. ‘Remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes; cease to do evil, learn to do good; seek justice, rescue the oppressed, defend the orphan, plead for the widow.’ Then the righteous will answer him ‘Lord, when was it that we saw you hungry and gave you food, or thirsty and gave you something to drink? And when was it that we saw you a stranger and welcomed you, or naked and gave you clothing? And when was it that we saw you sick or in prison and visited you?’ Then the king will answer them, ‘Truly I tell you, just as you did it to one of the least of these members of my family, you did it to me.’ You shall love the outcast as yourself, for you were once outcasts in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God.’...And in the light of Catholic social teaching. 'The measure of the greatness of a society is found in the way it treats those most in need, those who have nothing apart from their poverty!' Poor and vulnerable people have a special place in Catholic social teaching... Our tradition calls us to put the needs of the poor and vulnerable first. As Christians, we are called to respond to the needs of all our sisters and brothers, but those with the greatest needs require the greatest response.' As St. Ambrose put it: "You are not making a gift of what is yours to the poor man, but you are giving him back what is his. You have been appropriating things that are meant to be for the common use of everyone. The earth belongs to everyone, not to the rich."  Some Ways to Help the Poor Sophia 1.Show kindness to those living on the street Do not overlook simple and basic acts of kindness for those living without stable housing. EX.“Look them in the eye when you walk by,” Give them gift cards, cash, so they can buy something and get warm 2. Donate to local shelters and nonprofits Call shelters to see what they might need Donate money, hygiene products, first aid items, bus passes, new and gently used clothing, office supplies, storage space, and non-perishable food 3.Volunteer Many local nonprofits have programs and recurring events that rely on volunteers year-round. 4.Advocate politically Use your voice to engage politically, on both the national and local levels, to help end the crisis of homelessness. Write to elected officials asking them to create more housing, call them, or showing up to your local city council meeting where they’re discussing zoning to make this ask directly. 5. Research Sophia Understanding poverty is a valuable step to help those in poverty. The more you know about and understand poverty, the better ally and advocate you can be for those in need. Think about some of the stores you shop at the most, then, hit the web and do a little digging into each business—many companies have charitable foundations or initiatives, some of which give back to families and communities in need. 6. Start a fundraiser Bake sales, fun events, and contests are all great ways to raise money for a charity that helps low-income and impoverished communities 7. Talk about poverty-related issues with others. Raise awareness by chatting with your friends, relatives, and the other people in your life about communities that need a little extra support, and what can be done to provide a helping hand. 8.Donate groceries to local food banks. A simple food donation can make a big difference in someone’s life. Search online to find the closest food bank in your area, double-check the food bank’s website ahead of time to see what their donation requirements are, or if they need any specific types of supplies. 9. Advocate on social media Post a relevant news byte or another article about it on your social media profile, along with a blurb on why this issue means so much to you and include a link on how your followers can donate or make a difference.  Sophia 3 Types of Poverty Material Poverty Affects those living in conditions opposed to human dignity Those who lack basic rights and needs such as food, water, hygiene, work and the opportunity to develop and grow culturally Moral Poverty Slavery to vice and sin Losing the sense of good and evil Spiritual Poverty Turning away from God and rejecting His love. Only God alone can truly save and free us All forms of poverty require and deserve a “preferential option”. Maya Morales 1. You shall have no idols before me. God always comes first 10 Commandments 1. You shall have no idols before me. God always comes first Worship the Lord with your whole heart 2. You shall not make idols/false Gods. Do not idolize other people/things (e.g. celebrities, government authorities, money, materialistic things, status, power) God is the only god. 3. You shall not speak God’s name in vain. Do not curse in His name or misuse it Condemning and/or defaming others through His name is a sin 4. Keep the Sabbath day holy. The seventh day is the day of rest Do not work on the Sabbath Attending church or pray 5. Honor your Mother and Father. Love and express gratitude for your parents 6. You shall not murder. Worship the Lord with your whole heart Do not kill Do not take away the life, spirit, or soul of other living creatures 7. You shall not commit adultery. 2. You shall not make idols/false Gods. Stay loyal and faithful to your spouse Do not idolize other people/things Marriage is a sacred blessing and is a vow God is the only god. from one person to another that is not to be 3. You shall not speak God’s name in vain. broken Do not curse in His name or misuse it 8. You shall not steal. Condemning and/or defaming others through His Understand the importance of earning and name is a sin hard work rather than taking from others 4. Keep the Sabbath day holy. 9. You shall not bear false witness against your The seventh day is the day of rest neighbour. Do not work on the Sabbath Children of God are meant to respect and Attend church or pray 5. Honor your Mother and Father. protect each other Love and express gratitude for your parents The ability to speak is a privilege, use it to Do not disobey them become a better person 6. You shall not murder. Speak words of justice and truth Do not kill 10. You shall not covet. Do not take away the life, spirit, or soul of other Your belongings are all blessings