Reading and Writing Skills Midterm Reviewer PDF

Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer Lesson 1: Reading and Writing PROCESS, SKILLS, AND Involves the understanding of ideas and facts that TYPES OF READING are directly stated in the printed material. What is READ...

Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer Lesson 1: Reading and Writing PROCESS, SKILLS, AND Involves the understanding of ideas and facts that TYPES OF READING are directly stated in the printed material. What is READING? Inferences It is a process of decoding symbols in order to Known as "reading between the lines." It refers to construct or derive meaning. the process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text. The Reading Process 1. Pre-reading Critical Reading 2. While-reading Refers to the close and thorough evaluation of the 3. Post-reading claims in the text in terms of relevance, validity and logic. Pre-reading You have to draw your background knowledge just Types of Reading by looking at the title. 1. Developmental Reading It also aims to induce the reader's motivation to A systematic instruction which aims to read. develop the students' reading skills While-reading 2. Pleasure Reading You may reread the text until you fully understand A more passive type of reading that primarily aims its meaning. to provide enjoyment and entertainment Post-reading 3. Functional Reading Check your understanding of the text. Designed to help students learn basic functional reading Basic Reading Skills 1. Rapid Reading 4. Remedial Reading Skimming Aims to correct the effects of poor teaching and Locating the Main Idea poor learning Scanning 2. Previewing 3. Literal Reading Summarizing Paraphrasing 4. Inferential Reading 5. Critical Reading Rapid Reading Aims to locate specific information or main ideas in a very short span of time. Skimming Trying to get the general idea by reading through Lesson 2: Linguistics and Structural Cohesion the text quickly. It is the type of quick reading which aims to get an overview of the material. What is Linguistics? Is the "scientific study of a language." Locating the Main Idea Is concerned with how language is formed and This involves the identification of the central how it works. message of a reading selection. Is about the relationship between language, cognition, society and history. Scanning Letters → Words → Phrases → Clauses → Sentences → It is a quick reading strategy which aims to get Discourse → Texts specific information from a given text. There are structures above the sentence. They are made up by combining sentences. SNEAK PEEK Is a skill wherein a reader looks over a material What is Discourse? and focuses on the information he/she finds Discourse is a unit larger than sentences. It has a relevant. structural pattern that holds more meaning than a sentence.  Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer The process of presenting our social reality through language. A source of information about people's expression, feelings, beliefs, and practices. Content (What is being said?) + Form (How was it said?) = DISCOURSE Discourse doesn't only involve what we say, but it also show nonlinguistic and nonspecific instances of language. Nonliguistic instances of language means it is not consisted of language. ○ the clothes we wear ○ gestures Nonspecific instances of language is what people do in conversation or in writing that gives an understanding or meaning to a particular topic. WHAT IS A TEXT? A text is made of signs and symbols systematized by grammar and organized logical language to properly present the intended message. Structural Cohesion This is the intended interconnectedness of Lesson 3: Brainstorming Techniques in Selecting and sentences to convey meaning. Organizing Information TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE Brainstorming Text is referred to as written discourse. It is the physical manifestation of discourse, which is a is the act of coming up with ideas. It is commonly process of interaction and interpretation of done by a team, but it can also be creatively used by an language in a context. individual, especially when writing. Different Brainstorm List Idea Map When using an idea map, you need to think of words that can be related to the specific concept. You can branch out the words as much as Text is a linguistic object that is only understandable when you can as long as you we connect it to the discourses that made it. know its relationship with the topic Word Storm visualizes word associations. It creates a map where strongly associated words are placed close together. Idea List This is a direct list for recording ideas. The person using this writes phrases or sentences as they come, making subheadings for other topics. Graphic Organizer A graphic organizer is a visual representation that shows the organization and relationships of information. Examples include diagrams, maps, charts, and others.  Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer Topic Outline The topic outline helps you define and organize your topic and subtopics Lesson 4: Patterns of Development Pattern of development It is about the manner or technique in which we express our thoughts and ideas in writing Narration Describes what, when, and where something happened. Graphic Organizer: It is a pedagogical tool that uses visual symbols Starter Transitions: At first, at the outset, early, Concept Map first thing, in the beginning, initially, it all started, it is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between first happened when, when, when first concepts. Transitional Woords: A brief time later. After a Main Idea and Details Chart short time, after a while. After that, afterward, Shows the hierarchical relationship between before long, during, later on, soon after, then major concepts. Concluding transitions: all in all, at the end, finally, Flow Diagram in conclusion, in retrospect, oRn the whole, It represents a flow or set of dynamic relationships. thinking back, ultimately, whenever Venn Diagram It shows all possible logical relations between a finite Description collection of different sets. Details what something looks like and its Cycle Diagram characteristics A