Current Affairs - January 2025 PDF

CURRENT AFFAIRS - JANUARY 2025 Gaza Ceasefire Aggrement California Wild Fires Republic Day Chief Guest Indonesia President Centre-State Clashes On VC Appointments...

CURRENT AFFAIRS - JANUARY 2025 Gaza Ceasefire Aggrement California Wild Fires Republic Day Chief Guest Indonesia President Centre-State Clashes On VC Appointments Should Voter Ids Be Linked With Aadhaar? New Data Protection Rules Notied Blood Money (Diya) Karnataka HC Struck Down Green Energy Rules By Centre, State Appointing Retired HC Judges On 'Ad Hoc' Basis Electoral Trusts Arunachal Pradesh's Anti-Conversion Law First Advance Estimates Indonesian President As Chief Guest In Republic Day Celebration India, Afghan Taliban Government Hold Key Meet Border Fencing Row With Bangladesh 150 Years Of IMD VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 1 VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 2  Centre-State Clashes on Vice Chancellor Appointments The University Grants Commission (UGC) has proposed new regulations for appointing Vice Chancellors (VCs) in universities, sparking disputes between states and the Centre. New Regulations for Appointing VCs in Universities Name: The draft UGC (Minimum Qualifications for Appointment and Promotion of Teachers and Academic Staff in Universities and Colleges and Measures for the Maintenance of Standards in Higher Education) Regulations, 2025. How VCs are Appointed? Central universities State universities Central universities are established under State-specific laws often determine the composition of parliamentary Acts and administered by the search committees. Centre, with the President of India acting as Typically, the Chancellor (usually the Governor) selects Visitor. the VC based on committee recommendations. VC appointment committees include two For instance, Kerala’s law includes nominees from the nominees from the university’s Executive university Senate, UGC Chairman, and Chancellor. Council and one from the Visitor Private universities: Private institutions follow similar procedures, with UGC playing a limited role through its nominee in the search committee. Key Provisions of the Draft Regulations 2025 Committee composition changes: ○ The new rules specify that the search-cum-selection committee will have three members, including one each nominated by the Chancellor/Visitor, the UGC Chairman, and the university’s apex body (e.g., Senate or Syndicate). ○ This grants a majority to Centre-aligned nominees in the committee. Eligibility expansion: Besides professors, individuals from senior roles in industries, public policy, administration, or public sector undertakings may now qualify as VCs. Chancellor’s role: The Chancellor/ Visitor will directly constitute the search committee. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 3 Impact of the Debate Administrative Paralysis: Leadership vacancies in universities delay critical decisions, including staff appointments and degree conferrals. Academic Implications: Hinder the universities' ability to achieve academic & research excellence. Federalism Concerns over VCs Appointments State governments have raised alarms over the draft regulations, citing: ○ Erosion of State autonomy: States argue that these rules centralize power in the hands of Governors, undermining federal principles. ○ Democratic concerns: Critics see it as a move to weaken democratically elected state governments. ○ E. g. Kerala CM: Described the draft as “anti-federal” & an overreach into state rights. UGC’s stance: UGC Chairman defended the regulations as necessary for aligning with the National Education Policy 2020 and ensuring transparent, high-quality leadership in higher education. What Needs to be Done? Constitutional Clarity: A ruling by a Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court is essential to resolve ambiguities, particularly on the applicability of Article 254(1) to delegated legislation. Revised UGC Approach: The UGC should limit its role to advisory and collaborative functions, respecting State autonomy. Balanced Governance Framework: States and the Centre should work together to develop mechanisms that balance uniform academic standards with local governance needs. Should Voter IDs be Linked with Aadhaar? The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) have accused each other of tampering with electoral rolls ahead of the Delhi Assembly elections, reviving the debate over linking voter IDs with Aadhaar. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 4  Benefits of Linking Aadhaar with Voter Issues with Mandatory Aadhaar-Voter ID Linking ID 1. Exclusion Risks: Mandatory submission of Aadhaar may Elimination of Duplicate Entries: or disadvantage those who lack it, especially marginalized groups, multiple entries in electoral rolls, despite provisions for alternate documentation. ensuring cleaner and more accurate 2. Legal and Proportionality Concerns: Aadhaar linkage must meet voter lists. the “necessary and proportionate” test outlined in the Streamlined Electoral Rolls: With over Puttaswamy judgment. Mandating Aadhaar infringes on 650 million Aadhaar numbers already informational autonomy, as individuals should have the right to linked, this process enhances the choose alternative identification documents. efficiency of maintaining electoral ✓ In Puttaswamy, the SC ruled that mandatory Aadhaar-bank rolls. account linkage violated proportionality by depriving Improved Electoral Integrity: individuals of rights for non-linkage. Reducing duplicate entries minimizes ✓ The SC in Lal Babu Hussein (1995) emphasized that the right to the risk of voter fraud, enhancing trust vote cannot be denied by insisting on specific proofs of in the electoral process. identity; voters should have the flexibility to use any valid Facilitation of Voter Mobility: For identification. citizens who relocate, linking Aadhaar 3. Right to Privacy: Linking Aadhaar’s demographic data with voter with Voter ID simplifies the process of ID details risks potential misuse, privacy violations, and updating their information, ensuring surveillance concerns. Effective data protection regulations are they remain eligible to vote in their essential to mitigate these risks. new place of residence without 4. Aadhaar as Proof of Residence: Aadhaar establishes residence, bureaucratic hurdles. not citizenship, meaning it cannot identify non-citizens on Cost Savings and Resource electoral rolls and only helps eliminate duplicates. Optimization: By maintaining cleaner 5. Error Rates in Biometric Authentication: Biometric errors are and more accurate electoral rolls, the significant (12% error rate reported in 2018). Also, past linkage government can reduce the resources attempts, like in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (2015), led to the required for voter verification disenfranchisement of 30 lakh voters, raising concerns about processes during elections, leading to reliability. significant cost savings. 6. Alternative Verification Challenges: Verifying voter rolls through other means, such as door-to-door surveys, may be resource- intensive but avoids reliance on potentially flawed Aadhaar data. Way Forward 1. Upholding the Right to Vote: a constitutional right and a cornerstone of free and fair elections, which forms part of the basic structure of democracy cannot be restricted through legislative action. 2. Engaging Citizens: by conducting awareness campaigns highlighting the benefits of Aadhaar-EPIC linking, such as eliminating duplicate entries and strengthening electoral integrity. 3. Addressing Concerns: to reassure voters that Aadhaar-EPIC linkage does not compromise the secrecy of their vote and mitigating privacy fears through enforceable data protection measures and clear communication. 4. Amending Forms: 6 and 6B immediately to ensure alternate identification options are prominently stated to prevent implicit pressure on voters to provide Aadhaar. New Data Protection Rules Notified The Union government released the draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 to enforce the provisions of the DPDP Act, 2023. Passed over a year ago, the Act establishes a legal framework for "data VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 5 fiduciaries" (entities collecting personal data) to protect user data and penalize violations. The draft rules are now open for public consultation. Objectives of DPDP Rules 2025 To enhance user privacy and data security. To promote transparency and accountability in data processing. To balance innovation and compliance with robust safeguards. Key Provisions of DPDP Rules, 2025 1. Notice to Data Principals: Data Fiduciaries (entities processing personal data) must provide clear and easily understandable notices to Data Principals (users). Notices should be in simple language and must not be bundled with other terms, ensuring clarity and informed consent. These notices must specify- types of data collected; purpose of processing; and user rights including how to withdraw consent or file complaints. 2. Consent Managers: Registered entities called Consent Managers will help users manage their data permissions. They will maintain detailed records of user consents and are subject to government audits. They must: ▪ Have strong financial and operational capacity (minimum ₹2 crore net worth). ▪ Ensure transparency, security, and independence. 3. State Data Processing: The government and its agencies can process personal data to provide benefits, subsidies, or services. But the processing must adhere to: ▪ Specific legal or policy standards. ▪ Transparency and accountability measures outlined in Schedule II. ▪ Minimum data usage and secure handling. 4. Security Safeguards: Data Fiduciaries must implement stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls and breach detection systems. They must also ensure Data Processors (third-party entities) follow these safeguards. ✓ Examples: Companies like banks and e-commerce platforms must ensure that they collect only essential personal information, such as contact details and payment information, while implementing robust encryption measures. 5. Data Breach Notification: Data Fiduciaries must promptly inform affected users and the Data Protection Board (DPB) of any personal data breaches. Notifications to users should explain the breach's nature, extent, timing, potential consequences, mitigation measures, and safety tips. The Board must be notified within 72 hours (or longer if permitted) with detailed reports on the breach's cause, mitigation actions, responsible parties, and future preventive measures. 