from God, living creatures acknowledge that and be grateful Maya Morales Moses What attracts Moses’ attention when he is out tending his flock? A burning bush that does not disintegrate. What does God tell Moses to do? Bring the Israelites out of Egypt and free them from slavery. Who are the people he is sent to free and where are they being held in slavery? The hebrews are being held in Egypt. How does Moses try to convince Pharaoh and his court of God’s power? He turns his staff into a snake. How does Pharaoh respond to Moses’ “trick?” His magicians perform magic tricks that are better or on-par with his. What does God send to frighten the Egyptians? Ten plagues. How are the Hebrew people saved from the final plague? What is that event called? It’s called the Passover. The Hebrews were told to put the blood of a lamp on their doors so that the Angel of Death would pass over their home and leave their sons alone. Maya Morales What do we call the event of the Hebrew people 1. Blood The 10 Plagues leaving Egypt and heading for the Promised Land? water and rivers turn into blood The Exodus. 2. Frogs frogs are set all across Egypt Who comes chasing after the Hebrew people? 3. Lice/gnats What stands in the way of the Hebrew people dust turns into lice and gnats on people and escaping? animals hair 4. Flies The red sea and pharaoh's army. swarms of flies curse egyptians What does God do to allow the Hebrew people to 5. Livestock pestilence death of all livestock escape? 6. Boils He parts the Red sea and creates a path to walk boils on the bodies of egyptians out. 7. Hail rain of destructive, large chunks of ice What happens to Pharaoh’s armies as they try to 8. Locusts follow? locusts swarmed the land and destroyed the rest The water flows back and drowns all of them. of Egypt after the hail 9. Darkness What mountain does Moses come down from? darkness that didn’t let any bit of light in What does he have in his hands? 10. Angel of Death He comes down from Mount Sinai with the 10 the Angel of Death went over Egypt and killed commandments every first son Maya Morales 1. Blood The 10 Plagues The CALL: God called Moses to lead the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt. This part of the story is also water and rivers turn into blood 2. Frogs called the Liberation b/c it ends with Moses leading frogs are set all across Egypt the people across the Red Sea 3. Lice/gnats dust turns into lice and gnats on people and animals hair 4. Flies The COVENANT: The Hebrews had to obey swarms of flies curse egyptians the 10 Commandments. In return, God 5. Livestock pestilence death of all livestock promised to watch over and guide them. 6. Boils boils on the bodies of egyptians The TEST: God let the 7. Hail rain of destructive, large chunks of ice Hebrews wander 40 years 8. Locusts in the desert to see if they locusts swarmed the land and destroyed the rest of Egypt after the hail 9. Darkness would be faithful in keeping darkness that didn’t let any bit of light in 10. Angel of Death the 10 Commandments the Angel of Death went over Egypt and killed every first son Westley Tam Look for the facts: Imagine the possibilites: The listen model What facts do I need to know to make a What are all the possible good decision? What exactly is going on in choices I could make in this Look for the facts this situation? Why is it happening? Who is situation? What are the Imagine possibilities involved? Why are they involved? What are consequences, short- and long- Seek insight beyond your own their motives? When is this situation term, for each possible Turn inward happening? Is there a time frame involved decision? What is the most Expect God's help with this situation? Where is this situation loving response I could have in Name your decision happening? this situation? Turn Inward: What is my inner Expect God's help: Name your Seek insight reality saying to me? What is my What would Jesus do? What does decision: beyond your conscience telling me? What are my the Bible say about this situation? What am I going to own: personal feelings about this How could the values in the Ten decide? Why What would my situation? What are my motives for Commandments or Beatitudes lead should I decide family advise me acting one way or another? What do me to a good decision in this this? What values to do? What I need from the decision I make? situation? am I living out in would my friends What do I most want from the What is the church teaching on this making this and community decision I make? What does my gut- decision? What is say I should do? matter? How is God present in this level sense of things say about this? my plan for Is there a legal situation? How is God with me as I Do I have an intuitive understanding carrying out this issue involved? discern what I should do? What can of this situation? decision? I pray for as I make this decision? Sophia What is Sin Mortal Vs. Venial Mortal Sin -Directly violates 10 Commandments Ex. Committing Adultery, Murder Venial Sin - Is not as severe as Mortal sin, but is still considered sin. Ex. coming late to class, cheating Sophia An inclination to sin and self-seeking. Sin is easy, virtue is difficult. Concupiscence of the flesh: selfish desire for physical gratification Concupiscence of the eyes: selfish ambition (disordered desire for security and power) The Pride of Life: Inappropriate sense of self-esteem. Disordered love of one’s own excellence. The effects of Grace: Sanctifies: makes us holy and worthy to be called God’s children Beautifies: Whatever is holy is beautiful so when we are in God’s grace we are beautiful! Strengthens the will: allows us to resist evil and allows us to do good Enlightens the mind: allows us to see that just because something looks and feels good to do doesn’t mean that it is good Inspires us to pray: The more deeply we enter into a prayer life, the closer we draw to God Maya Morales Agape - Unconditional love The highest form of love that we receive from Christ and God Incarnation - “to take on flesh” The belief that Jesus was fully God and Man God took on the human form—became flesh—through Jesus Christ Synoptic - The gospels All gospels of the bible are the same except for John