graphic production that determines the elements of the cycle. SIGNAL WORDS Sentence Outline The sentence outline is much longer than a topic outline. Instead of writing just the topics, you write the main topic and supporting details in a sentence length. Definition Explains what something is in comparison to toher members of its class along with any limitations SIGNAL WORDS Exemplification Provides typical cases or examples of something. SIGNAL WORDS  Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer Persuasion: Pattern organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument Classification and Division groups items into their parts or types SIGNAL WORDS TYPES OF PATTERN OF DEVELPMENT: 1. Narration 2. Description 3. Definition 4. Exemplification 5. Classification and Division 6. Cause and Effect 7. Problem Solution 8. Comparison and COntrast Cause and Effect: Pattern organizes details based on the 9. Persuasion cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon. Problem-solution: Pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions Comparison and Contrast: Pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another  Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer Climactic Order ○ A text pattern organized by putting the second most important topic in the beginning and placing the most important topic at the end of the text. General-to-specific order or vice versa A text starts by describing a general topic, then moving down to describing specific examples of the Simplest-to-most-complex A text starts by describing simple terms which are essential in understanding a more complex one. This style is good for describing a complicated topic. Most-familiar-to-less-familiar A text starts by describing familiar terms and concepts to help introduce concepts which are less familiar to readers Cause and Effect type of pattern illustrates causal relationships between events. Problem and Solution is a pattern of organization where information in a passage is expressed as a dilemma or concerning issue (a problem) and something that was, can be, or should be done to remedy this issue (solution or attempted solution) Lesson 5: Properties of a Well-Written text Compare and Contrast/ Advantage-Disadvantage Organization is the logical arrangement of thoughts and Pattern divides a topic according to its pro's and ideas in a written text. con's. This is effective when trying to write effectively Sequence is a type of organizational pattern which follows since you don't need to take a stand about a topic. an order based on time, procedure or spatial. Chronological The point-by-point approach discusses one-point at a time. Procedural It is usually used on long essays like comparative analysis of Spatial two articles, short stories, or novels, Chronological The block approach is organized in such a way that all The sequence is in a timely order. points are discussed first with the first subject, then compare and contrast each point with the second subject respectively. Procedural The sequence follows a specific procedure. It can be recipes or directions. Categories of Transition Words Spatial The sequence is a description of the environment Spatial Order Above, below, beside, in the text and it is stated in a way that makes beyond, inside, outside, readers imagine it. etc.. Description is a type of organizational pattern that provides Time Order Before, after, next, first, details and examples about a topic or topics. second, then, when, finally, Topical Pattern during, earlier, meanwhile, etc.. ○ A text pattern starting from a larger main topic down to various subtopics.  Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer Numerical Order First, second, also, in addition, equally, important, finally, Cause/Effect Order Because, since, for, so, as a result, therefore, Some Rules in Writing showing Mechanics consequently, thus, hence, 1. Always use Standard English. etc.. 2. Avoid contractions (e.g. Shouldn't). 3. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are a part of Comparison/Contrast Also, just as… as if, a direct quotation. Order additionally, on the other 4. Mention the full name of an institution or hand, on the contrary, instead, in spite of, organization with the abbreviation in the nevertheless, etc.. parenthesis, in first mention. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. General/Specific Order Such as, like, namely, for 5. Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out instance, in fact, in other while numbers higher than ten should be written in words, indeed, etc.. figures. 6. Generally, citations are used in academic and Mechanics formal texts. However, they are sparingly used in are established conventions in writing for a business texts. particular genre or field of study. It is considered as the technical part of a written text. A well written text uses the language that the intended audience understands. Capitalization proper nouns and first words of a sentence must Language used must be explicit and easy to understand. be capitalized Comma rules commas are used to separate words, clauses, and sentences to show relationship of words clearly. (i.e., items in a list, transition words, names, parts of a date or address) Conjunctions are used to connect words and sentences. (Common conjunctions: for, and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so, if...then, since, because, while, as, till, where, both, either...or, etc.) Apostrophe can be used in contractions (can't, isn't), in numerals (66, 90s), in showing possession, (Jack's bag), and in forming plurals (P's, Ph.D.'s) Quotation marks used to show: a quote, chapters and headings of a section, emphasis, around single letters, and dialogues Acronyms words formed from the initials or major parts of the whole phrase. (ROM, CPU, GUl). Abbreviations shortened version of a word or phrase Homonyms words with similar sounds but different meanings. (i.e., your and you're, there/ their/ they're, its and it's, to/too/two, then and than, etc.) Units of measurement Units of measurement are important to show readers the fundamental quantities of an object. Lesson 6: Building Powerful words for effective discourse – (i.e., meter, kilogram, seconds, ampere, etc.) Part 