6. Data Retention and Erasure: Personal data must be deleted if unused for a defined period (e.g., three years for e-commerce). Users must be notified 48 hours before erasure, giving them a chance to act if they wish to retain their data. ✓ Withdrawal of Consent: Individuals can withdraw consent at any time, and fiduciaries must ensure compliance with such requests promptly. 7. Contact Information: Data Fiduciaries must display easily accessible contact details, such as those of a Data Protection Officer (DPO), on their website or app for addressing queries about personal data processing. These details should also be included in responses to users exercising their rights, ensuring transparency and accountability. ✓ Entities meeting certain thresholds, such as processing large volumes of data, are designated as Significant Data Fiduciaries (SDFs). These SDFs are subject to additional compliance requirements, including appointing Data Protection Officers (DPOs), conducting periodic audits, and implementing risk assessments. 8. Right to Information: Individuals (data principals) have the right to know how their data is being processed and stored. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 6 9. Right to Correction and Erasure 10. Verifiable Consent for Children's and PwD Data Processing: Data Fiduciaries must obtain verifiable consent from a parent or legal guardian before processing the personal data of children or Persons with Disabilities (PwD). They must ensure the consent giver is identifiable and an adult verified using reliable identity details or a Digital Locker service, to comply with legal requirements. 11. Exemptions in Children's Data Processing: Certain Data Fiduciaries, such as healthcare professionals, educational institutions, and childcare providers, are exempt from specific obligations related to children's data. ✓ These exemptions apply to essential activities like health services, education, safety monitoring, and transportation, ensuring processing is limited to what is necessary for the child's well-being and safety. ✓ Part B of the schedule outlines specific purposes for which the exemptions apply, such as legal duties, issuing subsidies, creating user accounts for communications, and preventing access to harmful content, provided data processing remains within a defined and limited scope, such as verifying age. ✓ These provisions balance protecting children’s data with enabling critical services. 12. Significant Data Fiduciaries: Entities classified as "Significant" must conduct yearly Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) and undergo annual audits and report findings to the Data Protection Board. They must verify algorithms used for data processing to prevent risks to user rights. 13. Cross-Border Data Processing: Personal data transfer to foreign entities is regulated to ensure compliance with Indian laws and user protection. Data processing for research, archiving, or statistical purposes is exempt from certain rules to ensure academic and policy research can continue without compromising data protection. ✓ Example: An Indian financial institution sharing user data with its European counterpart must ensure compliance with both Indian and EU data protection standards. 14. Data Protection Board (DPB): It will be a regulatory body tasked with overseeing data protection matters. The Chairperson and Members are appointed by the Central Government through a Search-cum-Selection Committee, which includes key government officials and subject matter experts. The Board aims to conduct its operations digitally and is empowered to summon individuals and examine them under oath. The Board is required to complete inquiries within six months, with an optional three-month extension. 15. Appeal to Appellate Tribunal: The rule outlines the process for appealing to the Appellate Tribunal for those dissatisfied with the Board's orders. Appeals must be submitted digitally with a fee, which the Chairperson may reduce or waive. The Tribunal operates digitally, allowing for efficient proceedings without requiring physical presence, though it can summon individuals and administer oaths when necessary. The Tribunal has the authority to regulate its procedures. 16. Government Data Requests: The Central Government can require Data Fiduciaries or intermediaries to provide specific information. Disclosure may be restricted for matters related to national security or India’s integrity unless prior permission is obtained. This is part of our legal obligations under Section 36 of the Act. The government may request data for national security, legal compliance, or to assess Data Fiduciaries' status. These provisions aim to balance individual privacy rights with regulatory requirements, enhancing transparency and accountability in personal data management. Blood Money (Diya) The death sentence given to Kerala nurse by a Yemen court for murdering her business partner has sparked debates on her acquittal and repatriation. This includes discussions around 'blood money' and its implications, with compensation paid to the victim's family. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 7 What is Blood Money? ‘Blood money,’ or ‘diya,’ is a concept in Islamic Sharia law which requires the perpetrator of a crime (usually unintentional murder or culpable homicide) to pay monetary compensation to the victim or their family. ✓ It promotes reconciliation and social harmony by allowing a non-violent resolution to grievous offenses. Objective: Not to place a price on human life but to alleviate the victim's family's suffering, especially in cases where they might lose income. (where the deceased was the sole breadwinner) Conditions for ‘Blood Money’ Unintentional Murders: Primarily invoked in cases of unintentional murder or culpable homicide where there is no premeditation. Reconciliation: It is used when the victim's family opts not to pursue retribution (known as ‘qisas’/ death penalty) under Sharia. State & Community Role: Even if the parties reconcile through ‘blood money,’ the community and state may still impose additional punishments or deterrent penalties to maintain social order. Contemporary Applications Saudi Arabia: ‘Blood money’ is mandated in traffic accidents and unintentional killings, with a Sharia court determining the amount. The law also imposes prison terms on perpetrators. Gender and religious biases persist for compensation. ✓ Recent proposals suggested equal payments for all individuals, regardless of gender or religion, but these changes have not yet been fully implemented. Iran: ‘Blood money’ varies by religion and gender—women receive half the compensation of men. A Supreme Court ruling in 2019 aimed to equalize payments, but full implementation is pending. Pakistan: ‘Diya’ and ‘qisas’ are part of the legal system through the Criminal Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 1991. Wealthy offenders have occasionally exploited this system to avoid punishment by paying blood money. ✓ In 2011, the family of Raymond Davis (a CIA contractor) accepted blood money after he killed two men in Lahore, sparking national outrage. Yemen: Compensation agreements can be reached by the parties, with judicial oversight, to ensure fairness in the compensation amount. United Nations (UN) Conventions: Blood money as compensation is debated for being contrary to international human rights frameworks, which advocate for justice and equality. India’s Stand on ‘Diya’ (Blood Money) India does not formally include provisions for granting or receiving 'blood money' in its legal framework. Instead, it has a system called plea bargaining, which allows the accused to negotiate with the prosecution. While it is not directly equivalent to ‘blood money,’ it allows the defendant to plead guilty in exchange for concessions which can involve lesser charges or reduced sentences. Plea Bargaining in India Historical Practices Similar to ‘Blood It was introduced through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, Money’ 2005 and added as Chapter XXI A to the Code of Criminal Brehon Law (Ancient Ireland): Éraic (body Procedure (CrPC), 1973. It may allow the victim to receive price) and Log nEnech (honour price) compensation under Section 265E of the CrPC (Disposal of were systems of compensation for cases). crimes, with amounts determined by the ✓ Section 320 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) allows severity of the offense or the victim's compounding of certain offences by mutual agreement social status. Capital punishment was between parties for less severe crimes. avoided, and disputes were settled through payments. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 8  ✓ Section 357 of the CrPC allows courts to order monetary Galanas (Early Welsh Law): compensation to victims, though not as a substitution for Compensation was based on the victim’s punishment in murder cases. social status. A ‘blood fine’ was required Comparison with Blood Money: While ‘blood money’ has a for murder, except in justified or excused broader application and involves direct monetary compensation killings. to the victim or their family, plea bargaining is limited to specific Wergeld (Early Medieval Germany): A offences and conditions. payment system for homicide or serious Applicability: crimes, resembling ‘blood money’, where o Offences: It can only be used for crimes punishable by compensation was paid to the victim's imprisonment of less than seven years. family. o Ineligibility for Serious Crimes: like crimes against women or Medieval States: Several medieval children, or heinous crimes such as murder or rape. societies set standards for payments to o Previous Convictions: It is unavailable if the accused has been the victim's family in cases of homicide or previously convicted for a similar offence. serious crimes, similar to 'blood money'. Ongoing Reforms: Discussions are ongoing in India to refine and ** Disparities in compensation based on expand plea bargaining, similar to reforms seen in Islamic nations social hierarchy were common, challenging regarding 'blood money' to make it more inclusive and equitable. modern notions of equality. Blood Money vs. Indian Legal Provisions Aspect Blood Money (Diya) Indian Legal Provisions Purpose Compensation as an alternative to punishment Compensation alongside punishment Scope Applies to intentional and unintentional murder Limited to non-serious crimes Compensation Monetary compensation negotiated between Court-directed compensation families Offence Type Includes murder and culpable homicide Excludes heinous crimes Legal Outcome Can substitute capital punishment Punishment remains mandatory for heinous crimes Previous Cases of Blood Money in India: Indian nationals have often relied on blood money payments to secure pardons in Gulf and Middle Eastern countries under Sharia law. Notable cases include: ✓ Arjunan Athimuthu (2019): Death sentence in Kuwait commuted to life after paying ₹30 lakh. ✓ Abdul Rahim (2006): Pardoned for killing a Saudi boy after paying ₹34 crore but remains in prison. ✓ Ten Indians in UAE (2017): Pardoned for murder after paying 200,000 dirhams (~₹40 lakh). ✓ 17 Indians in UAE (2009): Released after a ₹4 crore payment for a Pakistani man's murder. These cases highlight the critical role of diplomacy and community support in navigating such legal challenges. Relevance in Current Times (Geopolitical Instances) ✓ U.S.-Saudi Relations: Cases of Americans killed in Saudi Arabia were controversially resolved through blood money. ✓ Iran and Afghanistan: Instances where tribal settlements include blood money practices persist. ✓ Evolving Legal Reforms UAE has introduced reforms to ensure gender neutrality in blood money laws. ✓ Ethical Debates in Global Legal Forums: Advocacy for reforms to align blood money laws with international human rights conventions continues. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 9  Karnataka HC Struck Down Green Energy Rules by Centre, State The Karnataka High Court (HC) invalidated key green energy rules introduced by the central government and adopted by the Karnataka government. The court ruled that the central government exceeded its authority under the Electricity Act, 2003, in framing these rules, which pertain to green energy open access. The court emphasized that only the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions have the power to regulate such matters under the Act. The court made this decision while hearing hydropower companies' objections to two Karnataka government rules based on the central Electricity (Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022. Electricity Act, 2003 It is a comprehensive law that governs the generation, transmission, distribution, trading, and use of electricity in India. Objective: To promote the development of the electricity industry, encourage competition, protect consumer interests, and ensure efficient, transparent, and environmentally friendly policies. Key Features: Consolidation of Laws: Merges earlier electricity-related laws into one unified framework. Regulatory Framework: Establishes bodies like the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Central and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (CERC and SERCs), and an Appellate Tribunal for Electricity. Open Access: Allows consumers to purchase power directly from producers, promoting competition. Consumer Protection: Ensures reliable electricity supply, rational tariffs, and transparent subsidy policies. Renewable Energy: Encourages the adoption of environmentally sustainable electricity generation. Key Rules Struck Down Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022: Central government regulations enabling consumer purchase of green energy directly through the open market. Karnataka Regulatory Commission (Terms and Conditions for Green Energy Open Access) Regulations, 2022: State-level rules aligning with the central regulations, allowing open market access for renewable energy. Court's Observations Authority under the Electricity Act: The Electricity Act, 2003, assigns the regulation of electricity generation, transmission, and supply to the SERCs. It does not empower the central government to regulate "open access," which involves allowing consumers to directly procure energy from producers bypassing distribution companies (like BESCOM in Bengaluru). Section 86(1)(e): This section specifies that the responsibility to regulate renewable energy generation and grid connectivity lies with the SERCs, not the central government. Judicial Precedents: o Naresh Chandra Agrawal v The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, 2024: The Supreme Court (SC) held that rule-making bodies cannot overstep the boundaries set by their enabling statutes. o Kerala State Electricity Board v Jhabua Power Limited, 2024: The SC stated that SERCs are guided but not strictly bound by central or state directions, reinforcing their independent authority. Court's Reasoning: It highlighted that the central government cannot use its residual powers to override specific provisions of the Electricity Act. Open access, being a substantive provision of the Act, is exclusively under the purview of the "appropriate commission," meaning the SERCs. Implications of the Judgment Regulatory Jurisdiction: The judgment reaffirms the autonomy of SERCs in managing renewable energy and open access. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 10  Green Energy Policy: It limits the central government's ability to directly enforce green energy policies that bypass state mechanisms. Distribution Companies: Conventional power distribution companies (like BESCOM) retain their dominant role unless open access is implemented under state-regulated frameworks. This ruling underscore the federal structure of India's electricity regulation, ensuring that rule-making aligns strictly with the statutory framework provided by the Electricity Act, 2003. Extra Mile: Green Energy Open Access Rules, 2022 These rules were introduced to promote renewable energy generation, consumption, and access in line with India’s updated climate targets. Objective: To make green energy affordable, reliable, and accessible to all, encouraging India's transition to a low-carbon economy. Key Features and Benefits Promoting Green Energy: Encourages generation and use of renewable energy, including Waste-to-Energy plants. Reduced Threshold for Access: Open access transactions are allowed for consumers with a minimum load of 100 kW, down from 1 MW, enabling smaller consumers to procure renewable energy. Obligation for Distribution Companies (Discoms): Discoms must supply green energy to eligible consumers upon demand. Cost Certainty and Incentives: Caps on cross-subsidy surcharges and removal of additional surcharges makes green energy more cost-effective and certainty in charges like transmission, wheeling, and banking fees. Voluntary Purchase: Commercial and industrial consumers can voluntarily purchase green power. Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO): Uniform RPOs apply to all obligated entities, including green hydrogen and ammonia production. Green Certificates: Consumers of green energy will receive certificates as proof of their contribution to sustainability. Centralized Platform: The Green Open Access Registry (GOAR), managed by the Grid Controller of India Limited, provides a single-window platform for registration, application submission, tracking approvals, rejections, and updates. Streamlined Approval Process: A national portal ensures transparency and uniformity, mandating approvals within 15 days, failing which approvals are deemed granted. Tariff and Cost Structure: Tariffs for green energy are determined by the Appropriate Commission and include average pooled power purchase costs, cross-subsidy charges (if applicable) and service charges for distribution licensees. Impact ✓Aligns with India’s 2030 climate goals to cut emissions by 45%. ✓Expands renewable energy access to smaller consumers. ✓Encourages industries and businesses to adopt greener practices by lowering costs and regulatory barriers. Appointing Retired HC Judges On ‘Ad Hoc’ Basis The Supreme Court (SC) recently suggested appointing retired judges temporarily on an ad hoc (as required) basis to address the growing backlog of pending criminal cases before several High Courts (HCs). It also suggested modifying the top court’s 2021 SC decision, which allowed ad hoc judge appointments only in certain situations. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 11  ✓ According to National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG), there are 18,21,800 criminal cases pending in HCs across the country at present with 78.39% cases more than a year old. About SC 2021 Verdict It allowed the Chief Justice (CJ) of a HC to initiate the process of recommending a judge's appointment, if: Vacancies exceed 20% of the sanctioned strength of judges. Cases in a particular category have been pending for over five years. More than 10% of pending cases are over five years old. The rate of disposal is lower than the rate of case intake, either in a particular subject or generally in the court. ✓ The appointment process can only be initiated after the regular vacancy filling process has been triggered but remains unfilled. ✓ A “panel” of retired judges may be created by the CJ for potential appointments, with terms generally lasting 2-3 years. Appointment of Ad Hoc Judges 1. Legal Basis: Article 224A of the Indian Constitution allows the CJ of a HC to request a retired judge to act as an ad hoc judge for the HC with the prior consent of the President of India. The appointed judge enjoys the same powers and jurisdiction as a sitting judge but is not officially deemed as one. Both the retired judge and the President must consent to the appointment. 2. Appointment Procedure: After the retired judge’s consent, the CJ forwards the name and appointment details to the concerned state's Chief minister (CM). The CM sends the recommendation to the Union Law Minister, who consults the Chief Justice of India (CJI) before forwarding it to the Prime Minister (PM). The PM advises the President on the approval, as per the 1998 Memorandum of Procedure (MOP). The SC has ruled that the recommendation must go through the SC collegium (CJI and two senior-most judges). Past Appointments of Ad Hoc Judges Justice Suraj Bhan (1972): in Madhya Pradesh HC for one year to hear election petitions. Justice P. Venugopal (1982-83): in Madras HC for two years. Justice O P Srivastava (2007): in Allahabad HC to hear Ayodhya title suits. ** Since 2021, there have been no recorded appointments of ad hoc judges. SC’s Recommendations Judges should be appointed from a panel created by the CJ, ensuring the system’s review for effectiveness. The use of Article 224A is considered a temporary solution to judicial vacancies and pending cases, emphasizing the need for long-term reforms in judicial appointments. Comparative Global Practices United States: Retired judges are designated as "senior judges" and continue to hear cases voluntarily. United Kingdom: "Deputy High Court Judges" are appointed from retired senior judges for temporary assignments. South Africa: Appointment of "acting judges" from among retired members of the judiciary. Pros of Appoint Ad-hoc Judges Cons of Appointing Ad-hoc Judges Faster Case Resolution: Address Lack of Continuity: They being temporary, may lack long-term backlog of cases. commitment and familiarity with ongoing cases, leading to Experienced Judges: Retired judges potential disruptions in case proceedings. bring years of experience, helping to VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 12  maintain the quality of judgments and Limited Accountability: As temporary appointees, they may not providing expertise in handling be as accountable as permanent judges in terms of their complex cases. performance and adherence to judicial norms. Temporary Solution: They offer a Not a Long-Term Solution: Ad hoc appointments are a quick, temporary solution to judicial temporary fix that don't address the root causes of judicial vacancies, especially when regular vacancies, potentially delaying long-term reforms and the appointments are delayed or pending. strengthening of the judicial workforce. ✓ Ad-hoc judges provide stability Potential Bias: If not carefully selected, ad hoc judges may face during transitional phases challenges in maintaining impartiality or avoiding external between appointments of influences, especially if their appointment is politically permanent judges. motivated. Relieves Pressure: Ad hoc judges can Disruption of Collegiality and Court Dynamics: The alleviate the workload of sitting appointment of retired judges may disrupt the established judges, reducing their case load and working environment of courts. ensuring timely disposal of cases. Limited Knowledge of Current Legal Trends: Legal Cost-Effective: They are usually developments may change the landscape of law, and retired compensated with allowances, which judges may struggle to remain current with modern can be more cost-effective compared jurisprudence, which could lead to discrepancies in rulings. to the appointment of new, full-time Limited Jurisdiction: Ad hoc judges are appointed for specific judges. cases or timeframes, potentially creating limitations on their Flexibility in Judicial System: Article jurisdiction and scope of work. Their role might be limited to 224A provides flexibility to appoint temporary assignments, leaving gaps in addressing long-term retired judges, allowing the judiciary judicial needs. to adapt to urgent needs without Constitutional Concerns: Critics argue that the use of ad hoc waiting for permanent judicial judges may undermine the integrity of the judicial process by appointments. deviating from constitutional requirements for a fully staffed Strengthening Specialized Benches: judiciary. Retired judges can be appointed for ✓ Some legal experts argue that Article 224A was intended for handling niche legal issues such as tax rare situations, not routine case backlogs. laws, intellectual property, and Health and Efficiency: Older judges may face health issues commercial disputes. impacting their performance. Electoral Trusts Following the Supreme Court's (SC) scrapping of electoral bonds in February 2024, political party donations via have electoral trusts surged, as per Election Commission of India's reports for the last financial year. ✓ Nearly 75% of the ₹1,075.7 crore donated to the Prudent Electoral Trust, the highest recipient, came after the SC's 2024 ruling. Donations to the trust nearly tripled from ₹363.16 crore the previous year to ₹1,075.7 crore last financial year i.e. 2023-24. An electoral bond was a promissory note issued by designated State Bank of India (SBI) branches, enabling companies or individuals to donate to registered political parties. Introduced under the Electoral Bond Scheme, 2018, it operated with specific rules on issuance, purchase, and validity. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 13 About Electoral Trusts An Electoral Trust (ET) is an organization registered under the Companies Act, 1956, established exclusively to receive contributions from individuals and companies and distribute them to political parties. At present, nineteen electoral trusts are active, with the biggest being Prudent Electoral Trust, which has multiple corporate donors. Objective: To ensure transparency in political funding, reduce the influence of unaccounted money, and provide a structured mechanism for donations to political parties. Governing Laws: In 2013, the Central Government amended the Income Tax Rules, 1962, inserting Rule 17CA to define the functions of electoral trusts approved by the CBDT. It also introduced the Electoral Trusts Scheme, 2013, outlining eligibility, registration procedures, and registration formats for such trusts. Key Features of Electoral Trusts Contributions: Contributions must be made through cheques, bank drafts, or electronic transfers. Eligible Contributors Non-Eligible Contributors Indian citizens. Foreign entities. Companies registered in India, Non-Indian citizens or residents. Firms, and Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs). Other registered electoral trusts are not allowed. Distribution of Contributions: ETs must distribute up to 95% of the voluntary contributions received (along with any surplus from the previous year) to eligible political parties. A maximum of 5% or ₹3 lakh, whichever is lower, can be retained for administrative expenses. Restrictions: Contributions cannot be used for the direct or indirect benefit of ET members or contributors. ETs are prohibited from engaging in activities unrelated to their primary purpose of distributing contributions to political parties. Transparency and Accountability: ETs must maintain detailed records of donors, amounts contributed, funds distributed, and expenses incurred. Accounts must be audited, and an annual report, including details of contributors and fund disbursement, must be submitted to the Commissioner of Income Tax. This mechanism allows visibility into donors and beneficiaries. However, if multiple contributors and recipients are involved, it becomes challenging to identify which donor funded which party. Advantages of Electoral Trusts Disadvantages of Electoral Trusts Transparency in Political Funding: They ensure Limited Identification of Donor-Recipient Links: detailed reporting of contributions and distributions, When multiple contributors and beneficiaries are reducing the use of opaque funding channels like cash involved, it becomes unclear which donor funded donations. which political party, reducing complete ✓ According to the Association for Democratic transparency. Reforms (ADR), the use of Electoral Trusts has Operational Restrictions: Electoral trusts must significantly improved the traceability of limit their operational expenses to 5% of their donations funds (capped at ₹3 lakh), potentially creating Regulation of Donations: Contributions are strictly challenges for effective management. limited to Indian citizens, registered companies, ✓ Contrast with more flexible systems like the firms, or HUFs, preventing foreign influence in Political Action Committees (PACs) in the political funding. U.S., which have greater operational ✓ The prohibition of foreign funding aligns with the expenditure flexibility. provisions under the Foreign Contribution Exclusion of Foreign Donations: While this (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010 prevents external influence, it may limit funding Streamlined Fund Distribution: A requirement to opportunities for parties that could legally receive distribute at least 95% of collected funds to eligible foreign contributions under other frameworks. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 14  political parties ensures that contributions serve their ✓ Many democracies, like the U.K. and intended purpose. Canada, allow limited foreign contributions Legal and Tax Compliance: They operate under clear but under strict regulatory oversight. rules and must submit audited accounts, enhancing Dependence on Voluntary Contributions: accountability and compliance with tax regulations. Electoral trusts rely on voluntary donations, which ✓ Donors receive tax exemptions under Section could fluctuate and may not provide a consistent 80GGB and 80GGC of the Income Tax Act, funding source for political parties. incentivizing lawful contributions. ✓ Trusts like the Prudent Electoral Trust have Anonymity with Transparency: While overall seen fluctuating donation patterns year-to- contributors and beneficiaries are disclosed, year, influenced by corporate priorities. individual allocations can remain anonymous if Potential for Influence: Although transparent, multiple donors and parties are involved, balancing large contributions from corporations or privacy with transparency. individuals through trusts could still raise ✓ Balances concerns of Right to Privacy (Article 21) concerns about undue influence over political with the Right to Information (RTI) for public parties. accountability. ✓ Risks of crony capitalism where businesses influence public policy in their favor. Electoral trusts are a significant step toward transparency and regulation in political funding. However, limitations in donor-recipient clarity and operational challenges highlight the need for further reforms to maximize their effectiveness. Arunachal Pradesh’s Anti-Conversion Law The Arunachal Pradesh government is working to revive a 1978 Act aimed at preventing "forceful" conversions by formulating rules for its implementation, 46 years after the legislation was originally enacted. What is Arunachal’s Anti-Conversion Law Enacted by Arunachal Pradesh's first Legislative Assembly in 1978, the law aims to prevent forced or induced religious conversions amidst fears of erosion of indigenous faiths like Donyi-Polo and traditional Buddhist practices. ✓ China’s Proximity: Arunachal shares a border with China, which claims the state as “South Tibet.” Preservation of indigenous identities is seen as vital to counter Chinese cultural and ideological influence in the region. Key Provisions Criminalization of Forced Conversions: It prohibits conversions achieved through force, inducement, or fraud, with offenders facing up to two years of imprisonment and a fine of ₹10,000. Mandatory Reporting of Conversions: Converts and those facilitating conversions are required to report the act to the Deputy Commissioner, with penalties for non-compliance. Protection of Indigenous Faiths: The law safeguards "indigenous" faiths, including Donyi-Polo worship and various forms of Buddhism practiced by communities like the Monpas and Sherdukpens. Need Arunachal Pradesh is home to diverse tribal communities with distinct cultural and religious practices. Unlike other northeastern states, Christianity gained a foothold in Arunachal Pradesh only after the 1950s due to earlier restrictions under the Inner Line system. Missionary activity led to rapid growth in Christian converts, sparking debates on preserving indigenous faiths. This triggered the demand for legislation to regulate conversions. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 15 Why Has the Act Remained Dormant? Initial Opposition and Controversy: The Act faced resistance even before receiving Presidential assent. Bakin Pertin, a Christian MP from Arunachal Pradesh, opposed the Act. The Nagaland Legislative Assembly also passed a resolution against it. Advocacy for Repeal: The Arunachal Christian Forum (ACF) was formed in response to the Act's enactment which termed it an "anti-Christian law" with the potential for misuse by authorities. The ACF continues to advocate for its repeal. Demographic Changes and Political Sensitivities: The 2011 census showed Christians as the largest religious group in Arunachal Pradesh, making up 30.26% of the population. This growth in numbers has bolstered opposition to the Act. Political leaders have been reluctant to implement the law due to the increasing influence of the Christian population and concerns about potential misuse. Political Statements and Backtracking: In 2018, the state government indicated that the government was considering repealing the Act. This remark drew criticism, including from an RSS functionary, who clarified that the statement referred only to evaluating the Act’s efficacy. External Influences and Cultural Dynamics: Opposition groups express concerns about potential interference from external forces, such as the RSS and its affiliates, who see indigenous faiths as extensions of Sanatana Dharma. This dynamic has further complicated the Act's implementation. Why is the Act Back Now? Legal Push for Implementation: In 2022, Indigenous Faiths and Cultural Society of Arunachal Pradesh (IFCSAP), filed a PIL in the Itanagar bench of the Gauhati High Court seeking court intervention over the state government's failure to frame rules for implementing the Act. o On September 30, 2023, after the Advocate General informed the court that draft rules had been prepared and would be finalized within six months, the court closed the petition, expecting timely finalization of the rules. Concerns Over Rapid Conversions: According to IFCSAP’s General Secretary, the Act is essential to counter rising conversion rates in some districts, allegedly reaching 90%. As conversions lead people to abandon their traditional practices, often labeling them as "alien" or "evil," thus threatening indigenous cultural preservation. Cultural and Religious Context: The 2011 census reported Hinduism as the second-largest religion in the state (29.04%), followed by Other Religions (26.2%) and Buddhism (11.77%). o A report from the 1971 census observed that many tribal followers of indigenous faiths identified their religion as Hinduism due to perceived similarities, such as the multiplicity of deities and customary rituals. o Sudden demographic changes due to religious conversions may disrupt the socio-cultural fabric, creating communal tensions. o The diminishing share of indigenous faiths fuels apprehensions about their survival. Preservation Efforts by Indigenous Groups: Groups like the IFCSAP emphasize documenting and institutionalizing indigenous beliefs and practices as a cultural safeguard. The revival of the Act is seen as a protective measure against what they perceive as cultural erosion caused by conversions. Anti-Conversion Laws Across Indian States Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967: First anti-conversion law in India. Prohibits conversions through force, inducement, or fraud. Punishment: 1-year imprisonment, ₹5,000 fine, or both. Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003 (Amended 2006, 2021): Punishes forced conversion with 3 years imprisonment and up to ₹50,000 fine. Higher penalties for cases involving women, minors, SC/ST. Includes provisions related to interfaith marriages; sections stayed by the High Court in 2021. Chhattisgarh Religion Freedom (Amendment) Act, 2006: Requires 30 days prior approval from the DM for conversion. Punishment: 3 years imprisonment, ₹20,000 fine, or both. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 16  Chhattisgarh Religion Freedom (Amendment) Act, 2006: Requires 30 days prior approval from the DM for conversion. Punishment: 3 years imprisonment, ₹20,000 fine, or both. Jharkhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2017: Imposes strict penalties, including 4 years imprisonment and ₹1 lakh fine for converting minors, women, or SC/ST persons. Non-bailable offences, requiring DM’s prior permission for conversions. Uttarakhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2018: Penalizes forced conversions with 1-5 years imprisonment (2-7 years for minors, women, SC/ST). Non-bailable offences; complaints can be filed by family members. Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2020: Mandates declarations for conversion to the DM 1-2 months in advance. Punishment: 1-10 years imprisonment, higher for minors, women, SC/ST. Marriages for the sole purpose of conversion can be declared void. Madhya Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2020: Prohibits conversion through force, fraud, or marriage. Requires a 60-day prior declaration to the DM. Punishment: 3-10 years imprisonment, depending on the case. Judicial Precedents The Supreme Court in Rev. Stainislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1977) upheld anti-conversion laws in Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, asserting that “propagation” does not imply the right to convert others forcibly or fraudulently. However, any misuse of such laws could violate Articles 14 (Equality) and 21 (Right to Life and Liberty). Karnataka Protection of Right to Freedom of Religion Act, 2021: Penalizes forced conversions with 3-10 years imprisonment and fines up to ₹1 lakh. Declares marriages for forced conversion purposes as void. Requires 30 days prior notification to the DM. Haryana Prevention of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2022: Punishment: 1-10 years imprisonment, higher for minors, women, SC/ST. Concealing religion for marriage is punishable by up to 10 years imprisonment and ₹3 lakh fine. Key Features Across States ✓ Mandatory Reporting: Most laws require prior declarations or permissions for conversion. ✓ Higher Penalties: Stricter punishments for converting minors, women, and SC/ST individuals. ✓ Marital Provisions: Some laws declare marriages solely for conversion purposes as void. ✓ Cognizable and Non-Bailable Offences: Offences under these laws are serious, requiring police intervention without prior approval. International Parallels Countries like Nepal and Myanmar have enacted stringent anti-conversion laws to protect indigenous religious practices. These laws, however, face criticism for being discriminatory against minorities. Analysis of Anti-Conversion Laws Advantages Disadvantages 1. Protection of Vulnerable Communities: The 1. Violation of Fundamental Rights: Article 25 of the laws aim to protect economically or socially Indian Constitution guarantees the right to freedom disadvantaged groups from being coerced or of religion, including the right to propagate one's induced to convert through fraudulent means faith. Critics argue that these laws infringe upon or material inducements. individual freedom to choose their religion and share 2. Preservation of Indigenous Cultures: Many their beliefs. tribal and indigenous communities see 2. Scope for Misuse: Anti-conversion laws are often religious conversion as a threat to their criticized for being vaguely worded, leading to their cultural and spiritual heritage. Anti- misuse against minority communities. False VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 17  conversion laws are viewed to preserve these accusations of forced conversions can result in unique traditions. harassment or intimidation. 3. Prevention of Social Tensions: In a country as 3. Stigmatization of Religious Minorities: These laws diverse as India, mass conversions- whether often disproportionately affect religious minorities, voluntary or not- can lead to social unrest. fueling narratives that they are involved in unethical Supporters claim these laws help maintain conversion practices. Such perceptions may worsen communal harmony. inter-religious relations. 4. Accountability and Transparency: Requiring 4. Lack of Evidence for Forced Conversions: Opponents prior notice or permission for conversions argue that there is insufficient empirical evidence to ensures oversight and prevents unlawful suggest that large-scale forced conversions are activities, such as forced or fraudulent occurring in India. Many believe the laws are driven conversions. by political motives rather than genuine concerns. First Advance Estimates The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the First Advance Estimates (FAE) of India’s GDP growth for the current financial year (2024-25 or FY25). First Advance Estimates (FAE) The FAE, which were first introduced in 2016-17, are typically published at the end of the first week of January. They are the “first” official estimates of how GDP is expected to grow in that financial year. But they are also the “advance” estimates because they are published long before the financial year (April to March) is over. Even though the FAE are published soon after the end of the third quarter (October, November, December), they do not include the formal Q3 GDP data, which is published at the end of February as part of the Second Advance Estimates (SAE). Since the SAE will be published next month, the Union Finance Ministry uses the FAE to decide the next financial year’s Budget allocations. GDP Forecast The GDP is essentially the monetary measure of all the goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a year. It provides the size of the economy. India’s nominal GDP is expected to be Rs 324 lakh crores by March-end. This is a growth of 9.7 percent over the last financial year (FY24). The nominal GDP is used to arrive at the US dollar equivalent figure for the size of the Indian economy. At an exchange rate of 85 rupees to a dollar, India’s GDP in FY25 will be $3.8 trillion. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 18  This nominal GDP is lower than the budget estimates presented last February in the Interim Budget (Rs 328 lakh crore) as well as the full Union Budget presented in July (Rs 326 lakh crore). However, it is the “real” GDP that matters. It tells the extent to which India produced more goods and services. The real GDP is derived by removing the effect of inflation from nominal GDP. The nominal GDP of a country can go up either because the country produces more goods and services or because the prices of existing goods and services have gone up (due to inflation). Mostly, both these factors lead to an increase in GDP. India’s real GDP will be Rs 184.9 lakh crore in FY25 — that’s just 57% of the nominal GDP; the remaining part is the effect of prices going up. As the table shows, the rate of growth of India’s economic output (GDP) is decelerating. However, it does not mean that the economic output is falling; only the rate at which it is growing from one year to another is getting lower. Since FY20 (the year before Covid), India’s real GDP has grown at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of just 4.8%. This is in contrast to the almost 7% average annual growth rate that India had since the 1991 economic reforms. On the nominal GDP front, annual increases of less than 10 percent are in contrast to India’s record in the recent past. Between 2003-04 and 2018-19, nominal GDP grew at an average rate of around 13.5 percent. Reasons for Declining Rate of GDP GDP is calculated by adding up all the money spent in the economy. There are four main categories in which all spending is categorised; these can be seen as the four engines of GDP growth in the economy. Private Final Government Final Gross Fixed Capital Formation Net Exports Consumption Consumption (GFCF) Expenditure (PFCE) Expenditure (GFCE) PFCE covers the GFCE is the total amount GFCF is the second biggest It is the net spending as spending by people of money spent by the component of the GDP and a result of Indians in their individual government on goods accounts for almost 30% of spending on imports VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 19  capacity. It accounts and services for the the GDP. It includes spending and foreigners spending for almost 60% of country. This includes the towards boosting the on Indian exports. India’s GDP. cost of running schools, productive capacity of the When data for any If this growth hospitals, salaries and economy, also called particular year rate is low then other public services. investments. shows up with a it not only drags What distinguishes This could be in the form negative sign, it down overall governments from of governments making suggests Indians are GDP, it also every other player in roads, companies building importing more discourages the economy is that factories or buying than they are private sector governments can computers for their offices exporting from investing in potentially spend in etc. Since India typically the economy. excess of their Typically, such spending imports more than For the current incomes; and almost goes up either because it exports, in most year, PFCE is all governments do. private businesses find it years net exports is expected to When the rest of the profitable to expand a negative number grow by 7.3%, economy is capacity (in the hope of and this component but it has a struggling, selling to the general drags down India’s CAGR of just governments are public) or because overall GDP. 4.8% since FY20. expected to borrow governments boost capital Therefore, negative If the biggest money (and/or even expenditure (that is, growth rates in this engine of GDP print it) and spend it spending towards physical category are a good growth itself is in the manner that infrastructure). development. For growing at less re-energises the In the current year, this the current year as than 5% it is not economy. spending is expected to well as in the recent surprising that However, the rise by 6.3% but since past, this gap overall GDP government’s own 2019 it has gone up by just between exports growth rate spending has barely 5.3% annually. and imports has since the start of grown — just 4.2% in This is not surprising reduced. April 2019 has the current year and because unless private also been at an average of 3.1% consumption rebounds, 4.8%. since the start of businesses will not invest 2019. in fresh capacity, irrespective of the tax incentives. Analysis On the surface, India’s economy has registered high growth rates of GDP after the Covid pandemic. But, as the data above shows, a large part of India’s recent high growth rates is because of the low base of GDP, due to a contraction of GDP in 2020-21. If a slightly longer period in covered by including 2019-20 (the year just before Covid), it shows that India’s real economy is growing at less than 5% per annum — almost half the rate at which it should ideally grow if it wants to become a developed country by 2047. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 20  Indonesian President as Chief Guest in Republic Day Celebration President of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto paid a State Visit to India. He also attended the celebrations of the 76th Republic Day of India as the Chief Guest. Key Outcomes of the Visit Strengthening Maritime Cooperation and cyber security cooperation  Agreement to establish a bilateral maritime dialogue and cyber security dialogue.  Renewal of the MoU on Maritime Safety and Security Cooperation  Ongoing discussions on the White Shipping Information Exchange agreement.  Indonesia to position an International Liaison Officer at India’s Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR), Gurugram.  Commitment to unimpeded lawful maritime commerce and peaceful resolution of disputes in accordance with UNCLOS 1982. Boosting Defence and Security Ties  Commitment to regular high-level bilateral dialogues, including the India-Indonesia Security Dialogue, Consular Dialogue, and Policy Planning Dialogue.  Ratification of the Defence Cooperation Agreement (DCA) to deepen military ties.  Agreement to hold the next Defence Ministers' Dialogue at an early date.  Strengthened defence cooperation through: ✓ Cadet exchanges between Naval Academies and National Defence Universities.  India to support Indonesia’s defence modernization through experience sharing. Regional Stability and South China Sea Disputes  Commitment to peaceful resolution of disputes in the South China Sea.  Support for the full implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties (DOC).  Call for an effective and substantive Code of Conduct (COC) in line with UNCLOS 1982. Food Security and Social Initiatives  India to support Indonesia’s mid-day meal scheme by sharing expertise.  Facilitation of Indonesian officials’ visits to India to study food security measures.  Invitation for Indonesian officials to collaborate with the Food Corporation of India. Diplomatic and Strategic Engagements  Establishment of a Track 1.5 dialogue mechanism between think tanks of both countries.  Recognition of the importance of regular ministerial and official-level dialogues. India – Indonesia Bilateral Relationship Historical and Cultural Bonds:  Hinduism, Buddhism, and later Islam travelled to Indonesia from India, shaping its cultural and religious landscape.  The epics Ramayana and Mahabharata continue to influence Indonesian art and folklore, creating a unique cultural connection.  Both the countries were significant voices in the Non-Aligned Movement. Defense and Security Cooperation:  India and Indonesia have a long-standing defense relationship, formalized in 1951 and further strengthened by agreements in 2001 and 2018. Key initiatives include: VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 21   Joint Military Exercises: Exercises like Garuda Shakti (Army), Samudra Shakti (Navy), and coordinated patrols (IND-INDO CORPAT).  Defense Industry Collaboration: The inaugural India-Indonesia Defense Industry Exhibition in 2024 showcased opportunities for cooperation in defense technology and manufacturing. Economic and Trade Relations:  Bilateral Trade: Indonesia is India’s second-largest trading partner in ASEAN. Trade between the two nations was $29.4 billion in 2023-24, driven by:  Indian Imports: Coal, crude palm oil, and rubber.  Indian Exports: Refined petroleum, telecommunication equipment, and agricultural products.  Investment and Connectivity: ✓ Indian Investments: Indian businesses have invested over $1.56 billion in sectors like mining, textiles, and infrastructure. ✓ Connectivity Boost: Direct flights between major cities like Mumbai-Jakarta and Delhi-Bali have strengthened people-to-people ties and boosted tourism. Cultural and Educational Collaboration:  Cultural Engagement: India operates two cultural centres in Jakarta and Bali, promoting yoga, classical dance, and music.  Educational Cooperation: Indonesia is a key recipient of Indian scholarships under programs like ITEC (Indian technical and economic cooperation) and ICCR (Indian Council for Cultural Relations). Discussions on higher education MoUs aim to deepen collaboration in knowledge sharing. Multilateral Cooperation:  India and Indonesia are active participants in multilateral forums like the G20, ASEAN, IORA and BRICS.  Their partnership extends to maritime security, sustainable development, and regional stability. Challenge of navigating the China factor o While Indonesia’s deep economic ties with China may influence its policies, Prabowo’s independent policy making offers space for cooperation with India beyond Beijing’s influence. Future Prospects:  India and Indonesia commemorate 75 years of diplomatic relations in 2024, with numerous initiatives celebrating their shared history and future aspirations.  Strengthening trade, defense, and cultural cooperation remains central to their relationship, ensuring mutual growth and stability in the Indo-Pacific. India, Afghan Taliban Govt. Hold Key Meet In Dubai A high-level meeting between Afghan Taliban leadership and senior Indian officials was held in Dubai, with Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri and Taliban Acting Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi in attendance. Key Highlights Of The Meeting Key Discussion Areas  Security Concerns ✓ India emphasized the importance of preventing anti-India terror groups from operating on Afghan soil. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 22  ✓ India raised concerns about Pakistan-based terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e- Mohammed (JeM). ✓ Afghan side acknowledged and expressed sensitivity to India’s security concerns.  Development and Humanitarian Aid ✓ India pledged to evaluate development projects in Afghanistan alongside ongoing humanitarian assistance. ✓ India has already dispatched significant aid, including food, medicines, vaccines, and earthquake relief materials. Additional support for healthcare and refugee rehabilitation was agreed upon.  Chabahar Port for Trade and Aid ✓ Both sides agreed to promote the use of Iran’s Chabahar port to facilitate trade and humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. ✓ India’s use of the port has received a reprieve from US sanctions.  Strengthening Sports Ties ✓ Enhanced cooperation in cricket was discussed, with India supporting Afghan players in training and providing facilities in Noida. Humanitarian Assistance Delivered So Far: India has sent: 50,000 MT of wheat; 300 tons of medicines; 27 tons of earthquake relief aid; 40,000 liters of pesticides; Millions of vaccine doses and hygiene kits; Winter clothing and stationery kits. Notable Omissions: MEA’s statement did not address issues such as women’s rights, minority inclusion, or broader human rights concerns under the Taliban regime. Key Factors Behind India’s Engagement Pakistan-Taliban Strains  Once allies, Pakistan and the Taliban are now adversaries, with tensions escalating over border issues and Pakistani airstrikes on Afghan territory. Iran’s Diminished Role  Iran is preoccupied with internal and external conflicts, including restoring deterrence after attacks by Israel, reducing its focus on Afghanistan. Russia’s Reorientation  Russia is caught in its war with Ukraine and shifting towards cooperation with the Taliban as a counter- terrorism ally. China’s Growing Influence  China has established diplomatic ties with the Taliban and is pursuing development projects and resource exploration under its Belt and Road Initiative. US Policy Uncertainty  With Donald Trump’s return to the White House, potential re-engagement by the US with the Taliban is anticipated, prompting India to act swiftly. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 23  Challenges Opportunities Suppression of women’s and minority rights Increased stability in Afghanistan. by the Taliban. Taliban’s willingness to safeguard Indian interests and Security threats from groups like Islamic collaborate on development initiatives. State Khorasan Province. Conclusion India’s engagement with the Taliban in Dubai signals a calculated approach to secure its strategic interests while balancing regional stability and humanitarian goals. This dialogue positions India at the forefront of shaping Afghanistan’s future amidst a complex geopolitical landscape. Although India has not granted official recognition to the Taliban government, this engagement aims to protect national and security interests, especially as regional power dynamics evolve. Border Fencing Row With Bangladesh India summoned Bangladesh's Acting High Commissioner over border security and fencing issues after Bangladesh expressed concerns about alleged violations by the Border Security Force (BSF). The tension escalated when Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB) attempted to obstruct fencing construction along the West Bengal-Malda border. The 4,096.7 km India-Bangladesh border remains a longstanding source of disputes over barbed wire fencing and border management. India-Bangladesh Border Guidelines 1975 Border Guidelines Between India and Bangladesh  The 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines prohibit constructing defence structures within 150 yards of the international boundary (zero line).  India does not classify wire fencing as defence structures, but Bangladesh and Pakistan do. Challenges Due to Border Complexity  The approximately 2,217 km-long border in West Bengal is marked by villages, rivers, and enclaves, complicating fencing construction.  Villages and houses often lie within the fencing line or directly on the international border.  For example, the Dahagram–Angarpota enclave in Jalpaiguri, a Bangladeshi territory within India, has fencing on the zero line. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 24  Exceptions to the 150-Yard Rule  In cases where terrain, population, or water bodies make fencing at 150 yards impractical, construction near the border is negotiated with Bangladesh.  Villages located within 20 yards of the boundary are not relocated; instead, fencing is built close to the zero line. Facilitation for Residents  Gates are installed along the fencing to ensure residents’ movement, with timings determined in consultation with villagers and local administration.  In emergencies, BSF soldiers have standing instructions to open gates immediately. Negotiation and Approval for Fencing  The BSF informs the BGB when exceptions to the guidelines are necessary.  After mutual agreement, fencing construction begins in sensitive or challenging areas. Reasons for the Dispute Violation of the 1975 Agreement: Bangladesh opposes fencing within 150 yards of the international border, citing the 1975 India-Bangladesh guidelines.  They argue that even single-row fencing (SRF) breaches this agreement. Impact on Border Residents: Fencing causes inconvenience to residents living along the border, restricting their movement and activities. Indian Perspective on SRF: SRF is intended to control animal movement and curb trans-border crimes, not as a defence structure.  Unlike concrete walls, bunkers, or ditch cum bandh (DCB), SRF has no defence potential. Objection to Smart Fencing: Bangladesh objects to smart fencing, which includes CCTV and electronic surveillance, claiming it enables India to monitor their territory.  Smart fencing is primarily installed in areas where villages are within 150 yards of the border or on the boundary itself. Issue of Trans-Border Crimes: Around 60% of trans-border crimes occur in areas without fencing, especially where villages are located on the international boundary.  India argues that fencing would help reduce such crimes, but Bangladesh remains unyielding. 150 Years of IMD The India Meteorological Department (IMD) celebrated its 150th anniversary on January 15, 2025. Improvements in Forecasting by IMD Enhanced Observation Network from 2014-2024 o Doppler Weather Radars: Increased from 15 to 39 o Automatic Weather Stations: Increased from 675 to 1,208. o High Wind Speed Recorders: Increased from 19 to 37. o Rainfall Monitoring Stations: Increased from 3,995 to 6,095. Introduction of New Systems: o Seven automated weather observing systems. o Heliport weather observing systems. Satellite Monitoring: VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 25  o 2 geostationary satellites, INSAT 3DR and 3DS, monitor weather round-the-clock (replacing INSAT 3D in 2014). Improved Weather Model Resolution o Medium-range forecast resolution improved from 25 km to 12 km. ✓ Better resolution enables forecasting for smaller areas with greater accuracy (12 km x 12 km grids). Significant Gains in Forecast Accuracy o Heatwave Prediction: 95% accuracy up to two days in advance (compared to 50% in 2014). o Thunderstorm Detection: Hourly detection accuracy improved to 86% (from 50% in 2017). o Heavy Rainfall Prediction: Accuracy up to three days in advance increased to 78% (from 50% a decade ago). o Cyclone Track Prediction: Accuracy improved by 35-40%, leading to zero loss of human lives. Towards Zero-Error Forecasting by IMD Vision Document 2047 o Objective: To make India climate-smart and weather-ready by 2047, the centenary year of independence. o Roadmap: Upgradation of IMD’s capabilities over the next two, five, 10, and 22 years. Forecast Accuracy Goals o Zero-Error Block-Level Forecasts: ✓ Aim: Accurate severe weather predictions up to 3 days in advance by 2047. o Accuracy Targets for Extended Forecasts: ✓ Five-day advance forecasts: 90% accuracy. ✓ Weekly forecasts: 80% accuracy. ✓ 10-day advance forecasts: 70% accuracy. Enhanced Monitoring and Warnings o Goal: Eliminate human fatalities from severe weather events within 20 years. Improved Weather Model Resolution (Current resolution: 12 km) o Target resolution: 5-6 km for hyper-localised weather forecasts at the village panchayat level. From Forecasting to Weather Management Transitioning to Weather Management o IMD aims to evolve from a weather forecaster to a weather manager, focusing on managing rain, hail, and fog. o Mission Mausam, inaugurated by PM Modi, lays the foundation for weather modification and management. Key Initiatives under Mission Mausam o Cloud Chamber at IITM, Pune: ✓ First-of-its-kind in India, it aims to enhance understanding of cloud physics. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 26  ✓ Focus on perfecting cloud seeding to modify precipitation through human interventions. Advanced Observation Systems o Technological Innovations: ✓ Use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), automated weather stations, and IoT-based sensors for data collection in remote areas. ✓ Establishment of regional climate reference stations and smaller Meteorological (Met) centres. o Upper Atmosphere Monitoring: ✓ Round-the-clock monitoring at 100 km x 100 km grids using satellites, aircraft-based profilers, radars, and wind profilers. Enhanced Forecasting Accuracy o Goal: 100% detection capabilities for all weather phenomena. o Improved data collection and analysis to minimise forecasting errors and enhance weather model performance. IMD’s Role in Global And Regional Meteorology Secretary General of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), acknowledged India's six-decade representation at the WMO, the longest in the Asia-Pacific. WMO also highlighted India’s critical role in supporting neighboring countries, including Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, with weather forecasts. For example, India's Flash Flood Guidance system provides vital data to neighboring nations. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 27  MAPS: PLACES IN NEWS International Places in News 1 Amazon 2024 was a devastating year for the Amazon rainforest, hit hard by wildfires and severe Rainforest droughts that affected its crucial role in fighting climate change. The Amazon, (“lungs of the Earth”) the world’s largest tropical rainforest, spans across the Amazon River Basin, including countries like Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and others. It has a humid, equatorial climate with temperatures between 25–30°C and year-round rainfall. 2 North Sea U.S. President Donald Trump called to “open up” the North Sea. This marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, is bordered by UK, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. It lies between Great Britain to the west and mainland Europe to the east, connecting to the Atlantic Ocean via the English Channel and to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak Strait. 3 Gulf of The suggestion to rename Gulf of Mexico to “Gulf of America” has sparked debate over Mexico historical, political, and cultural implications. The Gulf is shared by the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, with overlapping economic zones. It connects Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida, and to the Caribbean Sea through the Yucatán Channel. Major Draining Rivers are Mississippi River, Rio Grande. 4 Diego Group of ten fishermen from Thothoor village has been arrested by the British Navy near Garcia Diego Garcia Island. This coral atoll located in the central Indian Ocean, is a part of the Chagos Archipelago and British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). It hosts strategic military base jointly operated by the United Kingdom and the United States. 5 Mount Ibu Mount Ibu, one of Indonesia’s most active stratovolcanoes, erupted over 1,000 times in January 2025. It is located on the northwest coast of Halmahera Island, in North Maluku province. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 28  6 Nord The Nord Stream pipeline leaks released an estimated 465 ± 20 thousand metric tons of Stream methane into the atmosphere. Nord Stream the longest subsea pipeline, is an export gas pipelines pipeline which runs under the Baltic Sea carrying gas from Russia to Europe. The gas for Nord Steam comes mainly from the Bovanenkovo oil and gas condensate deposit in Western Siberia. 7 Hotan India has protested China’s creation of two new counties, He’an and Hekang, in the Hotan Prefecture Prefecture, which encompasses parts of the disputed Aksai Chin region. Hotan is an administrative division in southwestern Xinjiang, China, bordering Tibet to the south, and Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan to the west. National Places in News 1 Saraswati A sudden geological event in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan caused water and gas to erupt during River tube well drilling, igniting debate about the resurfacing of the Saraswati River. It passes through Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat, with traces seen near Badrinath, Uttarakhand. It originates from Kapal Tirith in the Himalayas, near Kailash, flowing southward towards Mansarovar. It had played a vital role in the Harappan Civilization. 2 Southern The proposed establishment of three wildlife sanctuaries in southern Nicobar has Nicobar sparked concerns over the deprivation of indigenous tribes from their ancestral lands. The Nicobar Islands located southeast of the Indian subcontinent, in Bay of Bengal, form the Nicobar district within the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indira Point, on Great Nicobar Island, is the southernmost point of India. Other islands in the southern group include Little Nicobar, Kondul Island, and several smaller islands. 3 Kandla Port Also known as the Deendayal Port it is a located on the Gulf of Kutch. It is currently the largest port in India by cargo volume. 4 Z-Morh tunnel Located in Ganderbal district, Jammu and Kashmir, it connects Gagangir and Sonamarg along the NH1 Srinagar-Leh Highway. It enhances connectivity to Kargil, Baltal, and Ladakh. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 29  5 Shikari Devi The Government of India has designated areas around Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary, in Wildlife Mandi district, as eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) to reduce the impact of urbanisation and Sanctuary developmental activities on the surrounding protected. Located in middle altitudinal range of the Himalayas( 1,800 to 3,400 m), the sanctuary showcases transition from pine through oak to alpine meadow. It is home to different species of animals and birds, including the goral, monal, black bear, barking deer, musk deer, cat leopard, and the Himalayan black bear. 6 Siachen Siachen Glacier, the world’s highest and coldest battlefield, is now equipped with high- Glacier speed 4G and 5G connectivity. Located in the Karakoram Range, it is a Piedmont glacier. The world’s second-longest non-polar glacier after Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier. It lies between the Saltoro Ridge to the west and the main Karakoram Range to the east. 7 Musi River The ‘Musi River Historic Buildings’ in Hyderabad have been put on the 2025 World Monuments Watch. The river flows through Telangana and is a tributary of the Krishna River, joining it near Wazirabad in Nalgonda district. Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar are the two dams that are constructed over the river. 8 Asan Wetland The Asan Wetland in Uttarakhand recently hosted the Asian Waterbird Census, recording 5,225 birds across 117 species. Located near the borders of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh in Dehradun district, it sits at the confluence of the Asan River and the Eastern Yamuna Canal. Declared as Uttarakhand’s first Ramsar site in 2020, it is a critical habitat for globally endangered species like Brahminy duck, red-crested pochard, gadwall, and mallard, migrating from Central Asia. Important Straits of the World 1 Malacca Strait The Strait of Malacca is a narrow waterway between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It connects the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) to the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). It’s the primary route connecting the Indian and Pacific Oceans. This passage is crucial for global trade, especially for the transport of oil, containers, and other goods. VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 30 2 Palk Strait The Palk Strait is a narrow waterway between the south-eastern coast of India (Tamil Nadu) and the northern coast of Sri Lanka. It connects Palk Bay in the northeast (Bay of Bengal) with the Gulf of Mannar in the southwest (Laccadive Sea). The strait contains several islands and a chain of shallow sandbanks known as Adam’s Bridge (or Ram Setu). It stretches between India’s Pamban Island (Rameswaram Island) and Sri Lanka’s Mannar Island. 3 Sunda Strait The Sunda Strait is a crucial waterway located in Indonesia, between the islands of Java and Sumatra. It connects the Java Sea (Pacific Ocean) to the Indian Ocean and separates the Java to the east from Sumatra to the west. 4 Yucatan Strait The strait separates the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico from the island of Cuba. It connects the Yucatán Basin of the Caribbean Sea with the Gulf of Mexico. It facilitates flow of water and marine life between these two bodies of water. The Yucatán Current, flowing from the Caribbean into the Gulf, influences the strait's strong currents and is a key part of the Gulf Stream system, impacting the climate of the Atlantic Ocean and surrounding regions. 5 Bab-el- It is a strategically important waterway between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Mandeb Peninsula. It separates Yemen from Djibouti and Eritrea. It connects the Red Sea to the Strait Gulf of Aden, leading to the Indian Ocean. It is one of the world’s busiest shipping lanes, particularly for oil tankers. It’s a key part of the sea route connecting Europe and Asia, especially for ships traveling through the Suez Canal. 6 Mozambique It is is a crucial waterway in the western Indian Ocean, separating Madagascar from Strait mainland Africa. It borders Tanzania (on the African mainland) and the Comoros archipelago (at its northern entrance). The strait is influenced by complex ocean currents, including the Mozambique Current, which flows southwards and contributes to the Agulhas Current. 7 Bering Strait The Bering Strait is a narrow waterway separating Asia and North America. It lies between the easternmost point of the Chukchi Peninsula in Russia (Cape Dezhnev) and the westernmost point of Alaska in the United States (Cape Prince of Wales). Located just south of the Arctic Circle, it serves as a significant biogeographic boundary, dividing the flora and fauna of the two continents. 8 Bosporous It is a narrow, natural strait in northwestern Turkey serving as a crucial link between the Strait Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and connecting to the Mediterranean Sea. It acts as the dividing line between Europe and Asia although both sides are part of Turkey. 9 Hormuz Strait It connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea, making it a crucial chokepoint for global oil transportation. It separates Iran (north) from the Arabian Peninsula (south). The Strait of Hormuz is considered the world’s most important oil chokepoint. A significant percentage of the world’s oil supply passes through this narrow waterway. 10 Gibraltar It is located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It connects the Atlantic Ocean Strait to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Peninsular Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa. On the northern side are Spain and Gibraltar (a British overseas territory); while on the southern side are Morocco and Ceuta (a Spanish autonomous city in northern Africa). VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 31  SOCIAL ISSUES De-notified Tribes Classification After three years of research, the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) and Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs) have for the first time systematically categorized 268 denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes across India. Key Findings of the Study 268 communities classified: For the first time, these tribes have been systematically documented. 179 communities recommended for SC/ST/OBC inclusion: This inclusion aims to provide reservation benefits. 63 communities found untraceable: These groups may have merged with other communities, changed names, or migrated. Political and legal implications: The classification has sparked debates on reservations and special status. Impact on Reservation and Welfare Policies With this classification, denotified tribes could access government welfare schemes reserved for SCs, STs, and OBCs, including education and employment opportunities. However, this move has also raised political concerns. There are two competing views within the Development and Welfare Board for Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Communities: Support for Inclusion in SC/ST/OBC Lists o Ensures access to education, jobs, and social welfare schemes. o Provides legal recognition and identity to these communities. Demand for a Separate Reservation Category o Advocates argue that denotified tribes should have their own classification, similar to SCs and STs, rather than being merged into existing categories. o Some fear that merging them into SC/ST/OBC groups might dilute reservation benefits for other communities. Challenges and Concerns Political Controversies: Activists are questioning the basis of classification, fearing it may impact existing reservation structures. Delays in Implementation: Despite multiple commissions advocating for classification, government action has been slow, delaying welfare benefits. Historical Misclassification: Earlier census data mistakenly categorized some tribes as castes, creating confusion over their identity and legal status. Way Forward AnSI and TRIs have submitted their final report to the Special Committee under the NITI Aayog. Currently, the committee is reviewing recommendations before preparing a final report for the government. If the recommendations are accepted: VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (January 2025) Page 32  o State governments will have an easier pathway to include these tribes in reservation lists. o New welfa