1 CONTEXTUAL CLUES These are the words and phrases that serve as clues to the  Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer meaning of an unfamiliar words or expressions in a given Homonyms Stalk - part of the plants discourse. Stalk - follow or harras a person USE SYNONYMS AS CONTEXT CLUE Synonyms are words with the same meaning. Left - opposite of right Left - past tense of leave EXAMPLE: The broadcaster's tone of questioning the guest irritated her. Homographs Project - a plan or proposal She felt so angry so she walked out. Project - image to full upon a surface USE ANTONYMS AS CONTEXT CLUE Homophones Air, heir, I, eye Antonyms are words with opposite meaning. Suite, Sweet Dear, Deer EXAMPLE: Fair, Fare It's a special hearing aid. It lowers criticism and amplifies Wait, Weight compliments. Capitonym Church - an organization or group of BASED ON GENERAL SENSE OF THE SENTENCE people EXAMPLE: Church - a building "I'd like a prescription that will alleviate my aches and pains and also make me younger and thinner." (The patient's words strongly suggest that alleviate means "lessen".) USE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AS CONTEXT CLUES The analysis or the study of roots, prefixes, and suffixes is called structural analysis. Many English words have their origin in other languages. The study of root words and their meanings is necessary in the study of words. Etymology is the study of words- their sources and development. Many words are derived or are from the same root word. These words are said to be derivatives. IDENTIFYING ROOTS The root of a word is the body or basic structure of that word. Every word has a root and often attach to the root word are affixes which become a significant part of the word. Lesson 6 Part 2: Building Powerful Words for Effective Discourse PROPAGANDA DEVICES is a secret action. expression of opinions or actions carried put deliberately by groups or individuals to influence the actions or opinions of others for planned HOMONYM purposes. It came from a Greek word homonumos meaning "common" or "same" and onoma which means NAME CALLING 👍 "name" People can be persuaded to reject ideas, It refers to two or more distinct concepts "sharing organizations, or persons they know nothing about the same name" by the use of a name that may carry a negative connotation, eg., Communist, Red, Lestists, It is simultaneously homographs (words that share the Rightist, and Sissy same spelling irrespective of their pronunciation) and EXAMPLE: homophones (words that share the same pronunciation It's a communist plot to destroy the Filipino way of life. irrespective of their spelling). The state of being a homonym is called homonymy. CARD STACKING Propagandists select and use facts to give a false or misleading idea through card stacking. Only those facts favorable to their person, views, or product are used, i.e.,  Reading and Writing Skills, Midterm Reviewer partial quotations may be used out of context to twist their This is an educational method that rewards meanings. Context is not just the words that come before behaviour we want repeated. This can be in form and follow a statement but everything that happens with it, of praises, rewards or medals. such as time, place, gesture, facial expressions, and the like RATIONALIZATION EXAMPLE: A person tries to use false excuses to justify Money is the root of all evil. (This quotation left out the words his/her actions. that come before it "The love of..." EXAMPLE: TRANSFER A student who failed his exam blames his failure on the hot This creates an association between a person, classroom and noisy environment instead on his own lack of product or ideas and something good and preparation for it. respected and which people already feel strongly about. APPEAL BY FLATTERY EXAMPLE: A person is flattered and put in a good mood so A person is photographed standing near a church to give an that he/she will believe what is honest, trustworthy impression. TESTIMONIAL APPEAL TO FEAR A testimonial uses snob appeal and desire for With this device, the propagandist tries to frighten admiration. It quotes or pictures famous or the listeners or readers. beautiful people or important organizations recommending or supporting an idea, product or TECHNICAL JARGON person. This suggests that the celebrity or Unfamiliar words used to impress, confuse, or organization believes in an idea, uses a product or deceive. supports a cause. EXAMPLE: Careful consideration of relevant data is imperative before EXAMPLE: the procedure most conductive toward the realization of the Vilma Santos has a schoolgirl complexion. She uses Eskinol desired outcomes can be determined. facial lotion. (In plain English, this means think before you act.) PLAIN FOLKS NON-SEQUITIR An effort is made to win the public confidence on A speaker uses a remark that has no bearing on the basis that a person's ideas and morals are what has just been said. good because he/she belongs to the common people and lives like them. EXAMPLE: Your children deserve the best burger. Buy mushroom BANDWAGON burger! When the public is urged to follow the crowd and accept propagandist's ideas and leadership. No POWERFUL WORDS reason or logic is used. Words with pleasant or hideous sounds will be used to lure you to the advertisement or product, GLITTERING GENERALITY or away from something the propagandists want A high-sounding word is connected with an idea to you to dislike. make it sound better, so people will accept it without examining it. EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Attractive Words: Lullaby, Hush, Chimes And Melody Ugly The word independence has been used among colonized Words: Belch, Quack, Slap, Slave, Gripe And Itch people to drive them to revolutionary action. They are led to change one master to another by this magic word. The new RIDICULE AND SARCASM tyrant never says exactly what the people will be These works very well because they strike at a "independent" of. person's insecurities. REPETITIONS A name or word is repeated constantly, and people vote or buy a product because they think a candidate or an item must be good to be so well- known. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT